壹、機械工業為未來經濟發展之重鎮，為促使機械產品在品質達相當水準時順利外銷 ，以技術較領先、發展情形較健全的工具機生產廠家為研究對象，研究其當前採行的 促銷策略。 貳、挑選機械工業、運輸工具工業、金屬制品業廠家為工具機使用廠家之代表，研究 其對生產廠家促銷組合之態度反應及實際購買行為，並比較其差異。 參、蒐集整理有助於促銷實務的各種文獻，並修正消費品的促銷策略決策模式，使之 適用於工業產品。 肆、本研究可瞭解我國工具機生產廠家之促銷策略施行現狀，並根據使用廠家的意見 ，參考理智性的決策模式，能對業界有實質幫助，加速工具機工業的升段與發展。

前言 第一章 鐵路、公路交通政策、組織機構暨發展情況。 第二章 鐵路、公路交通運輸在其整個國民經濟發展中的作用。 第三章 鐵路、公路運輸能力之評析。 第四章 機車（火車頭）車輛工業與汽車工業。 第五章 經濟面的探討與評析。 第六章 鐵路、公路建設與國父孫中山先生實業計劃中鐵路、公路建設計劃之比較。 第七章 鐵路、公路建設未來的發展趨勢。 第八章 結論

中國的石油外交安全複合體系可分為海上運輸航線、歐亞能源陸橋以及全球經營三大面向。由於目前中國進口石油來源主要來自中東及非洲地區，並依賴印度洋通往國內東南沿海的海上運輸航線，基於分散運輸風險與進口地區多元化的考量，增進對東協關係以促成海路運輸安全、向陸地接鄰的俄羅斯與中亞國家發展能源陸橋、兼顧海陸進口路線平衡發展之佈局，以及積極於中東、非洲、拉丁美洲地區發展經貿與能源合作並進關係，將為中國建構石油安全複合體系必然的策略選擇。複合體系行為主體是運用石油公司、國家政策及區域組織外交三個層次相結合，發展區域經濟論壇、軍售與外交支持等全般作為以鞏固對產油國安全利益依存關係，即使面臨體系內美國與日本競爭石油資源，但是中國提供其他合作選項，使產油國得以增加出口選擇，因此牽制力量的存在反而有助於強化體系運作，預期與美國爭奪地緣關鍵國家合作關係將是今後中國開展石油外交的重點。 / China’s oil diplomacy security complex is divided into three aspects： Sea lines of communication, Eurasia energy bridge, and Global cooperation. Middle East and Africa are now the main areas for China’s imported petroleum, and their production are transported through Indian Ocean to the southeast China coast. China’s strategies to build oil diplomacy security complex on account of diversification of importing sources are to protect Sea lines of communication by promoting Sino-ASEAN relations, to construct energy bridge from Russia and Central Asia in order to poise the marine and continental route of imported petroleum, as well as to develop business and energy cooperation with Middle East, Africa and Latin America .There are three characteristics of the security complex: first , members that compose oil companies, countries and regional organizations ; second , interdependence that China fosters with oil-exported countries in regional economic forum , arm sales and diplomatic support , and the existence of opponents such as the United States and Japan that strengthens the security complex by relieving China’s alternative value. In conclusion, China provides other alternatives for oil-exporting countries and strengthen the regional security complex; thus to obtain cooperation opportunities with key countries in the Geopolitical field from the U.S. would be the priority in China’s oil diplomacy policy.

