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企業發展服務創新的組織方式之研究 / An Empirical Study of Organizing for Service Innovation宋彥儒, Song, Yan Ru Unknown Date (has links)
製造業一直是台灣產業的強者,但隨著全球經濟發展,台灣製造業所獲毛利逐漸縮減以及服務業角色愈加重要之下,或許服務業所發展的「服務創新」,是拯救台灣低價值循環的一道解藥。過往國內外有關服務創新的研究,大都偏向於專案層次的探討,對於組織層級的著墨很少,其中有關「組織方式(Organizing)」的研究又更少。本研究認為組織方式的研究成果,可以使企業於發展服務創新的過程中,更知道如何有效地建構組織創新平台,以達到建立核心優勢與提升績效的目標。本研究以「組織設計」、「創新研發人力資源管理」、「新服務商品開發」與「外部知識取得」等四大構面為主軸,並針對國內在服務創新與服務力上表現優異的兩家企業-全家便利商店與王品集團,進行深入的個案研究。初步得到了以下的結論:
(1)發展服務創新的企業,在組織設計上除了具有正式化的組織外,也會強調系統化的非正式組織,前者適合有形服務商品的開發,後者適合無形服務的發展。此外,因為服務的無形性,也會強調跨部門之間的互動與合作。
(2)發展服務創新的企業,在創新人力資源管理上,會特別著重於與接觸第一線顧客的員工之互動。在創新人力績效衡量方面,則會將顧客滿意度納入評核項目。
(3)發展服務創新的企業,在外部連結與知識取得上,會以開放式創新的概念積極向外獲取所需之技術知識與市場知識,並且讓顧客參與新服務的開發過程。
最後,本研究並提出實務上與後續研究上的建議。 / Taiwan's manufacturing industry has always been strong, but its gained profit margin has been gradually decreasing as the globlal competitition becomes fierce. On the other hand, the service industry plays a more important role than before in the economic development, and “service innovations” might become one of the key solutions to enhance the industrial added values and welfares. Most of the past researches related to service innovations are focused on the “project” level and very few studies are conducted at the “corporate” level, particulary concerning the issue of organizing. We believe the research results of organizing for service innovations can help enterprises set up a better organizational innovation platform in order to build core competence and to enhance performance. This study establishes a research framework with four major constructs: organizing, innovative human resources management, new service development process and external sourcing of knowledge and selects two innovative companies: the FamilyMart and WowPrime Group, for the case study in depth. Three major preliminary conclusions obtained from this study are as follows:
(1)As far as organizaing for service innovation is concerned, the firm may use both formal and informal organization. The former one fits better for the tangible service products; and the latter one for intangible service products. Furthermore, the firm will emphasize the interdepartmental connection as the service itself is somewhat intangible per se.
(2)As far as organizaing for service innovation is concerned, the firm will emphasize the interaction with the employees who have direct contacts with customers. Furthermore, the firm will include the customer satisfaction as one of the key performance indeices (KPI).
(3)As far as organizaing for service innovation is concerned, the firm will actively acquire both of technical knowledge and market knowledge and will invite customers to participate in the development process of new services.
Finally, this study draws some recommendations for both practititioners and follow-up researchers.
