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過失犯における事実に対する知的要素の省察と再構築 -客観化と抽象化の動向を契機として-沈, 奕含 25 September 2023 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24863号 / 法博第296号 / 新制||法||179(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 塩見 淳, 教授 髙山 佳奈子, 教授 安田 拓人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM
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解決醫療糾紛民事責任之保險與法律制度 / The law and insurance of resolving civil liability in medical malpractice高添富, Kao, Tien Fu Unknown Date (has links)
本文將負面醫療結果(醫療傷害)統稱為醫療事故(medical incident),而醫療事故中又分為醫療過失(medical negligence)、醫療不幸(medical mishap,又名醫療災禍)及醫療意外(medical accident)三種情況。造成醫療傷害可能是因為醫療的過失責任,也可能是無醫療過失責任,本文特意將無醫療過失責任再細分為無過失責任、非過失責任與無法律責任(自然死亡或自然病程)三種,並將「無過失責任」no fault liability一詞泛以「無關過失責任」稱之;醫療行為中可預知的合併症與副作用的「醫療不幸」及不可預知、不可抗力的「醫療意外」屬非過失責任範疇,而不可避免性的自然死亡及自然病程,則屬無法律責任的範疇。
責任負擔可分為賠償、補償、救濟三種。賠償者,以不法之侵權行為,致使他人受損害時,因而填補其所受之損害,謂之賠償,英文為indemnity。補償者,指根據該法所指定的人員敲定的額度提供的金錢補助,而不是指針對不法行為或違反契約依法起訴所獲得的補償性賠償金,英文為compensation。救濟者,特別指由國家向貧困者提供的財政幫助,英文為relief。
過失責任的歸責原因是醫療疏失,所以是以損害填補原則及不當得利禁止原則,以填補受害者所受損害及所失利益;因此,過失責任要負的是損害「賠償責任」。非過失責任的歸責原因包括醫療不幸(即副作用、合併症)與醫療意外兩種,因為醫師客觀上已盡注意義務,不論有無結果預知義務或結果迴避義務,醫師已盡力防阻,仍不免發生醫療傷害,故並無醫療疏失可言,應由國家社會對受害者予以救濟;因此,非過失責任理應由福利國家的救濟制度來負責。無關過失責任no fault liability的歸責原因是危險責任,針對所有醫療事故,不論對錯無關過失下,只要有了醫療傷害,加害人就予以被害人限額補償的基本保障。因為醫師身為危險責任主體,依報償責任理論(利之所存,險之所擔)、危險控制理論及危險分擔理論下必須承擔危險責任,因以,無關過失責任應負醫療事故補償責任。
賠償、補償、救濟三種責任負擔都可以分別採用基金模式或保險模式來解決;本文則認為,醫療過失責任宜採取醫師專業責任保險,予受害人損害賠償。醫療無關過失責任宜採取醫事人員強制責任保險,輔以醫療事故特別補償基金,予受害人基本保障補償。醫療非過失責任宜採取醫療風險救濟基金,予受害人風險救濟,急難救助。
故本文結論提出事故補償、風險救濟、損害賠償三階層的保險與基金制度架構,以解決醫療糾紛民事責任問題即;第一層事故補償—針對醫療事故,以醫事人員強制責任保險無關過失,限額補償;第二層風險救濟—針對醫療意外,整合醫療風險救濟基金定額救濟;第三層損害賠償—針對過失責任,以醫師責任保險損害填補。 / In this paper, we study negative outcomes associated with the delivery health care, which are collectively referred to as “medical incident”. This is further divided into “medical negligence”, “medical mishap” (also known as “medical disaster”), and “medical accidents”. Medical injuries may be in consequence of medical negligence or otherwise, that is they may be with fault or without fault. In this paper we further medical injuries without fault into three categories: (1) liability regardless of fault, (2) liability without fault, and (3) no legal liability. Notably, we refer to “no-fault liability” as “liability regardless of fault” to better distinguish its legal implications with respect to other kinds of medical injuries without fault. Predictable complications and side effects of medical treatments are considered “medical mishap”; unavoidable natural death or nature course of disease have “no legal liability”. The burden of duty can be divided into three categories: indemnity, compensation, and relief. Indemnity is secondary to the violation of rights leading to injury and damages. Compensation is set by appointed experts and given in direct consequence of the occurrence of the injury, and is independently of the determination of legality and contract fulfillment. Relief specifically refers to financial assistance given by government entities to those in need.