都市發展固然帶動了經濟成長、生活舒適、交通便利等諸多正面效益，但隨著都市不斷向外發展之成果，卻也帶來了都市內的空間擁擠、交通壅塞、空氣汙染、生活環境惡化等現象，以及都市外的分散、無秩序蔓延發展等環境問題。為解決這些問題，都市規劃者提出大眾運輸導向發展理念。從都市化之觀點來看，發展大眾運輸導向能降低都市蔓延，提昇都市內之使用密度，減少私人運具之使用，進而降低能源消耗、改善空氣品質。然而，運輸建設具有改變土地使用模式與活動區位，進而帶動人口、產業在空間上重新分布的特性；當運輸建設的興建促使周邊都市活動頻繁時，少有研究探討到大眾運輸導向帶來的效益，是否會隨著人口、產業往捷運沿線聚集，反而使交通流量增加，進而造成空氣品質愈加惡化之問題。因此，本研究從捷運營運前後台北市空氣品質變化之觀點，以台北市433個里之1995年至2006年為研究範圍，以懸浮微粒為汙染變數，運用空間分析法和長期追蹤資料實證分析法，探討捷運、人口及產業三者對空氣品質之影響程度。 / 研究結果顯示，人口密度和就業密度對懸浮微粒濃度有顯著正向影響，因此，政府在推廣大眾運輸導向理念，鼓勵人口和產業往捷運沿線發展時，需有完善配套措施，否則將導致反效果－空氣品質的惡化。而有捷運經過之村里對懸浮微粒濃度有顯著正相關；但是分析各年度懸浮微粒可發現，台北市年平均懸浮微粒濃度下降，且隨捷運路網愈加完善，空氣品質愈好。因此，捷運建設雖造成沿線懸浮微粒濃度的上升，但卻降低了整體懸浮微粒濃度，提昇台北市空氣品質。 / Urban development is driven by economic growth, comfortable living, convenient transportation and other positive benefits. However, the results of urban development also brought crowdedness, traffic congestion, air pollution, environment degradation inside the city, and sprawl development out of the city. To solve these problems, urban planners proposed mass transit-oriented development (TOD) concept. From the perspective of urbanization, developing TOD can reduce urban sprawl, enhance the use of space inside the city, and reduce the use of cars. Further, these can decrease energy consumption and improve air quality. However, a transportation system can change the land-use patterns and redistribute the population and industries. Few studies have discussed whether the benefits of TOD will gather people and industries along the mass rapid transit (MRT), where results in the increase in traffic and more deterioration of air quality are inconclusive. Therefore, from the perspective of air quality varies over time in Taipei before and after the operation of MRT, this study uses spatial analysis and panel data analysis to investigate the impact of MRT, population and industry on air quality in 433 villages of Taipei City from 1995 to 2006. / The results show that population density and employment density have significant positive effects on the concentrations of PM10. Thus, when promoting the concept of TOD and encouraging the development of population and industry along the rapid transit, the Government should plan and implement the proper procedure; otherwise they will result in rising air pollution. The villages along the rapid transit have significant positive effects on the concentrations of PM10. However, analysis of the annual PM10 concentration can be found that the annual average has declined in Taipei City; the air quality will be better with a more extensive rapid transit network. Although the construction of transit system will cause the increase in the concentration of PM10 along the rapid transit, it has decreases the overall concentration of PM10 in Taipei City.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

戰後台灣中小企業的歷史源頭為何?其跟戰前台人資本存在什麼辯證關係?可以說是本土化研究興起以來台灣經濟史主要課題之一，已有不少學者嘗試從中小工廠領域切入，一方面跟矢內原忠雄與凃照彥等兩位重量級學者對話，一方面則試圖挖掘出五大家族以來之一般中小地主或商人在資本主義化的脈絡之下資本積累的過程。不過，也並非所有研究者都同意戰後台灣中小企業能夠蓬勃發展，乃是以戰前台人資本之積累為基礎。 　　本文同樣以此問題意識出發，但有別於既有研究成果主要以中小工廠為作為分析對象，從而強調台人資本積累過程「自主性」的一面，並普遍以政權遞嬗為研究斷限。本文則擬以較具經營規模且位於近代部門的交通業為個案，就台人資本積累過程如何跟國家權力連結展開論述，並側重於台人資本如何學習殖民者所引進的資本主義制度、特別是以資本核算(盈餘保留跟固定資產折舊)為主軸之近代企業經營概念。同時，本文還將採取跨政權研究途徑(approach)，就戰前台人資本所進行之資本積累與養成之近代企業經營能力，如何成為渡過戰後接收期乃至投入中小企業的重要憑藉提出一理論性分析。 本文首先發現所謂台/日資或殖民者/被殖民者等二元對立框架，不足以解釋戰前台灣經濟結構，台人資本積累過程乃存在跟殖民者有所連結的一面。此一跟國家權力的連結，也延續到戰後。 基本上，交通業作為特許行業本應由國家經營以避免被獨佔壟斷，但作為後進資本主義國之日本，從明治維新以降即在國家力量不足的前提下，透過強烈監督與保護手段讓民間資本代行國家發展交通，官方與交通業者間存在特殊互動模式。日本領有殖民地台灣後更由於本國資本主義尚未確立，因此持續仰賴民間資本經營作為地方交通主力的民營鐵道與公路運輸，不過此時被仰賴的對象主要為台人資本，該業台人資本也就在台灣總督府協助之下進行資本積累。 台人資本透過交通業也廣泛運用了殖民者所引進的近代企業制度。由於交通業本來就具有資本密集性(capital-intensive)與固定資本(fixed capital)比重高之特徵，必須採行較具規模的經營型態，台人資本在交通業乃高比例的運用股份有限公司(日文稱株式會社)，從而交通業跟既有前人研究成果主要關懷之中小民營工廠(主要業種為農業、農產加工業與輕工業)就存在本質上的差異。 在交通業台人資本高比例運用近代企業制度的前提之下，本文進一步發現單純從文化面角度來檢討台人資本為何存在優異企業經營能力恐怕有所不足。也就是說，移民社會特質與發達的合股組織固然是台人資本參與資本主義的基礎，但能否落實以資本核算(盈餘保留跟固定資產折舊)為主軸之近代企業制度，或許具備更關鍵的地位。因為移民社會特質雖然能讓台人企業展現出冒險、進取的一面，清代以降發達的合股組織則讓台人資本較容易習慣近代市場經濟的運作，但台人企業要能展現出「永續經營」的特質，還是必須建構出建全的資產結構與財務狀況。 最後，本文主張戰後台灣中小企業仍然是以戰前台人資本為基礎。雖然既有研究成果亦多持一學術見解，但他們未能充分論證台人資本如何渡過1937年中日戰爭以降至1949年國民政府遷台為止這段政經局勢激烈動盪的時期。相較於此，交通業台人資本則能一定程度填補此一空白。首先，台人資本在該業不僅未全面從屬於日資或被其消滅，反而基於交通統制讓原本散落各地的台人資本獲得整合、經營規模獲得擴張，從而增強其資本力量。這些以州廳為單位並仍由台人資本所主導的交通統制企業，在戰後更直接轉型為地方客貨運業，從而存在非常直接而明確的延續性。 其次，近代企業制度落實乃至交通業關聯產業開啟，都在這一階段獲得實現。