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行政部門的資訊優勢對立法的影響力—以第八屆立法院為例 / The Informational Advantage of the Executive Branch in the Legislation: The Case of Legislative Yuan from 2012 to 2016宋至晟, Sung, Chih Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以行政院在立法上的影響力為焦點。筆者認為立法委員有動機成就好的立法,在行政部門的資訊優勢下,立法委員會傾向接受行政部門陳述的觀點,並導致行政部門對於立法產生相當突出的影響力。本文先以深入訪談法瞭解與佐證行政部門的資訊優勢確實存在且影響卓越,再以內容分析法分析行政部門的態度對於立法結果的影響。
研究結果發現,行政部門對於立法院的優勢呈現在其對於資訊的壟斷、行政執行經驗及專業程度等優勢上。另外,經驗分析顯示,行政部門的意見確實對於重大法案的結果,具有相當重要的影響,筆者認為,行政部門的立法影響力,已近乎於否決者的角色。換句話說,若一個法案想要順利通過,行政部門的肯認,或至少不表達反對,已成為立法成功的必要條件之一。
最後,過去相關的文獻曾指出一個提案的提案者黨籍、是否為委員會成員及召集委員、有無經過黨團協商等因素,皆與該提案能否順利三讀通過有關。本文的經驗數據也呈現相似的結論。更進一步地,本研究發現,在考量上述因素後,行政部門對於立法的影響依然最為深遠。 / This thesis focuses on the legislative influence of the Executive Yuan. The author believes the legislators are motivated to achieve the high quality of law-making. Because of the informational advantage of the executive branch, the legislators tend to accept the perspective made by the executive branch, which leads to the significant influence in the Legislation. First, this paper uses intensive interviews to find out and justify the existence of the informational advantage of the executive branch and its profound influence on the legislation. Furthermore, by using content analysis, this paper intends to dissect what the attitude of the executive branch has an effect on the legislative outcomes.
The result revealed the relative advantage of the executive branch over the Legislative Yuan lies on the informational monopoly, administrative executive experiences and the high-level of professionalization. Additionally, the empirical analysis shows the executive branch does have the significant impact on the outcomes of major bills. In the author’s opinion, the effect of the executive branch has come close to the role of veto players. In other words, the approval of the executive branch, or at least the attitude of non-objection, has become one of the necessary conditions for successful legislation.
Finally, relevant literature reviews have pointed out several factors that are associated with whether a bill can pass or not. Those factors include the partisanship, committee member, committee chair and the process of party negotiation, etc. The empirical analysis of this thesis disclosed similar conclusions as other literature reviews. Further, this thesis discovers, by taking the above factors into consideration, the executive branch plays the most significant role in the legislation.
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産業部門を対象とした水害の経済影響評価に関する研究黒田, 望 25 March 2024 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第25435号 / 情博第873号 / 新制||情||146(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 多々納 裕一, 教授 矢守 克也, 教授 畑山 満則, 教授 梶谷 義雄(香川大学) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM
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東アジア諸国の雁行形態的発展に関する計量経済分析江崎, 光男 03 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:06630020 研究代表者:江崎 光男 研究期間:1994-1995年度
Discussion Paper No.41 中国経済のインフレーションと価格競争力 江崎光男・伊藤正一・王名・板倉健
1996年3月を含む
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PFI未來給付是否認列為負債之探討 / A Study on PFI Future Payment to Be Recognized as Liability陳姿如, Chen, Tzu Ju Unknown Date (has links)
在政府財政困難之際,究竟引進民間資金挹注政府公共建設,為一政策良方,抑或民間融資創建 (Private Finance Initiative,簡稱 PFI) 已成為執政者窗飾公共債務數據的途徑,此一議題,近年來在英國廣為爭議,因此,「PFI之未來給付是否應認列為負債?」成為本文探討之重點。
臺灣PFI制度尚在萌芽階段,相關研究多以政策之運用為主,較少著墨於PFI可能帶來的缺失。本文藉由參考英國官方及民間出版品及訪談我國政府官員,進一步分析比較目前國際財務報導準則 (International Financial Reporting Standards,簡稱IFRS) 和1995版歐洲帳戶體系 (European System of Accounts 1995,簡稱ESA 95) 規範的差異。
經本文分析後得到,第一個結論是兩者對資產分類基礎的差異。英國政府活動有兩種不同類型的會計方法:第一種為財務報導,即現在的IFRS;另一種為國民帳戶,以ESA 95為指導規則。依財務報導的目的,係根據何者對使用基礎設施,服務規則和基礎設施於協議期間屆滿的重大剩餘權益有控制權,由於政府對PFI資產大多具有控制權,故大多數的PFI資產及相關負債將表達在公共部門的資產負債表上。若依國民帳戶,為統計的目的,則根據風險和報酬可否移轉判斷,因為政府已把風險移轉予民間,所以PFI資產及相關負債將不會在公共部門的資產負債表上表達。
本文第二個結論是英國提出政府整體帳戶 (Whole Government Accounts,簡稱WGA) 補充國民帳戶的不足。WGA根據歐盟採取IFRS,將民間部門國際通用的帳戶制度,應用或詮釋於公共部門,並補充了國民帳戶的數據。
站在財政部的立場,債限問題仍像是緊箍咒,PFI債務以不計入公共部門淨債務 (Public Sector Net Debt,簡稱PSND) 為佳。然而,為了提升財務的透明度,另外編製報表揭露PFI債務,不失為兩全之方法。反之,站在政府預算機關監督的立場,PFI債務遵循IFRS的處理規範,認列於公共部門資產負債表,乃是大勢所趨,也可替納稅人的荷包把關。
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事業部制組織型態之研究鄭進源, Zheng, Jin-Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
事業部制組織型態,係一種集權管制、分權管理的組織型態。將組織的利潤責任(P-
rofit Responsibility)劃分給若干獨立自主的事業部門(Divisions ),各事業部
門分別擁有獨自的產品與市場,而將其經營活動所產生的盈虧損益向企業最高管理當
局(Top management)負責;最高管理當局得以客觀的立場,根據各事業部門的營運
損益,衡量並評估其經營績效與成果,同時,加強各事業部門之間的協調與聯繫,掌
握對各事業部門的指揮、監督與控制之權,使企業本身得以維持並鞏固其完整性與統
一性。
本論文計十萬字,共分六章,第一章為緒論,說明撰寫本論文之動機與目的、方法與
範圍。第二章為事業部制的組織型態,說明事業部制的概念與組織型態的界定,並結
合組織的基本型態,以探討事業部制的組織型態。第三章為事業部制組織型態的採行
與設計,從﹁分化﹂的觀點,探討採行的原因與條件,從而檢討其分化設計。第四章
為事業部制組織型態的管理與運作,從﹁整合﹂的觀點,探討集權管制的措施。從理
論轉為整合制度。第五章為個案分析,以美國通用汽車公司(GM)與台塑關係企業例
,說明其所採之事業部制的實際運作情形,並以之與理論上的探討作一對照的分析。
第六章為結論,指出事業部制組織型態所面臨的問題及改進的建議。
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結果取向的憲法解釋與適用宋恩同, Sung, En Tung Unknown Date (has links)
行政、立法、司法三權在功能界定上向來有「行政=現代人」「立法=未來人」「司法=過去人」的說法。換言之,司法者如能將已發生的既存事實與爭議釐清其法律關係,任務即可算是達成。不過,隨著科技爆炸性進步,高品質生活背後卻代表了新型態的危害往往發生得又急又快,造成損害的規模或是嚴重性更鉅,回復也高度困難,避免危害的發生可能比事後追究責任歸屬更為重要。因此,不論行政、立法甚至司法者行使職權,將目光投射至「未來」恐怕皆無法避免。就此而言,司法者解釋與適用法令時取向於未來的後果,正是呼應上述主張,如此操作思維本文即稱為「結果取向」。
問題在於,目前對於結果取向方法的完整討論仍不算多,「結果取向」一詞在理解上十分模糊,如果界定為取向於「結果」的方法,那麼「結果」又是何指?具體操作步驟為何?與傳統法律解釋方法的關係為何?並且追根究底,取向於未來後果之司法裁判與政治部門的政策決定活動相似,司法者採取是種方法是否仍具有正當性?另外,如果把結果取向方法投入個別法律領域運用,特別在憲法領域,正當性議題以及具體操作上又有何應注意之處?
