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考量消費者行為與供應商價格競爭之零售商價格競爭模式之研究 / A Study on Pricing Competition Model of Retailer with Learning Behavior of Consumer and Competition of Supplier鄧廣豐, Deng, Guang Feng Unknown Date (has links)
在複雜動態競爭市場中,生產者的價格競爭行為一直是一個研究的重點,相較於生產者動態價格競爭,零售商的價格競爭行為鮮少被探討,因此本研究針對零售商價格競爭行為進行研究。針對零售商之間的價格競爭行為,除了考量零售商與對手零售商的價格互動,不可忽略的是上游供應商的競爭互動與下游消費者的學習行為在市場中與零售商端互動下錯綜複雜的動態影響,緣此,本研究以零售商端的角度,想了解供應商競爭與消費者學習行為對零售商競爭的影響,再以單一零售商角度,分析各情況下所應對的價格調整策略。
本研究將零售商、供應商及消費者互動形成之競爭市場視為一個複雜適應性系統(Complex Adaptive System ,簡稱CAS),應用代理人基塑模與模擬(Agent-based Modeling and Simulation,簡稱ABMS)方式建構考量供應商競爭與消費者學習行為之零售商價格競爭模式,將演化賽局理論應用於價格競爭中,探討不同的消費者學習及供應商價格競爭行為如何動態影響零售商價格競爭型態,以及不同價格調整策略之績效表現。
研究結果發現一,市場中消費者呈現不同的學習行為,對零售商競爭將造成不同的衝擊。「貨比三家無學習」型消費者將造成零售商端低價競爭,使其平均價格最低及獲利最低。「自我式學習」型消費者將造成零售商高價合作,使其平均價格最高及獲利最高。「群體式學習」型消費者同樣使零售商端偏向高價合作,且其平均價格及獲利相當接近自我式學習市場,雖然兩種學習行為具有近似的平均價格與獲利,「群體式學習」卻會導致零售商價格競爭之型態轉為劇烈,包括獲利領先轉換方式由漸進轉為瀑布,領先方式從勢均力敵轉為大幅領先,領先互換的頻率由低轉為高。另外,消費者購買決策之理性程度對零售商端競爭形態有影響,不論在何種供應商行為下,高理性購買決策在群體式學習下將導致零售商端價格競爭較激烈,在自我式學習下卻導致零售商端競爭行為較緩和。
研究發現二,市場中供應商的價格競爭行為會對零售商端的價格、獲利與競爭型態造成衝擊。供應商呈現價格競爭行為下,在「貨比三家無學習」之消費者行為市場中,將減緩零售商價格競爭,使零售商端之平均價格及獲利提高。在「自我」與「群體式」學習消費者市場中,將增強零售商價格競爭強度,使零售商端之平均價格及獲利降低。
研究發現三,不同的競爭市場中,零售商之最佳價格調整策略也將不同。基本上在供應商無競爭行為下,無論消費者呈現何種行為,零售商採取開放式價格調整策略具有明顯優勢。在供應商呈現競爭行為下,開放式價格調整策略在「無學習」及「群體式學習高理性程度」行為市場仍為優勝策略,在「自我式學習」及「群體式學習低理性程度」下,保守型價格調整策略則表現較佳。
在實務意涵上,若零售商可使消費者行為偏向自我或群體式學習,並穩定供應商價格競爭下,整體而言零售商端競爭可獲得最高的獲利,若當此刻競爭零售商採取保守型價格策略,而本身採取開放式價格調整策略,則獲利最大。然而面臨群體式學習消費者,由於競爭強度的增加,需留意市場動態,須隨時靈活調整本身價格策略,避免因價格策略的僵化,而成為虧損之零售商。 / The pricing competitive model traditionally assumes that consumers will buy from the firm selling the homogeneous product at the lowest price, thus discarding any possibility of learning behavior on the demand side. But if, as in real competition, consumers learn adaptively and competition is a dynamic process, then some attention should be paid to consumers' behavior.
In a multiple supplier – multiple retailer supply chain, multiple price competitive forces interact to influence firm price decisions. These forces include: (1) the supplier level competition each supplier faces from others producing the same product, (2) the retailer level competition among the retailers selling the same set of goods, and (3) the vertical interaction competition between the retailer and supplier.