At-fault liability follows medical negligence, and as such indemnity is given for reparation of damages and the prohibition of gains from the provision of negligent medical care. Causes of liability with no fault include medical mishaps and medical accidents. In these cases, the physician has fulfilled duties as medical professionals and in so doing have done their best to prevent medical incidents. Nevertheless due to circumstances beyond control, medical injuries occur. Because there is no negligence on the part of the physician, these losses are ideally dealt with by the governmental agencies.
Liability regardless of fault attributes liability based on risk alone. Under this system, for all medical incidents, whether or not they are the consequence of negligence, the victim receives relief at a pre-determined amount. This relief serves as the basic protection of patients. Since the physician as the chief medical care provider is also at the center of medical risk, by principles of risk management, liability regardless of fault should in addition be organized as medical incidents compensation.
The three forms of duty burden–indemnity, compensation, and relief–can be organized either as foundations or as insurances. We argue that duty burden for medical negligence is best managed by professional liability insurance to provide compensation to the victims. Medical liability regardless of fault is best managed by compulsory medical provider liability insurance with additional medical incidence compensation fund to provide at least a basic level of compensation to the victims. Medical liability without fault is best managed by medical risk relief fund for assistance for the victims.
In conclusion, in this paper we analyze various forms of liability and management of medical risks, and propose the use of professional liability insurance for medical injuries with fault, compulsory liability insurance for liability without fault, and relief fund for liability regardless of fault, in the setting of medical incidence. This provides a comprehensive, three-layered solution to the emerging problem of proliferation of medical incident cases in the courts. The first layer is incidence compensation, directed at all medical incidents, via compulsory medical personnel liability insurance regardless of fault. The second layer is risk relief, directed at medical mishaps and medical accidents, via risk relief funds. The third layer is damage indemnity, directed at at-fault liability, via physician professional liability insurance, to fulfill the victims’ damages.