循此,本文試著先劃定出結果取向方法較為清楚的輪廓並且探討正當性的議題;接著以憲法領域為核心,考量到憲法獨特的規範特性、規範結構以及大法官任務定位等因素,重新檢視結果取向觀點運用在憲法解釋與適用活動時之正當性以及操作上應所調整之處;最後再把焦點拉回我國大法官解釋實務,從過往釋憲實務中,試著找出幾號採取結果取向觀點的解釋,另外,若是大法官在往後要繼續採用結果取向觀點,本文從程序建制如何配套的面向上提出一些建議。
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WTO資訊科技協定(ITA)之研究:科技發展下ITA產品範圍的爭議與解決 / Information technology agreement (ITA) of the WTO: Product coverage, dispute settlement and technological development曾顯照, Tseng, Hsien Chao Unknown Date (has links)
WTO「資訊科技協定」(ITA)於1996年底通過後成效彰顯,為多邊貿易體系部門別自由化方案之典範。然而當前快速的科技發展帶動新興資訊科技產品持續問世,以致該等產品究否屬於ITA通過當時所規範零關稅之產品範圍產生爭議,問題殊值深究。ITA生效以來首宗爭端解決個案即屬適例。按該案係我國、美國與日本於2008年間共同指控歐盟在機上盒、多功能事務機與液晶顯示器等三項資訊科技產品之課稅措施,違反WTO關稅減讓之規範。WTO爭端解決機制如何就科技發展實況解讀ITA產品範圍,對於ITA未來的執行成效具關鍵地位。
有關前揭個案之WTO適法性研究,本文認為WCO/HS公約稅則歸列見解可為參據,另可依據維也納條約法公約(VCLT)第31條與32條之解釋規則,考量全部或是多數會員對於系爭產品關稅待遇的「共同意願」。具體而言,基於VCLT第31條揭示的「本文內容」、「目的與宗旨」、「上下文脈絡」、「後續實務措施」與「相關國際法規範」等,通盤考量解讀歐盟關稅減讓表意涵,倘據此解讀後仍舊模糊難定,則依據VCLT第32條揭示的「條約協定的相關準備工作」與「完成當時的情境」等為輔助判斷。
鑑於此類爭議將演變為體制性問題,本文提出二項建議方案。第一,採行ITA委員會通知處理機制尋求通案解決,討論過程納入貨品貿易規範在其他領域敘及之「同類產品」的認定要素,基於創新產品變動並參照當前科技發展等市場實務進行考量,合理擴張ITA產品範圍。第二,爭取在當前杜哈回合談判通過相關部門別自由化方案擴大ITA產品範圍,建構零或低關稅的資訊科技產品貿易環境,其落實將有助於全球資訊科技產業之發展,亦可強化多邊貿易體系之整體運作。 / Information Technology Agreement (hereinafter ITA) has made significant contribution to the free trade in IT products since its conclusion at the end of 1996. It has been recognized as a successful model of sectorial trade liberalization in the WTO multilateral trading system. However, with the rapid advent of new technology, challenges arising from the determination of tariff treatment on newly innovated IT products become outstanding. Indeed, whether those innovated products are subject to the duty-free treatment of ITA merits intensive considerations. As demonstrated in the first dispute specifically on the prodcut coverage of ITA, where Taiwan, United States and Japan filed against the European Communities in 2008 for three IT products, i.e. set-top box, multi-functional office machine and LCD monitor, how the disptue settlement institutions respond to the applicability of the ITA in the context of techonogical develpment would be critical to the effectiveness of future ITA.
In this study, the author argues that relevant factors to be taken into account by the panel adjudicating the ITA dispute include the tariff classification principle embodied in the Harmonized System Convention of the WCO, as well as the “common intention” of all or a great majority of ITA participants pursuant to Article 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Specifically, an examination of the EC’s commitments under schedules of tariff concession by virtue of text (ordinary meaning), object and purpose, context, subsequent practice and relevant rules of international law as stipulated in Article 31 of the VCLT are of importance. Furthermore, looking at elements as to preparatory work and circumstances of the conclusion of the EC’s schedule in accordance with Article 32 of the VCLT is also relevant.