We are interest in these questions: How does the consumer learning behavior affect the retailer pricing competitive model? How does the competition of supplier affect the retailer pricing competitive model? What is the optimal adaptive pricing strategy for retailer performance in such competitive market including retailers, suppliers and consumers.
Therefore, this research study a version of the pricing competitive (Bertrand) model in which consumer exhibit dynamic adaptive learning behavior when deciding from what retailers they will buy. And we consider to join the supplier competitive pricing behavior into the retailer pricing competitive model and formulate their interaction as evolutional game and to analyze the competition of supplier effect and its impact on the pricing competition of retailers.
This research uses a complex adaptive system perspective to construct a retailer pricing competitive model which considers both competitive supplier and learning consumer behavior. Using agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) to construct the competitive market include retailers, suppliers and consumers, and use the fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms to model the pricing decision and learning behavior of retailers and suppliers, and use reinforcement learning and swarm algorithms to model consumers’ learning behavior.
The simulation results demonstrate that: The retailer level obtains the highest profit when the consumer behavior following reinforcement learning. When the consumer behavior displays swarm learning, the retailer level also obtains high profit near the highest profit. However swarm learning increases the competitive intensity on the retailer level. The competitive supplier increases the competitive intensity and decrease profit on the retailer level when the consumer behavior displays reinforcement learning and swarm learning.
The performance of retailer following a closed adaptive pricing strategy (high exploitation low exploration) exceeds that of retailer following an open adaptive pricing strategy (low exploitation high exploration) when the consumer behavior displays reinforcement learning and supplier display competitive behavior. However when the consumer behavior displays swarm learning and supplier display competitive behavior, the performance of retailer following an open adaptive pricing strategy exceeds that of retailer following a closed adaptive pricing strategy.
The proposed pricing competitive model with adaptive learning of consumer behavior and competition of supplier can help retailers to analyze pricing strategy and further discovery and design the more optimal pricing strategy.
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日本型資本主義の調整(レギュラシオン)様式に関する制度的・計量的研究山田, 鋭夫, 平野, 泰朗, 都留, 康, 磯谷, 明徳, 井上, 泰夫, 海老塚, 明, 植村, 博恭 10 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:総合研究(A) 課題番号:04301070 研究代表者:山田 鋭夫 研究期間:1992-1993年度
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論WTO下邊境租稅調整制度與補貼相關規範之適用問題-以美國FSC爭端案為例陳建璋 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文係以WTO-美國海外銷售公司(FSC)爭端案之發展歷程為例,探討該案所反映之相關爭議與議題。海外銷售公司(FSC)爭端案係歐盟指控美國所採行之FSC措施提供特定之公司享有所得稅減免之優惠,構成補貼暨平衡措施協定(SCM協定)下禁止性之出口補貼,而違反WTO相關之補貼規範。該案最終經WTO爭端解決機制(DSB)裁決,認為美國所採之FSC措施違反SCM協定相關之規範,必須修改系爭措施之規定以中止該項補貼的繼續存在。而對於美國FSC爭端案之探討,必須追溯FSC措施之前身美國「國內國際銷售公司」(DISC)法案所衍生之爭議。美國於一九七一年通過實施之DISC法案,在GATT時代已為歐體成員國指控違反補貼義務,最後爭端解決小組(Panel)亦裁決美國該法案違反相關規範。美國遂於一九八四年改行FSC措施,該措施在WTO體制下仍被裁決違反補貼之規範,而歐盟對於美國執行小組報告之裁決所改採之ETI法案仍不滿意,於是在次提起「執行監督程序」之控訴。DSB仍裁決ETI法案未符合小組報告之裁決,最終經仲裁程序授權歐盟對美國採行報復措施。凡此三十餘年的爭端案例,其各項爭點以及所反映程序及相關規範之議題,即為本研究探討之主要範圍。