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強制汽車責任保險法基本架構與定位之研究周盟翔 Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 緒論
本章主要論述本文之研究動機、方法及略述各章之要點。章內就各章主要論述重點先予以顯明。
第二章 汽車交通事故侵權行為與強制汽車責任保險
本章說明侵權行為歸責基礎之意義及歸責基礎在侵權行為法中之地位。復述論汽車交通事故侵權行為之發展及責任保險制度對侵權行為法之影響,並就各保險先進國所採之強制汽車責任保險制度作一簡要之介紹。
第三章 補償制度制系
本章主要述論補償制度之特質,並比較補償制度與侵權行為損害賠償制度之異同。另分析補償給付與侵權行為損害賠償競合時,所採取之各種解決模式,最後介紹我國補償制度體系,期能透過補償與賠償之比較,對我國保障汽車交通事故受害人立法模式之選擇,提供一個思考之起點。
第四章 無過失保險制度
本章著眼於無過失保險之演進及其主要內容;又無過失保險常遭誤認為「無過失責任保險」或「傷害保險」,本章特別說明無過失保險與責任保險、傷害保險之本質上區別,期能釐清三種制度間之差異。
第五章 強制汽車責任保險法之基本架構與定位
本章由強制汽車責任保險法理與無過失保險理論二種不同角度,解析本法第七條給付要件之規定、第二十七條給付內容之規定及被保險人、加害人、受害人及請求權人規定等關於本法基本體例之重要規範,期能掌握本法基本架構與定位錯亂、矛盾爭議之全貌。
第六章 本法基本架構重要條文之修正建議—代結論
由於自強制汽車責任保險法理之角度對本法提出批判及修正建議之學術論著非常之多,本章乃從無過失保險理論,就本法關於基本架構之重要條文,提出修正建議。
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醫療糾紛中民事過失之認定—論「醫療水準」與「醫療常規」蔡佩玲 Unknown Date (has links)
我國民事侵權行為之「過失」概念,向來學者均未有深入闡釋,其等雖均認為民事法與刑事法的規範目的有異,卻仍往往援引刑法第14條過失的定義加以適用。在民事侵權行為「過失」概念欠缺其應有的獨立內涵之情形下,法院實務上的操作更因此勝敗兩異,喧騰一時的玻璃娃娃案 即為一例。而民事侵權行為「過失」概念不明確,不僅在一般的侵權行為案件中,造成法院實務操作困難,在專業的醫療訴訟中,也出現了法官嘗試用不明確的「過失」概念去決定一個陌生的專業領域有無過失的不適當。
因此,首先要解決的問題是民事侵權行為「過失」概念之內涵如何?與刑事過失概念是否同義?又,過失概念中在英美立法例上的發展均從「注意義務存在」轉向以「注意義務違反」的討論為重心,論者又均謂是否違反注意義務的判斷,應依事件的特性,分別加以考量,因行為人之職業、危害之嚴重性、被害法益之輕重、防範避免危害之代價,而有所不同。因此,在專業的醫療訴訟中有哪些判準是有利於法院判斷醫療訴訟中醫師是否違反注意義務,急待釐清!我國學者未見有更深入的討論,因此醫療訴訟中是否違反注意義務所應有的判準,特別是醫界的「醫療常規」能否作為法院在個案中的「當為行為」的標準,頗值吾人深入探討。
本文所要討論的是關於法院能否審酌「醫療常規」合理性的問題,在美國法的發展上,有著名的Helling v. Carey案,法院以醫師所遵行的醫療常規對於該案原告的保護並不足夠,認為被告醫師主張已經遵行醫療常規而無過失,並不可採,Helling案之後法院一度有支持Helling Rule的判決實務,但是後續發展卻都一面倒地採取與Helling Rule不同的看法,甚至有指出Helling案的法院嘗試去審酌醫療常規是相當不可採的作法;而在我國法上,也出現了相對應的」台安醫院維他命事件,被告醫師也同樣以其已經遵行醫療常規的作法主張其並無過失,但對於醫療常規是否可採,法院在來來回回七個審級間也如同美國法的發展上有一度地掙扎,本案雖未確定,但在更二審即最末次事實審時,法院明確地指出醫師依其經驗與專業知識以及醫療常規的作法而行為,對於不可預見的風險並不負過失責任。
本文以為Helling Rule雖然在美國判例法的討論上都是指稱醫師不能以其已遵行醫療常規主張其行為並無過失,但是從Helling案的個案事實觀察,可以發現Helling案的法院其實並非真正去審酌醫療常規的合理性,相反地,Helling案法院主要指摘的是醫師在病患將近十年的看診期間,均未善盡其應有的注意義務,為病患作進一步的檢查,只一昧地以醫療常規的作法為病患診療,但經過十年的期間,病患之病症均未有改善,任何一般人都會警覺到常規的作法已不適用,醫師未盡注意義務顯然,應認為有過失。也就是Helling案的法院是針對其個案的情況闡述法院固應尊重醫療常規,但是醫療常規在適用上仍應依個案不同情形有所考量。我國的台安醫院維他命事件,也是我國法院對於應尊重醫療常規的表示。
本文立於此比較法的基礎,認為醫療訴訟中如何判定是否違反注意義務,固然可以形成一些判準,但是法院畢竟是醫療之外行人,在思考適用這些判準時,仍然會面臨醫療專業知識進入門檻的困難,不容易作成判斷。特別是醫學本身是一門發展長久、縝密、且進步快速的科學,醫界此一專門職業團體,長久發展下來,在其執業上早已由其職業團體內的成員,匯集其共同之臨床經驗與專業知識形成其執業所需的一套流程標準,也就是「醫療常規」,而醫療常規其實就是醫療此一專門職業團體的集體智慧之結晶,也代表了醫界在其長期發展的經驗中,已經在個案病人利益、其他病人利益、醫療成本有限、有效醫療等等的前提下,濃縮出的平衡思量的結果。尤其是當醫療專業團體對於某個診療方式或程序,已經形成一致地、明確地共識與作法時,法院是否仍有可供公評之理由作成相異之見解呢?亦或此時應有法律謙抑之思考,予以專業慣行多一分之尊重?