就前者而言，即如上述，日本乃是後進資本主義國，資本核算制度發展腳步緩慢，這導致戰時體制成為其確立的關鍵階段，亦即國家利用各種統制手段強迫企業採行標準的商業會計(特別是固定資產折舊的計算)。尤其，交通業作為重點統制產業之一，該業資本核算制度是否確立也就更受到殖民政府重視。再就後者而言，交通業本質上跟傳統部門不同已如上述，在歐美與日本皆扮演著推動產業革命的重要角色，台人資本也就有可能透過該業往近代部門移動，這一方面表現在機械動力的接觸；另一方面則是以該業為媒介，往工業部門邁進，特別是伴隨戰時體制與軍需工業化所開啟的車輛維護、修繕產業等關聯產業更具指標性意義。 總而言之，戰前到戰後台人資本積累過程乃存在一連鎖機制，即「非機械力的輕便鐵道→嘗試蒸氣動力與電力(並投入電力部門) →機械力的汽車運輸→新興機械製造與化學→地方客貨運業→中小企業」。這中間當然不會是一線性發展姿態，毋寧經歷諸多波折，但基本繼承關係仍然可以被尋得。 / What were the historical sources of the small and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan after the war? What was the dialectical relationship between them and the capital existence in Taiwan before the war? It has been one of the main topics in Taiwanese economy history since the rise of the research of localization, and a few scholars tried to cut in through the small and medium-sized factories. On one hand, they opened the conversation with two key prominent scholars, Yanaihara Tadao and Chao-Yen Tu, and on the other hand, they tried to dig out the capital accumulation process from the general small and medium landlords or businessmen under the sequence of ideas of capitalism after Taiwanese five key families. However, not all of the researchers agreed that the reason why the small and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan could be rising and flourishing after the war was because of the foundation of the capital accumulated by Taiwanese people before the war. This research started with the same question concepts, but with different object of the study from the past research results, which was only used small and medium-sized factories as the study object, and emphasized the “independence” side of Taiwanese capital accumulation process; they generally cut the time of the research period when there was any state power changed or transferred. Instead of that, this study planned to use transportation industry as the study case, discussed from how Taiwanese capital accumulation process linked to national power, and then laid special emphasis on how Taiwanese capital accumulation process learnt from capitalism that the colonialists brought in; especially, the operation concept of the modern enterprises which gave priority to capital accounting (retained earnings and assets depreciation). Furthermore, the study adopted cross-political power research approach and discussed how Taiwanese capital accumulation before the war and the management capacity development of the modern enterprises became the important basis of passing through the take-over period to throw into the small and medium-sized enterprises. A theoretical analysis was addressed here. The study first found the binary opposition framework of so-called Taiwanese investment/ Japanese investment or colonialists / natives was not sufficient to explain economy structure in Taiwan before the war. Taiwanese capital accumulation process was existed on one aspect which linked to the colonialists, and this linkage to national power lasted to postwar. Basically speaking, transportation industry as a franchising sector should be run by the nation to avoid monopoly; Japan, as a later emerging capitalism country, allowed private capital to develop the nation’s transportation industry though intense supervision and protection by the government because the insufficient national power after Meiji restoration; there was a special interaction model between the official and transportation dealers. After occupying Taiwan, Japan continued relying on private capital to develop local transportation such as privately-run railway and road transportation due to it hadn’t established its capitalism firmly. Nothing but Taiwanese capital was the subject which was dependent on at that moment, the capital accumulation of the Taiwanese capital for this industry proceeded under the assistance of Taiwanese Governor General’s Office. Through transportation industry, Taiwanese capital widely applied modern enterprise system brought into by the colonialists. Transportation industry featured high proportion of capital-intensive and fixed capital, and it needed to run in large-scaled operation types. Taiwanese capital used high-proportion of limited liability companies ((ka bu si ki gai sya in Japanese), and it showed the essential difference from the small and