On systemic issues, the author proposes two solutions. First, the inclusion of a new notification mechanism into the ITA Committee could be feasilbe. By adopting the concept of “like products” applicable to other fields of trade in goods, the ITA’s product coverage can be reasonably expanded on the basis of the modification of innovated products and advent of modern technology in the market. Second, achieving the consensus on sectorial liberalization of expanded IT products under on-going Doha Round would contribute to establish zero (or low) tariff environment for IT products, which would benefit not only to the global IT industry but also to the multilateral trading system as a whole.
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惠普科技策略管理研究─個人電腦事業群 / Strategy Management Analysis of Hewlett Packard -on Personal System Group Organization張惠琳, Chang, Marlene Unknown Date (has links)
Hewlett-Packard was the leader of computer for many years but losing its core-competence recent years, this thesis is trying to study the root cause internally based on the strategy management perspective. From external marketing environment to internal functional level analysis to support the key reason on Hewlett-Packard strategy management issues.
In the competitive market of computer industry, We can see the old companions like Dell and Sony are no longer as profitable as they were used to be, Dell has gone off market since 2013, and Sony announced they will leave the PC market. In this thesis, we divide chapters into functional level strategy and business level strategy to demonstrate how HP is cope with current trend and what decisions have been made.
Hewlett-Packard is gradually losing its competitive strength due to several reasons. For instance, R&D design products with less innovation but cost-oriented, marketing do not position product as premium product in the market, and supply chain controls inventory less efficiently.
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WTO服務貿易規範中「國內規章」條款之研究 / The Study of Domestic Regulation in GATS林莉璇, Lin, Li-Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
國內規章之規範工作在服務貿易總協定第六條第四項即表明須加以進行,且此類貿易障礙確有處理之必要。本論文鑑於規範國內規章之必要性以及談判上之困難,擬探討服務貿易總協定第六條第四項就資格要件、程序、技術標準與核照條件等措施擬定必要規範之可行性。
為減少資格要件與核照要件不必要之貿易障礙,各會員國在就此等要件作規定時,最重要的就是必須將對外國服務供給者或廠商的一切要求予以具體明文化,而這些要求只須確保達到服務品質即可,而不必過於苛刻、意圖阻礙貿易。在國內規章規範中要求會員國去除與服務品質無關且會造成服務供給限制之規定,並可鼓勵會員國間簽定相互承認協定或單方自主給予認許,另外也應鼓勵會員國參考相關國際機構所制定之標準。
在資格程序與核照程序方面,國內規章規範中應要求會員國將資格程序與核照程序事先設立、公開可取得、客觀、去除與服務品質無關且會造成服務供給限制之程序規定,並鼓勵各國主管當局推動簡化的行政程序,減少不必要之人力、物力浪費。
在規範技術標準上,可要求會員參考相關國際組織所發展出來的國際標準,或鼓勵會員間簽定相互承認協定就彼此採用之技術標準予以承認,並要求會員客觀考量其他會員採用的技術標準,若不准許該項標準應提出拒絕理由以避免會員採取之規章措施不合理而造成貿易障礙。此外,在國內規章規範中要求會員公布有關之技術資訊。
有些貿易障礙並不顯見於國內規章上,無法透過查看他會員之法令規定就足以斷定有阻礙貿易之嫌,況且,有時情況國內體制僵化無法立即作出改變,或國家資源與財力有限無法作出變革,而非會員故意藉此來阻撓貿易,這些障礙並無法單靠規範國內規章就可以解決,往往須配合政府體制之革新,以達成去除不必要障礙之目的。故,規範國內規章與政府國內規章革新應是相輔相成的。
由本論文的討論可知規範國內規章基本上是可行的,只是在談判上須兼顧各國面對的困難及國家間的利益衝突,才可很快地制定出國內規章規範,而規範之具體成效的展現,尚須各國政府內部國內規章革新之配合,才能去除不必要之貿易障礙,早日達成服務貿易真正的自由化。
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