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政府採購未得標者因機關違法請求賠償之研究:以比較我國、美國、歐盟、英國司法實務為中心 / Unsuccessful Tenderers’ Claims for Damages Based on the Procuring Government Agency’s Breach of Law: A Comparative Study on the Judicial Review in Taiwan, the USA, the EU and the UK李淑珺, Li, Shu Jiun Unknown Date (has links)
我國政府採購法第85條第3項規定,針對招標申訴審議判斷指明機關違反法令時,廠商得請求償付其準備投標、異議,申訴之必要費用,該請求權係根據「政府採購協定」所定。但由於政府採購法及相關法規均未規定該條項所定之請求權之法律定性為何,以及何謂必要費用等,而本法主管機關亦不做解釋,加上備標費用證明不易,使法院見解只能趨於保守,並產生許多爭議。
目前國內探討本條項規定之文獻數量極少,相關判決亦不多,因此筆者認為,除了從我國學說及實務見解出發之外,本條項既根據政府採購協定而訂定,則其他協定締約國法院對相似案例之見解,應亦可供我國法院參考。因此本文選擇同為政府採購協定締約國,且政府採購金額於世界名列前茅的美國、歐盟,以及英國作為選擇比較研究之對象,並採取實務判決見解分析、文獻研究,以及比較研究之研究方法。
第一章為序論,說明本研究之動機、目的、範圍以及方法。第二、三、四、五章則分別討論我國、美國、歐盟,以及英國之公共採購相關法規,並分析各國司法實務審理參與政府採購之廠商主張採購機關違反採購法規致其未得標,而請求投標、備標及申訴異議等費用,甚至請求其他賠償時,所可能肯認之請求權基礎、應否賠償之判斷標準、應得賠償之範圍,以及得賠償金額之審酌標準,並於各章提出各國較具代表性之具體案例,以了解各判斷標準之實際操作。第六章則參酌各國實務見解及判決,與我國採購法相關法條及實務見解加以分析比較,以提出筆者認為值得參考的審查標準,並提出修法建議,以為本文結論。
筆者於研究後認為,在程序部份,應放寬政府採購法第75條可提起異議申訴之當事人適格認定,並將同法第85條第1項明定為:「審議判斷或法院確定判決指明原採購行為違反法令者,招標機關應另為適法之處置。」而使第3項所稱之「第一項情形」包含司法判決確定時。關於實體部份,筆者認為政府採購法第85條第3項所規定之請求權似乎可定義為行政法上債務關係之締約過失賠償請求權,而建議將此條項修改為:「第一項情形,廠商得向招標機關請求賠償其準備投標、異議及申訴所支出之合理費用。」以釐清此請求權應屬廣義之國家對人民之賠償,並將賠償範圍由「必要」改為「合理」,以免實務見解過度限縮。此外,筆者並認為,此請求權為違反已經存在之債務關係義務而生之責任,與國家賠償法之賠償係不法行為所生之侵權賠償責任性質應屬不同而可能併存。因此,廠商若因機關違法而受有其他損害,並符合國家賠償法所定之要件,似乎亦可循國家賠償法請求賠償。 / In accordance with Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan, an unsuccessful tenderer of public procurement is entitled to recover the “necessary” costs he has incurred in his bid/proposal preparation and protest/complaint process if he has challenged the procuring agency’s relevant decision in time and the decision has been declared to be in breach of statutes and regulations by the review authority, the Public Construction Commission. This article is legislated according to the principle laid down by the Government Procurement Agreement that stipulates challenge procedures reviewing procuring agency’s decision shall provide compensation for the loss or damage suffered by the complaining tenderer. However, there have been a lot of disputes concerning the legal status of the basis of action stipulated in this article and the exact extent of the compensable costs since they have never been defined clearly by any statute or explained by the authority. Along with the difficulties in proving the relevancy and “necessity” of the expenses and costs, these disputes have driven the Administrative Court to take a very restrictive view in deciding the recoverable costs which in many cases may not be appropriate remedies for the complaining tenderers.
With very limited literature focusing on the disputes arising from this article and a very small number of judgments of such cases in Taiwan, I attempt to explore the opinions expressed not only by Taiwan’s court and scholars but also by the courts of the other countries that are also parties to the GPA and have similar articles in their statutory law in order to offer a comparative perspective that will help resolving the differences concerning the interpretation of this article.