medium-sized factories (mainly agriculture, agriculture product processing and light industry) that pervious research focused on. Under the precondition that Taiwanese capital highly used modern enterprise system in transportation industry, the study further revealed that it was not enough to only examine why Taiwanese capital existed excellent enterprise management capacity from cultural aspect. That was to say, the social characteristic of immigration and the prosperous cooperated organizations were the foundation of Taiwanese capital joining capitalism, but whether it could fulfill modern enterprise system which gave priority to capital accounting (retained earnings and assets depreciation) played an even more significant role. Although the social characteristic of immigration presented the adventure and aggressiveness of Taiwanese enterprises, the prosperous cooperated organizations after Ching Dynasty helped Taiwanese capital get used to the operation of modern market economy easily. However, only when constructing sound assets structure and financial status, Taiwanese enterprises could show the quality of “sustainable operation”. In the end, the study claimed that the small and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan after the war were still based on the Taiwanese capital before the war. Though the current research results mostly held the same academic view, they couldn’t fully approve how Taiwanese capital passed through the war of resistance against the Japanese in 1937 to National Government retrieved to Taiwan in 1949, the intensive political turbulent period of time. Compared to this, Taiwanese capital in transportation industry could fill the gap in a certain level. First, Taiwanese capital in transportation industry instead of subordinating to or being eliminated by Japanese investment, it integrated the Taiwanese capital spread out in different places and expanded the operation scale on the basis of transportation governing system; its capital strength increased as a result. The transportation governing enterprises which were managed by states but guided by Taiwanese capital directly transformed into local transportation carriers, and it showed extremely direct and clear continuity. Second, the fulfillment of the modern enterprise system and the starting of the relevant industries of transportation industry were implemented during this stage. In terms of the former, as what mentioned above, Japan was a later emerging capitalism country, and its development of capital accounting was slow; this led the system used during the war become the key stage of the development establishment, which meant that government used different governing methods to force the enterprises followed the standard business accounting (especially the calculation of assets depreciation). Moreover, transportation industry was one of the important governing enterprises, and it drew more colonialist government’s attention on whether the capital accounting system had been established in the industry. As for the latter, we talked about the essential difference between transportation industry and other traditional industries, and the transportation industry played an important role in pushing industry revolution in Europe, America, and Japan so that it was with great possibility that Taiwanese capital moved towards modern industries through transportation industry. This could be seen on the contact with mechanical kinetics on one side, and on the other side, it marched towards industry. The indicative meaning of this was presented on the relevant enterprises, especially the vehicle maintenance and repair incident to the system during the war and the industrialization for Army. In conclusion, the chain mechanism existed in the Taiwanese capital accumulation process from prewar to postwar, and it was “non-machinery light railway the attempt on steam powered and electricity (also invested electricity industry) machinery vehicle transportation new and developing machinery manufacture and chemistry local transportation carriers small and medium-sized enterprises”. Of course, the development was not a straight line process, and there were some obstacles in the way; however, the basic successive relationship could still be tracked.