然而在探討本案例各項爭點及議題之外,此爭端案所突顯的根本問題,在於GATT/WTO體制下有關「邊境租稅調整制度」的相關爭議。蓋GATT/WTO之規範從古典經濟學之理論,對於直接稅與間接稅採分別處理之邊境調整,各會員國在採行不同稅制下遂產生不同之貿易效果,以致於在適用補貼之相關規範時產生爭議。本文在介紹案例之發展以及探討相關之爭點與議題後,從GATT/WTO之制度規範面解析本爭端案所源起之制度爭議,並歸結可行之建議與解決之道。
最後,本文說明美國對於該爭端案之裁決結果所能採行之因應方向,另一方面亦以我國相關之租稅制度與法規為例,探討其是否符合WTO規範下之義務,並對我國現行之租稅制度提出看法與建議。
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追蹤穩定成長目標線的投資組合最佳化模型 / Portfolio optimization models for the stable growth benchmark tracking謝承哲, Hsieh, Cheng Che Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究如何建立一個投資組合用來追蹤穩定成長的目標線。我們將這個目標線追蹤問題建構成混合整數非線性數學規劃模型。由於用以追蹤目標線的投資組合,經過一段時間後其追蹤效能可能未如預期,本論文提出調整投資組合的數學規劃模型。這些模型中除了考量實務中的交易成本,亦考慮限制放空股票,所以將期貨加入投資組合中作為避險部位。最後,以台灣股票市場與期貨交易市場作為實證研究對象,探討投資組合建立與調整的表現,亦分析不同成長率設定之目標線與期貨投資比重上限對投資組合價值的影響。 / This thesis studies how to construct a tracking portfolio for the benchmark of a stable growth rate. This tracking problem can be formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. Since the performance of the tracking portfolio may get worse when time elapses, this thesis proposes another mathematical programming model to rebalance the tracking portfolio. These models not only consider the transaction cost but also take into account of the limitation of shorting a stock; thus the tracking portfolio will include a futures position as a hedging position. Finally, an empirical study will be performed by using the data from the Taiwan stock market and the futures market to explore the performance of the proposed models. We will analyze how the different benchmark settings and the futures position limits will affect the value of the tracking portfolio.
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共同基金經理人調整操作風險行為與最適控制契約設計之研究 / A Study of the Mutual Fund Managers' Risk-Adjustment Behavior and the Design of a Performance-Based Incentive Contract王健安 Unknown Date (has links)
基金經理人與投資人間的代理問題起源於兩者目標的不一致,前者要求個人薪酬財富的極大化,後者要求投資組合價值的極大化。造成目標歧異的原因有兩個:其一是在資訊不對稱的環境下,投資人無法觀察到經理人投資組合是否真正從投資人利益角度出發,因此引發了經理人的道德危險;其二是在競爭激烈的基金產業□,年度定期績效評比結果與經理人薪酬紅利多寡相連結等制度的設計,加重經理人選擇持有一個高風險投資組合的逆誘因,特別是期中累積績效較差的輸家,隨著年終總績效結算日期的接近,在自利動機的驅使下可能會透過較高的操作風險調整幅度,企圖扭轉頹勢以求反敗為勝。
本研究首先利用卡方檢定、t檢定與Logistic迴歸模式,實證國內基金經理人是否具有自利性風險調整的行為傾向,接著從契約設計的觀點,以理論模式推導命題的方式,探討三種不同型態的誘因費契約對於抑制經理人自利性風險調整行為的作用,並間接利用問卷調查的方式來驗證其效果。研究的結果發現:
1.國內基金經理人不管是贏家或輸家,在越接近年終總績效的結算時,都會偏向選擇一個高風險的操作水準,同時,上述特性在非外資型投信公司所發行的基金、新基金、小規模基金、資淺經理人所操盤的基金特別明顯。
2.基金投資人對於季等短期績效的過分重視,是導致國內經理人操作風險調整幅度偏高的主要原因之一。
3.純粹誘因費契約以及只加上「上限條款」設計的契約,這兩種契約都無法抑制經理人冒高風險的傾向;而純粹誘因費契約加上「懲罰條款」的設計,有抑制經理人自利性調高操作風險行為的效果。
本研究成果的貢獻主要有兩點:
1.在政策應用上,本研究提出契約條款設計的理念,對於我國擬開放勞退等大型基金委託代客操作,雙方契約該如何設計以確保投資人的權益,有相當參考的價值,本研究同時也對投信公司、基金經理人等提出相關的制度性建議。
2.在理論推導上,本研究融合一般化均衡分析法與選擇權理論的應用,將不同型態的誘因費契約化成經理人向投資人所購買的歐式買權,標的資產為經理人所持投資組合的價值,履約價格為比較基準指數的價值,執行日期為一年期的績效評比,模型導証的重點是經理人所選擇投資組合的風險程度與該類比選擇權價值的關係。 / An important question for the contracting literature is the extent to which real behavior is driven by the financial incentives contained in compensation schemes. To address this issue, (1) we use the tournament concept as the framework, and focus on the competitive nature of mutual fund environments how to affect the managers' portfolio decision-making processes. (2) we also use the Black-Scholes option pricing model as the framework, and analyze the impact on the mutual fund managers' risk-manipulation behavior of a performance-based incentive plan.