Besides Taiwan, I have chosen to examine the judicial review of such cases in the USA, the UK and the EU since their public procurement budgets are on the top list of the world and they are all members of the GPA. The first chapter states the purpose, the extent and the method of this study. The second, third, fourth and fifth chapters respectively discuss the main public procurement regulations and analyze the judicial review standards concerning the basis of actions, the possible remedies and the extent of damages allowed in Taiwan, the USA, the EU and the UK (including the judicial system of England, Wales and the North Ireland and the judicial system of Scotland). In the final chapter, I try to offer a comparative view and to suggest possible changes to the relevant statues and review standards in Taiwan.
After completing the research, I suggest that a prospected bidder should also be recognized as an interested party that has standing in making claims against procuring authority for damages in order to ensure judicial review of important procuring decisions. Besides, Article 85.1 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan should be revised as “where a review decision or an unappealable court judgment specifies that the procuring entity is in breach of Acts and Regulations, the procuring entity shall proceed with a lawful alternative,” so that the protesting bidder will have the right for damages endowed by Article 85.3 of the same act if the procuring decision in question has been declared in breach of law only by the court but not by the Public Construction Commission. The right for compensation of tender preparation and protest costs stipulated by article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should be defined as a right arising from the procuring authority’s liability based on culpa in contrahendo in administrative law. Therefore, this article should be revised as “where the circumstance set forth in paragraph 1 occurs, the supplier may request the procuring entity to reimburse the reasonable expenses incurred by the supplier for the preparation of tender and the filing of protest and complaint.” Besides, just as the liability based on culpa in contrahendo is different from the liability arising from tort and the former does not substitute for the later, an unsuccessful tenderer’s claim for compensation based on Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should not exclude his right in making other claims for other loss or damage according to the State Compensation Law.
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醫療行為之法律責任與保險之研究 / A Study of Medical Malpractice and Professional Liability Insurance陳麗芬, Chen Lee-fen Unknown Date (has links)
國立政治大學風險管理與保險研究所八十七學年度第二學期碩士論文「醫療行為之法律責任與保險之研究」,旨在探討醫事人員執行醫療業務所生之責任與保險之相關問題。全文共分十章,約十六萬字,由研究生陳麗芬所撰,各章內容簡述如下:
第一章 緒論:隨著高等教育普及並醫學資訊發達,醫療糾紛可預期的有增無減,本章即說明本論文之研究動機、目的、所採行的方法及研究範圍。
第二章 醫療行為與醫療業務:醫療行為之意義為貫穿論文的重要概念,須就主管機關衛生署之見解與學理上加以定義。瞭解醫療行為定義後,須加以分類以適應不同醫療人員之業務範圍,並用以區別類似醫療行為之不同。最後論定不當醫療行為之內涵。
第三章 醫療行為實施者及其業務範圍:醫學科技分工精細,一件重大醫療行為往往需由整個醫療團隊合作始竟全功,故須區分醫療人員之身分與其法定業務,以明權責所在。本章另一重點為藥師、藥物、與藥害救濟的介紹,及醫師使用藥物治療時應盡之注意。