都會區之主要幹道除為串連交通行為的空間外，更為眾多活動發生之場域，然在以機動車輛為主之道路空間規劃下，許多都市問題與亂象發生，由此1990年代提倡都市規劃應以「人」為本的新都市主義(New Urbanism)思潮出現，針對都市空間景觀倡導運用都市設計、永續運輸等策略，創造適宜人居之都市環境。而台北市為台灣首善之都，雖自民國80年起進行一連串都市空間檢討，然仍忽略主要幹道空間，而台北都會區大眾捷運網絡基本雛形已於民國89年底完成，路網設計多沿主要幹道興建，營運至今，民眾對公共運具之使用率確有增加並降低部分汽車使用量。由此，若能重新檢討並調整道路空間比例，基於人車共存之概念，綠美化主要幹道景觀，營造正面感受之環境意象，可提升市民對所居都市之認同感，亦可符合民眾日益昇高之生活環境品質要求，創造優質都市環境。 / 有鑑於此，本研究以台北都會區主要幹道為研究空間，忠孝東路、羅斯福路部份路段為實驗場域，進行幹道空間之檢討與空間改造計畫之評估，將「以人為主」之都市規劃理念導入交通規劃中，整合都市永續發展、都市設計及運輸相關理論，歸納出都會區主要幹道空間之規劃手法應包涵TOD之都市發展型態、塑造適宜之人行空間、調整幹道道路空間、結合都市設計之規範及永續運輸之交通規劃方式等五大項目。基此，考量人行、車行、幹道景觀、社會公平與幹道空間多樣化使用，在達成永續運輸之目標下，從「交通順暢性」、「步行親和性」、「景觀寧適性」、「場域複合性」等四大層面，建立適合研究範圍之「都會區主要景觀幹道最佳設計」評估架構。本研究應用模糊多準則評估方法，先透過專家德爾菲(Delphi)法確定評估架構後求取評估架構之權重值，並依所建立之評估架構計算忠孝東路與羅斯福路各幹道空間改造方案之績效值，以相對客觀的方式整合不同領域專家之價值判斷，應用模糊層級分析(Fuzzy AHP)法遴選研究範圍最適之幹道空間改造計畫，進行研究範圍最佳幹道空間改造方案之排序。 / 本研究評估結果發現最後遴選出之最適空間改造方案內容，均為調整道路路型、配置最大化人行空間之方案，將過去以汽車為主的幹道空間轉為對行人友善之場域，並強調綠化幹道景觀與多樣化使用。同時，由不同群體對各評估面向權重值之差異可發現學生群體著重幹道所提供之交通功能，學者及政府都市計劃單位著重幹道之人行空間，政府交通單位則並重幹道之車行與人行空間。此外，本研究亦根據評估結果研提相關改造計畫執行配套措施之建議，期所採行之幹道空間改造計畫評估方式，可供政府有關單位進行幹道空間檢討與改造評估時，一個相對客觀的決策進行過程與執行參考。 / The major arterials of a metropolis are places where not only connect traffic but lots of activities occurred. However, many urban problems came up under the roadway planning that according to mobile vehicles and resulted in an ideological trend named “New Urbanism” in 1990s. That promote urban planning should according to human beings and use strategies as urban design and sustainable transport for landscape to create a urban environment that is livable-in. / Taipei city is the biggest city of Taiwan at which we have reflected on urban space but have ignored review the major arterials since 1991. Then, the embryo network of mass rapid transit system of Taipei metropolitan area which was designed along major arterials has established in 2000. Since that, the using rate of public transportation has been increasing and decreasing part of quantity of private transportation. We can base on the construct “people-cars coexist”, therefore, review and regulate road -way scale to green the major arterials’ landscape, to shape a positive environmental image. It could promote townspeople’s identification of the city where they live in and conform to the increasing request for the quality of medium in the result of a high quality urban circumstance. / Base the above, this research chose Zong-Xiao east road and Roosevelt road of Taipei metropolis as the survey area to review the roadway landscape and evaluate spatial transforming schemes. We blended the new urbanism into transport planning and integrated with theories of sustainable development, urban design and transportation to generalize the medium of the major arterials area planning should contain five contents: TOD, mold a pedestrian-friendly area, adjust the allotment ratio of arterial, combine methods of urban design and sustainable transportation. Therefore, we took pedestrian, vehicles, arterial’s landscape, arterial space using diversification into account and under the goal, which achieve sustainable transportation established evaluative framework with four objectives: ” traffic smooth”, pedestrian-friendly” , “elegant and comfortable landscape”, and ”space complexity”. By utilizing fuzzy-MCDM approach, first, depended on fuzzy-Delphi method to ascertain that evaluative framework then counted the weights of criteria. According to the evaluative framework established by this research calculated the results of spatial transforming schemes of Zong-Xiao East road and Roosevelt road. Then adopting fuzzy-AHP method to integrate experts’ judgements of different