Given the asymmetric information financial markets, most investors of mutual funds can not measure the funds' risk without error, thus, agent-divergent behavior may potentially arise. In a tournament reward structure, the managers' rational attempting to maximize their expected compensation may revise the risk level or alter the composition of their portfolio during the assessment period. While there will be times when such changes don't serve the best interest of funds' investors.
Our research demonstrates the following results:
1. An empirical investigation of 86 open-type mutual funds during 1995 to 1998 with the methods of test, t test and the Logistic regression shows fund managers with poor performance would become aggressive and tend to increase fund volatility in the latter part of an annual assessment period. The effect is obviously clear toward the end of the year and it is involved with the investors' myopic of the assessment to the managers' performances.
2. In our model, the bonus is similar to a call option on the funds' portfolio. Three types of incentive contracts are compared. The results show that the incentive contract with penalty can reduce managers to adversely alter the risk of the portfolio they manage. It dominates the pure incentive contract and only with a ceiling incentive contract. Questionnaires investigated by fund managers will support some hypothesis.
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追蹤穩定成長目標線的投資組合隨機最佳化模型 / Stochastic portfolio optimization models for the stable growth benchmark tracking林澤佑, Lin, Tse Yu Unknown Date (has links)
本論文提出追蹤特定目標線的二階段混合整數非線性隨機規劃模型,以建立追蹤目標線的投資組合。藉由引進情境樹(scenario tree),我們將此類二階段隨機規劃問題,轉換成為等價的非隨機規劃模型。在金融商品的價格波動及交互作用下,所建立的投資組合在經過一段時間後,其追蹤目標線的能力可能會日趨降低,所以本論文亦提出調整投資組合的規劃模型。為符合實務考量,本論文同時考慮交易成本、股票放空的限制,並且加入期貨進行避險。為了反應投資者的預期心理,也引進了選擇權及情境樹。最後,我們使用台灣股票市場、期貨交易市場及台指選擇權市場的資料進行實證研究,亦探討不同成長率設定之目標線與投資比例對於投資組合的影響。 / To construct a portfolio tracking specific target line, this thesis studies how to do it via two-stage stochastic mixed-integer nonlinear model. We introduce scenario tree to convert this stochastic model into an deterministic equivalent model. Under the volatility of price and the interaction of each financial derivatives, the performance of the tracking portfolio may get worse when time elapses, this thesis proposes another mathematical model to rebalance the tracking portfolio. These models consider the transactions cost and the limitation of shorting a stock, and the tracking portfolio will include a futures as a hedge position. To reflect the expectation of investors, we introduce scenario tree and also include a options as a hedge position. Finally, an empirical study will be performed by the data from Taiwan stock market, the futures market and the options market to explore the performance of the proposed models. We will analyze how the different benchmarks settings and invest ratio will affect the
value of the tracking portfolio.