第四章 醫療契約:醫療契約之法律性質並非單純委任、承攬、或僱傭,而係非典型之混合契約。醫療契約當事人之身分,就病患的精神狀態與醫師之地位不同可組合成數種情形,並非絕對以病患或醫師為契約當事人。確定醫療契約之性質後,方能確認醫病雙方依契約所應盡之義務與所享之權利,並因此衍生出債務不履行之責任。
第五章 醫療契約之債務不履行:醫療債務不履行以不完全給付為最多,通常更因加害給付而致病患傷亡。欲要求醫師負債務不履行責任,除因醫師本身之故意過失外,醫療院所就醫療人員之故意過失要負同一責任。除故意過失之一般歸責原則外,消費者保護法創立無過失責任主義,至於是否適用於醫療服務爭議仍大。
第六章 醫療侵權行為:侵權行為之七要件,在醫師侵權責任領域同樣適用,但內容則不同。因病患同意而阻卻違法、疫學因果關係、醫師之監督過失、特異體質、醫療慣行及醫療團隊之共同侵權等為重點。
第七章 醫師業務責任保險市場概況:就我國目前狀況及英國、美國、日本的市場狀況說明。
第八章 醫師業務責任保險單之研究:首先認識醫師業務責任風險為何,是否為可保風險,然後再就保單條款重點部分加以研討,互相參照國內保單範本與業者實際出售之保單及美國保單,評析其間優缺點。主要有承保範圍、因果關係、除外不保、被保險人、責任限額、自負額、Claim Made Basis 及Occurrence Basis、索賠通知、擔保與先決條件、保險人之棄權與禁止抗辯、防禦義務、仲裁與強制調解、及第三人直接請求權等。
第九章 除保險外之其他避險方式:計有自己保險與專屬保險、相互保險(保險合作社)、行政上補償制度。
第十章 結論與建議:分別就醫學部分、法律部分、保險部分就所知提出結論並建議,希冀建構一個更和諧的醫療環境。
略 / 略
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強制汽車責任保險保險詐欺防制之研究 / Compulsory automobile liability insurance-research on fraud prevention for general insurance陳添壽 Unknown Date (has links)
我國強制汽車責任保險自西元1998年1月1日開始實施,迄今已逾10年之久,主要精神為使交通事故之受害人迅速獲得基本保障及維護社會大眾之安全與權益,所以採無過失責任精神,即在交通事故傷亡之受害人不論有無過失皆可獲得保險金給付,使許多受害人及其家庭之經濟即時獲得補償,所以有近九成民眾對於強制汽車責任保險之實施成效給予高度肯定。
近年來,強制汽車責任保險已成為保險犯罪集團覬覦之目標,保險詐欺案件有日益增加之趨勢,保險詐欺犯罪也發展成組織化及專業分工之保險詐欺集團,詐欺手法也不斷翻新且日益猖獗,也使強制汽車責任保險之實施精神遭受扭曲及破壞。本研究係透過產物保險業者蒐集不同類型之強制汽車責任保險詐欺案例,針對個案之犯罪手法加以比對分析,希冀從所蒐集不同類型之案例中探討保險詐欺之詐欺手法及特徵,以期研擬出一套具體措施能夠對保險詐欺作有效之防制,以遏止保險詐欺案件之發生。
本文研究有鑒於美國、英國、德國、挪威、日本及中國大陸等國家對於保險詐欺之防制不遺餘力,同時參考各國有關保險詐欺之法律規定與防制概況,保險詐欺資訊之提供及為對抗保險詐欺之教育宣導,這對於保險詐欺防制工作剛起步之我國,當有許多值得學習之處。當然保險詐欺之防制需要社會大眾、保險業者及政府檢警消相關單位正視保險詐欺問題之嚴重性,大家共同聯手一起來防制,才能有效遏阻保險詐欺之歪風。 / Compulsory automobile liability insurance in Taiwan has been implementing more than ten years since January 1, 1998. Its law-making intention is to ensure prompt and basic coverage for the injured parties in the automobile traffic accident and maintain the safety and rights for the public so it is adopted the system of no-fault basis. It means any injured party who is injured or lost of life in the automobile traffic accident can require the reimbursement regardless of who’s fault. Many injured parties and their families have received the prompt reimbursement from compulsory automobile liability insurance, so there are almost ninety percentage of the public in Taiwan giving the highly positive feedback to the implementation of compulsory automobile liability insurance.
Within recent years, the compulsory automobile liability insurance which becomes a crime means and target of organized crimes of insurance fraud. The case of Insurance Fraud has the tendency in growth and the trick of insurance fraud become organized and professionalized, which has seriously affected the law-making purpose and normal developments of compulsory automobile liability insurance. This research, through the various organized criminal fraud cases of compulsory automobile liability insurance provided by non-life insurance companies. In order to prevent the fraud case from being on compulsory automobile liability insurance, this research collects and provides various types of fraud cases containing different means and characteristics. By the research, we hope to provide an effective measure to prevent fraud case from being on compulsory automobile liability insurance.