domains, all proposed spatial schemes are reviewed and best arterial landscape transforming scheme were generated. / Evaluation result found that the best scheme with maximum pedestrian space shows the concepts of transforming the arterial area to be a pedestrian-friendly space and emphasizing green landscape, mixed land use. Furthermore, divergent preference of different groups were analyzed and found that students concentrate the transportation capability of arterial, experts and government planning departments focus on the pedestrian space of arterial, government’s transportation departments emphasize both on the car-lanes and pedestrian space. Research result construct a objective framework and review process for evaluating major arterial and also generate a best transforming scheme of those two roads, can be as a reference basis for urban re-design work of city government.

伴隨著永續發展思潮之興起，「大眾運輸導向發展（Transit-oriented development, TOD）」已成為都市規劃之重要理念。相關研究雖曾就TOD緊密、混合使用發展帶來之永續效益進行探討，然高密度之發展模式亦會加速都市內資源消耗，並影響生活環境品質。為解決前述課題，相關文獻因而提出「綠色大眾運輸導向發展（Green transit-oriented development, Green TOD）」理念，以期待在TOD與綠色都市主義（Green urbanism）之結合下，形塑更為友善環境發展之都市型態。國內外雖有相關研究對Green TOD之規劃理念進行探討，並建立評估架構與準則，然規劃上仍未以該理念建構土地使用規劃模式，以協助規劃者研擬規劃方案；此外傳統土地使用規劃模式建構亦較少將土地使用配置現況與變更限制納入考量，規劃模式因而無法反映實際之規劃問題，並使其應用受到限制。 　　基此，本研究係由通盤檢討面向切入建構「綠色大眾運輸導向土地使用規劃模式」，規劃上並以高密度發展、混合使用配置、親生物開放空間追求、非機動運具可及性提升、停車需求抑制、資源配置效益追求、都市機能健全發展為追求目標建構多目標規劃模式；模式考量限制則包含通盤檢討變更可行性、配置區位限制、規模與容量限制、預算限制、運輸場站自明性、自行車道連續性等；模式求解則修正最小偏差法，並設定不同之權重組合尋求非劣解集合；最後則模擬實例情境設計假想例，以測試模式之可用性，並透過敏感度分析探討規劃模式之應用特性。 　　研究結果發現，規劃模式部分目標因追求方向相同而不具有償付關係，然各目標規劃理念、衡量面向與決策內容皆有不同，規劃上因而有保留之必要性，規劃模式並可依據此特性追求整合性之規劃效益，且著重高密度發展策略之應用。而敏感度分析則顯示，預算額度多寡將影響模式之規劃彈性與償付關係之表現程度，規劃前應妥善分析土地使用配置現況後編列適當之預算資源，以確保規劃偏好達成。本研究建構之土地使用規劃模式可於Green TOD 理念下研提不同之替選方案，並輔助規劃單位進行土地使用、自行車路網、水資源配置之規劃作業。 / Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become a main concept of urban planning as the advocacy of sustainable development. Previous studies, though, have explored the benefit of TOD which features of compact development and mixed land use, excessive density would also accelerate the resources consumption in inner city and decrease the quality of living environment. To solve the aforementioned problems, studies have proposed the concept of “Green transit-oriented development (Green TOD)”, which combines the concepts of “TOD” and “Green Urbanism” in anticipation of shaping an environmentally friendly urban form. However, most of the studies about Green TOD mainly focus on defining the planning concept or establishing the evaluation framework and criteria of it, it still lacks a land use planning model for Green TOD which aims to generate planning alternatives objectively for planners. With regard to the land use planning model, prior studies seldom took the current zoning and rezoning restriction into consideration during the model formulation, which not only made the formulated model fail to represent the real planning problem but also decrease the application value. This study, therefore, develops a multi-objective land use planning model for Green TOD from the aspect of overall review of urban planning. The objectives of the model include “maximizing the development density”, “maximizing the mixed land use degree”, “maximizing the biophilic open space”, “maximizing the accessibility of non-motorized vehicle”, “minimizing the parking demand”, “maximizing the benefit of resource allocation” and “minimizing the rezoning scale of available land”. The constrains of the model include “the rezoning feasibility of overall review”, “the restriction of allocated location”, “the allocated restriction of