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二十一世紀後美國東亞軍力調整之研究 / U.S. Forces Realignment in East Asia in the Twenty-First Century陳舜仁 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以「新現實主義」(neorealism),或被稱為「結構現實主義」(structural realism)做為研究途徑,從國際政治系統層次體系,探究美國在二十一世紀後,所進行的東亞軍力調整。本文首先檢視二十一世紀後東亞戰略環境,以及美國的兩位總統,小布希(George W. Bush),以及歐巴馬(Barrack Obama),的面對這樣的東亞安全環境,採取的戰略與政策儘管有不同,但同樣在軍事及外交上,強化與東亞國家之關係,藉以建構一個對美國有利的東亞安全環境,藉以面對來自崛起中國的挑戰。接著,本文將探究美國與中國之關係,藉以釐清美國在進行東亞軍力調整中,如何處理中國的因素後,探討美國在二十一世紀後,在東亞進行的軍力調整的原因、方針以及概況,以及美國的東亞盟邦在軍力調整後所扮演的角色,並探究美國在東亞軍力整編時所面對的困境與挑戰。
本文發現,二十一世紀美國進行東亞軍力調整之時,也反應了其東亞外交與安全戰略,以及美國建構一個以「美日同盟」為主軸的安全戰略體系已經形成,並由美國的其他東亞盟邦輔助支援。然而,美國的東亞軍力調整,也面臨了許多困難與挑戰,包括美國東亞盟邦,甚至美國自身的問題等。
最後,本文也建議未來可針對抑制中國軍事能力的戰略,以及台灣在美國東亞安全戰略可以扮演的角色進行研究。 / The research approach used in this dissertation is neorealism (structural realism). From the system of level in the international politics, this dissertation explore how the United States conducted its military realignment in East Asia. Firstly, this dissertation will examine the security environment of East Asia in the twenty-first century. Although two U.S. Presidents, George W. Bush and Barrack Obama, adopted different policies when facing such an East Asia security environment, they both strengthened relations with Asia-Pacific countries militarily and diplomatically. They intended to construct an East Asian security environment favorable for U.S. interests so that U.S. can face the challenges from the rising China. Later on, this dissertation will explore U.S.-Chinese relations to clarify how U.S. handle Chinese factors in its military realignment in East Asia. Besides, this dissertation will explore the reasons, policies, how U.S. proceed its military realignment, and the roles played by U.S. allies and partners. Finally, this dissertation will examine the difficulties and challenges that U.S. will have faced in its military realignment.
This dissertation finds that U.S. military realignment in East Asia reflects its diplomacy and security strategy. Meanwhile, an U.S. security strategy based on U.S.-Japan alliance has established, with the support from other U.S. allies and partners in East Asia. However, the U.S. indeed faces difficulties and challenges, including problems from its allies and even the U.S. itself.
Lastly, this dissertation suggest some research directions in the future, including a strategy which can suppress Chinese capabilities, and the role that Taiwan can play in the comprehensive U.S. East Asia security strategy.
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上限型股權連結保本票券之評價、避險和風險控管 / Valuation, Hedge and Risk Management of Capped, Equity-linked and Principal-protected Notes陳芬英, Chen, Fen-ying Unknown Date (has links)
本論文含蓋三篇文章,分別從評價、避險和風險控管三方面,分析上限型股權連結保本票券。