The research is on the basis of the fact that many countries, for example, United States of American, England, Germany, Norway, Japan and China, have left on stone unturned to prevent insurance fraud and also on the basic of their laws and situations about insurance fraud, to furnish information about insurance fraud, and to educate the public about how to fight against insurance fraud, which is very beneficial to promote the development of insurance anti-fraud in Taiwan. There is no doubt that the prevention of insurance fraud needs the public, the insurer and authority cooperate closely. Only by doing so, we can prevent efficiently insurance fraud from spread.
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財產保險上受益人概念之研究 / A Research on beneficiaries of non-life insurance朱政龍 Unknown Date (has links)
關於我國保險契約法上財產保險究竟有無受益人概念適用之餘地,傳統學說上一直以來存有爭議,但產險實務上似乎卻從未質疑過而予一體適用。本文擬先就我國保險契約法上對於保險契約當事人及關係人之定位予以重新釐清,並綜合英美與大陸法系契約當事人之優缺點,提出以財產權之所有人、權利人或自己之生命、身體者為被保險人,並以之為契約當事人,享受負擔保險契約上一切權利與義務;如欲利益第三人時,自不妨另行指定保險受益人。如此作法可避免長期以來允許以他人之財產權或生命、身體來投保所產生之各項爭議。
其次,本文針對現行產險的兩大分類:一般財產損失險與責任保險,分別探究其有無受益人概念之適用以及產險受益人之法律性質定位。依本文研究發現,一般財產損失險仍有指定受益人之可能與必要,惟因礙於損失填補原則,其性質於保險法上應解為僅屬被保險人之保險金代理受領人,該受益人必須另依與被保險人間其他法律關係以決定其保險金之最終受領權。至於責任保險,則應無指定保險受益人之可能與必要。
最後,針對以特殊立法方式所形成的強制汽車責任保險,由於其雖以責任保險之形式立法,但其承保之標的與一般責任保險不同,而係由立法者所特別創設的一「法定限額無過失賠償責任」,其賠償對象及方式亦由立法者另行規範,致成為被保險人對於「特定對象」(法定之請求權人)須負一「定額」或「限額」的無過失賠償責任,故其賠償方式亦「傷害險化」;惟本文以為,該法所定之特定「請求權人」,仍非屬保險法上的保險受益人,而仍屬特別立法下的特殊請求權人。
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主観的違法要素と責任能力―裁判実務を中心に―林, 裕凱 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第21515号 / 法博第232号 / 新制||法||165(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 安田 拓人, 教授 塩見 淳, 教授 髙山 佳奈子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM
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醫療行為刑事訴追政策之研究—臺灣高等法院醫療專庭實證分析 / A research on policy of criminal prosecution for medical treatment—Empirical analysis on medical tribunal of Taiwan High Court李蕙如 Unknown Date (has links)
近年醫界產生「4大皆空」或「5大皆空」的醫生專業人才斷層現象,並將矛頭指向醫療糾紛。醫師的醫療行為刑事責任問題,依醫界觀點,不僅已造成醫療人才斷層,更使防衛性醫療行為發生。醫界為減輕醫療行為刑事責任推動修法,不論從早期所言之醫療行為除罪化、醫療刑責去刑化或近期所稱之醫事刑責明確化、醫療刑責合理化,均未能如願。
為公平妥適解決醫療糾紛爭議,修法並非唯一途徑,且醫療行為刑事訴追涉及刑事政策,故本文將以臺灣高等法院刑事醫療專庭實證分析,探討醫療過失案件在現行醫療糾紛刑事鑑定、刑事醫療專庭之專業性、刑事理論運用之缺失,及如何修正較為妥當之可行方向。
在刑事鑑定之改善,可考慮給予當事人陳述意見、申請覆議之機會、鑑定醫師應將法官漏未請求鑑定之爭點,主動積極記載於鑑定結果中,鑑定結果可同時呈現醫界之不同見解及輔助事證;在醫療專庭之改善,法官之在職教育,課程內容應更具系統性、醫療專庭法官不應經常輪換;在刑事理論上,現行所採之相當因果關係理論,已將因果關係和行為人之可歸責性混為一談,因此,相當因果關係應僅限於處理因果關係問題,而行為人之可歸責性認定,應引進客觀歸責理論,方能提供審判者更具體明確之判斷標準,釐清責任歸屬。
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