minimum scale and maximum volume”, “budget limitation”, “identification of transit station area” and “connectivity of bikeway network”. The revised minimum deviation method with different weight settings was used to search the non-inferior solutions set for the simulated case to verify the applicability of the developed model. Besides, sensitivity analysis was used to explore the model characteristic. The result found that some of the objectives, which cannot be integrated due to the difference of planning concept, assessing aspect and decision contents, feature of non-trade-off relationship due to the same pursuing direction. The application of the model can therefore apply this characteristic to pursue the integrated benefit accordingly and focus on the planning approach of high density development. Besides, the sensitivity analysis showed that budget amount influences the planning flexibility and trade-off degree significantly. Budgeting should therefore be dealt appropriately after analyzing the current zoning to ensure the achievement of planning preference. The land use planning model developed by this study can be applied to generate planning alternatives under the planning concept of Green TOD and support the authorities for land use allocation, bikeway design and water resource allocation.

隨著全球化趨勢以及企業間越加激烈之競爭關係，生產者為滿足消費者之即時需求，即常透過多式運送模式將商品跨國快速遞送。物流服務之涵蓋範圍因而越發廣泛並持續擴展，除了實體之商品配送服務，並完善整合不同運送模式，且將高效率之管理、關務與其他商業活動納入範疇。此種整合型物流服務之出現，除了免除生產者與貿易商物流管理之額外負擔，以利其專注本業外，高品質之物流服務尚可提昇運輸服務業之生產力，同時並增進全球經濟福利之發展。 鑑於物流服務以及供應鏈管理服務均非屬W/120中之獨立部門，WTO會員即以CPC為基礎發展出物流服務清單與相關提案，以期提昇物流服務在市場開放與國民待遇之承諾情形。 本文首先介紹物流服務之貿易實務，概述物流服務之貿易概況、產業趨勢與貿易障礙；其次探討GATS 架構下物流服務之相關規範與會員提案，並分別就相關之GATS條文與會員提案發展為剖析。此外，本文並分析WTO會員就物流服務之現行承諾狀況與新回合之開放情形。最後，本文以物流服務之分類議題、定義議題與相關服務之新回合談判進展為重點，進行深入之分析並嘗試提出可行之解決之道。 / In the wake of globalization and increasingly fierce competition, goods often need to be transported through several countries (by road, rail, air or water) as quickly as possible in order to respond "just in time" to customer demand. Logistics services comprise a wide range of services and are constantly evolving In addition to the physical transportation of goods, based on an optimized combination of available modes of transport, it involves the efficient handling of management, customs and other business matters. The existence of integrated logistics services relieve manufacturers and traders of the burden of logistics management and allow them to focus on their core competencies. High-quality logistics services could also increase the productivity of the transport sector, and improve global economic welfare at the same time. Since neither logistics nor supply chain management is identified as a distinct industry on the W/120, WTO members that rely on the CPC have advocated developing a freight logistics checklist and related proposals in the hope of improving meaningful market access and national treatment commitments for logistics services. The thesis first introduces the practices of trade in logistics services, including the profiles, trends of industrial development, and trade barriers on trade in logistics services. Then the thesis discusses the related regulations and proposals of logistics services under the GATS framework, explaining the related GATS articles for logistics servies and clarifying their influence as well. Besides, the thesis also exam members’ existing commitments and offers on the logistics services. Finally, the thesis focuses on the classification, definition and negotiation issues on the logistics services, analyzing existing difficulties and trying to submit possible solutions.