第一篇文章為上限型股權連結保本票券之設計、評價和比較。本文考量投資人保守的投資行為與設限型股權連結票券所存在的delta跳躍(delta jump)現象,延伸Brennan and Schwartz (1976)模型,提出一個能在股價波動之際,使發行的避險部位delta呈現平滑變動且兼具保本(protected principal)功用的一般化模型(general form)。相較於一般的設限型股權連結保本模型,本模型具有以下特色。第一,加入股價成長率的調整因子(adjustable factor),當景氣低靡,股價不停下跌時,正的調整因子可減緩股價下滑之勢,進而增加投資人在票券到期日時獲取更多資本利得(capital gain)的機會。同時,調整因子縮小了當期股價成長率與股價上限成長率(capped stock growth rate)之間的差距,繼而減緩delta 跳躍的幅度,降低發行者的避險成本。並且在HJM利率模型下,delta隨股價與股價波動度的變化更顯平滑(smooth)。第二,在保本率(protection rate)和參與率 (participation rate)不變之下,本模型的期初合理價格(fair price)較低,投資人能以較低的成本取得同等的投資保障。第三,若將本票券的名目面額(notional principal)視作共同基金(mutual fund)的淨值(net value),而該淨值與股價連動,則本模型即成為股權連結的保本型基金(principal-protected fund)。
第二篇文章是路徑依賴之上限型股權連結保本模型之評價和風險測量。該文是擴展Brennan and Schwartz (1976)模型發展一個路徑依賴之上限型股權連結保本模型,並且提出一個比二元數模型更精確的封閉解。此外,也對七個時間序列進行股價波動度之精確檢定,得知AR-ARCH(1)模型對上限型股權連結保本票券而言,較其它時間序列模型,更能有效估計股價之波動度。
第二篇文章是外國資產的風險管理。目前在國內金融市場上,國外金融商品很多,大都以外幣計價,因此匯率風險是投資人不可忽視的因子。本文拓展Kupiec(1999)模型,將匯率風險加入模型中,使投資人更有效進行風險管理。 / This thesis studies valuation, hedge and risk management of capped equity-linked and principal-protected notes by means of the following essays:
(1) Design, Valuation and Comparison of Capped Equity-linked and Principal-protected Notes
(2) Valuation and Risk Measurement of Capped Equity-linked and Principal-protected Notes with Path Dependence
(3) Risk Management of Foreign Assets
Capped equity-linked and principal-protected notes are similar with barrier options. There exists delta jump as stock price or growth rate reaches the barrier. But previous studies about equity-linked and principal-protected notes with a restricted growth rate of stock price never explicitly discussed how the delta jump could be solved. In my first essay, I present a new design for capped equity-linked and principal-protected notes and add an adjustable factor to growth rate of stock price in such a way that the adjustable factor narrows the gap between the current stock growth rate and the capped stock growth rate and thus really reduces the magnitude of the delta jump and hence lowers the hedging cost for brokers.
Recently, the focus of previous studies about principal-protected notes has been on either the restriction on the rate of stock return or the path dependence on the underlying asset, but not both in the same context. In my second essay, I develop a model on the capped, equity-linked and principal-protected notes with path dependence. There are two issues in this article. The first issue is valuation on the capped, equity-linked and principal-protected notes with path dependence. I find a closed-form approximation using the 2nd-order Taylor approximation and the method of Vorst (1992) that has higher accuracy than binomial tree model as maturity time or volatility becomes large. The second issue is risk measurement. I use VaR model to evaluate market risk of the principal-protected notes, and employ seven univariate time series models to forecast volatility and examine the accuracy.
Additionally, investors may well encounter potential loss as the prices of financial products are reduced in the secondary market. The VaR is mainly concerned with the downside risk and becomes a standard measure of financial market risk that is increasingly used by investors. But if we want to apply 〝textbook〞formulation to risk management of foreign assets, there leaves exchange rate risk out of consideration. Therefore, I extend the work by Kupiec (1999) to present VaR formula with exchange rate risk for foreign assets and then to manage market risk usefully.
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國際貨幣基金的組織與功能 / The Organization and Functions of the International Monetary Fund王瑤瑛, Yao-ying Wang Unknown Date (has links)
布列敦森林機制的成形與運作是基於國際社會對一九三0年代經濟大恐慌所記取的歷史教訓。國際社會要捨棄「以鄰為壑」的歷史錯誤,期以國際協調與合作解決國際經濟秩序不穩定的問題。但是在建立布列敦森林機制的過程中與布列敦森林機制的運作上,顯現出國際政治權力與國家利益才是最重要的考量。美國以其在兩次世界大戰中發展出的國力,主導了布列敦森林機制的設計,將大部分的國家納入此項體系中,並以此體系中的規範、準則來約束所有成員的行為。透過此機制的槓桿運作,美國得以將其在政治上與經濟上的力量發揮到極至,從而維護美國繼續作為霸權國的國家利益。布列敦森林機制成為戰後國際合作的基礎架構,會員國所簽訂的國際貨幣基金協定條款成了體系成員的行為準則。制約條件與監督會員國的經濟政策之權是國際貨幣基金兩項最重要的武器。然而,制約條件所產生的政經效應,卻讓國際貨幣基金倍受批評。影響制約條件成效不彰的原因包含有國際貨幣基金的組織結構因素、國際環境因素與執行制約條件的國家的內部因素。國際社會將所有的責任都歸於國際貨幣基金,實在是隔靴搔癢,同時也無助於解決當今資本全球化所引發的問題。
目 錄
序言 壹
圖表目錄 參
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 國際貨幣基金之成立 4
第一節 布列敦森林機制的起源 4
第二節 布列敦森林機制前的國際貨幣體系 9
第三節 懷特方案與凱因斯方案 12
第四節 小結 17
第三章 布列敦森林機制的制度分析 21
第一節 國際貨幣基金的制度 21
第二節 國際貨幣基金的組織 26
第三節 美國霸權與布列敦森林機制 34
第四章 國際貨幣基金角色的轉變 50
第一節 國際經濟環境的變遷 50
第二節 國際貨幣基金協定條款的修訂 54
第三節 特別提款權的運作 59
第四節 國際貨幣基金的監督功能 61
第五章 國際貨幣基金的制約條件 67
第一節 什麼是制約條件 67
第二節 制約條件的發展 71
第三節 制約條件與調整政策 76
第四節 制約條件的政經效應 79
第六章 一九八0年代的拉丁美洲債務危機 92
第一節 拉丁美洲債務危機的起源 92
第二節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的國際行動 96
第三節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的成效與政經意涵 102
第七章 一九九七年東亞金融危機 111
第一節 東亞金融危機的起源 111
第二節 東亞國家的政治經濟結構 117
第三節 處理東亞金融危機的國際行動 119
第四節 國際貨幣基金穩定方案的檢討 123
第五節 小結 132
第八章 結論 138
參考書目 143
圖表目錄
圖
圖3-1 國際貨幣基金組織結構圖 45
表
表6-1 拉美國家的貿易平衡、經常帳與資本基本轉移
的情況,1977—1987 105
表6-2 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之經濟表現 105
表6-3 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之債務情況 106
表7-1 泰國、印尼與南韓三國外匯存底的變動,
(1997年6月—19982月) 112
表7-2 東亞四國的債務情況 114
表7-3 東亞四國的經濟表現,1997—1999 131
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投資等級債券信用價差外溢效果之研究-以Panel模型分析 / The Spillover Effect of Credit Spread on Investment Grade Bonds- The Panel Approach林志彥, Lin, Chih-Yen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的在於探討投資等級債券信用價差是否存在外溢效果。信用價差是建構各種信用衍生性金融商品的基礎,惟目前學術界及業界都著眼在信用價差的拆解。信用價差可拆解成預期違約損失、稅的溢酬及信用風險溢酬。投資等級債券的信用價差來自於預期違約損失、稅的溢酬的部分較少,絕大多數來自於信用風險溢酬。信用風險溢酬係系統性影響信用價差的因素,此因素造成不同投資等級債券的信用價差間具有共整合的現象,進而引發外溢效果。然而並無人對於信用價差外溢效果作一深入探討。本研究利用目前學術界盛行的Panel模型的研究方法,對各種投資等級的債券的信用價差進行Panel Unit Root Tests、Panel Cointegration Tests及Panel Spillover Effect Tests,以求發現債券信用價差外溢效果存在與否的證據。
本文以iBoxx Index成份債券作為研究標的,利用Panel研究方法得到以下結論:
1.根據研究結果顯示,各種信評等級的債券的信用價差存在單根問題。
2.不同投資等級信評債券的信用價差擁有共整合關係。
3.不同投資等級信用評等的債券間信用價差外溢效果存在。且愈是相 鄰信評等級債券的外溢效果愈為顯著,例如BBB等級信用價差發生變動引發信評AAA等級信用價差變動的幅度便沒有AA等級信用價差變動引發AAA等級信用價差變動來得強烈。外溢效果係不對稱,當最高投資等級信評發生變動時,最低投資等級債券變動最為激烈;而最低投資等級信評發生波動時,最高投資等級債券發生變動的幅度就較小。
4.本研究支持不同債信評等的債券存在同向的外溢效果。 / This paper investigates the spillover effect in the investment grade bonds using the recently developed Panel Unit Root Tests, Panel Cointegrations Tests, Panel FMOLS and Panel DOLS techniques. Investment grade bonds’ credit spreads are found to be nonstationary and to be cointegrated in panels. This paper finds evidence of spillover effects.
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