近年來，國內有許多研究提倡大眾運輸導向發展 (Transit Oriented Development)的理念，政府也大力推動大眾運輸系統的建設，其中最為重要的是捷運的建設，在台北都會區，捷運路網的建設正逐步完成，與捷運建設息息相關的捷運聯合開發(Transit Jointed Development)也隨之蓬勃發展，同時，捷運聯合開發亦是我國推動大眾運輸導向發展普遍的作法之一。目前台北都會區目前共有82處聯合開發基地，已完工基地有35處，可容納6,317個家戶，以及755,773.69帄方公尺樓地板面積，對於減緩日益嚴重的都市住宅問題，有一定程度的幫助。但在規劃聯合開發住宅時，聯合開發住宅在不同類型、特性之捷運場站中，將面臨到許多問題，如：純住宅型態或住商混合型態較能符合民眾之需求？哪些家戶會選擇聯合開發住宅？又其家戶類型以及選擇原因為何？這些問題如何解決，係本研究欲探討之內容，因此，本研究以台北捷運聯合開發已完工且辦理租售作業之開發基地作為研究對象，並篩選出9處聯合開發基地進行實證研究，透過問卷調查的方式，瞭解民眾之聯合開發住宅選擇行為與旅運行為，並透過二項與多項羅吉特模型，探討影響民眾聯合開發住宅選擇行為之影響因素。 實證結果發現，在旅運行為方面，聯合開發住宅住戶之大眾運輸使用率大幅增加，在通勤時間與花費方面，通勤時間與花費均減少。除此之外，聯合開發住宅住戶之汽車持有率與使用頻率均大幅減少。在家戶特性方面，捷運聯合開發住宅住戶之家戶規模普遍較小，且家計負責人之年紀普遍較為年輕，進一步形成其他特性，如：就學人口比例較低、家戶月收入較低等。在影響因素方面，家戶規模、住宅帄均單價、住宅規模對民眾選擇不同類型之聯合開發住宅有顯著影響。最後依據實證結果，建議未來聯合開發住宅之規劃應加入TOD的規劃原則，對於聯合開發住宅之坪數、商業面積，應依捷運場站之類型進行調整，使聯合開發住宅之效益達到最大。 / In recent years, there are many researches promote the idea of the transit-oriented development. The government also vigorously promotes this infrastructure projects. One of the most important projects is the development of the MRT system. In Taipei metropolitan area, while the construction of the MRT network is gradually completed, the transit jointed dvelopment is also flourishing. Moreover, transit jointed development is the most common way in order to promote TOD. Currently, there are 82 Transit Jointed Development bases in Taipei metropolitan area. 35 of the bases have already completed, which can accommodate 6,317 household with 75,577,369 square meters of floor area. It certainly will help to alleviate the problem of urban housing. However, in planning of the Jointed Residential Development, it will face many problems due to the different types of characteristics of the MRT station. For example, which households will choose a jointed development dewilling? What is the reason of choosing jointed development dewilling? How to solve these problems? These are the contents of the study. Therefore, in this study, we target the bases that have already been completed and applied for rental operations in transit jointed development as the research object, and select 9 of them for the empirical research. In order to understand people’s choice behavior in jointed development dewilling, we use survey as a method, and explore the factors that affect people’s choice behavior by applying Binary Logit and Multinomial Logit Models. The results of empirical research show that households in the jointed development dewilling increase their public transport usage and reduce their commuting time and costs. In addition, their car ownership rate and frequency of use are significantly reduced. In the aspect of household characteristics, the households in the jointed development in the household scale are generally small and relatively young age of the householder. Those characteristics are going to further the formation of the other features, such as: the lower the proportion of student population and lower income households. Impact factors, such as the size of the household, the average residential price, residential scale on the people choose different types of joint development dewilling have a significant effect. Finally, according to the empirical results, it is recommended that the TOD should be added to the planning principle of the future Joint Residential Development. For the Jointed Residential Development, the size of house and commercial area should be adjusted along with the MRT in order to maximize the efficiency.