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Contingent praise is widely recognized as a universal, practical, and highly effective classroom management tool. While previous research has examined the effectiveness of performance feedback to increase teachers’ use of contingent praise in the classroom and to observe its effects on students’ behavior, no research exists on the effects of increased ratios of praise-to-behavior correction statements by paraprofessionals in the classrooms of preschoolers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This research was conducted in an urban, specialized pre-school program, for young students with developmental disabilities. The researcher implemented a performance feedback protocol, measuring two paraprofessionals’ ability to achieve a target 1:1, followed by a 4:1 ratio of praise-to-behavior correction statements. Students’ on-task, off-task, and disruptive behaviors were also measured. Results demonstrated that: (a) performance feedback was an effective and well received tool for in / Applied Behavioral Analysis

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att, ur ett internationellt perspektiv, identifiera gemensamma framgångsfaktorer i den pedagogiska miljön för barn och ungdomar med autism i grundskola och anpassad grundskola. Vi har undersökt vilka samband det finns mellan skolans lärmiljö samt lärarens kommunikation och lärande hos elever med autism. Vi har även undersökt om lärmiljön i skolan samt lärarens kommunikation påverkar trivsel i skolan för elever med autism. De granskade artiklarna analyserades tematiskt och sammanställdes i fem olika teman. Inom temana lärarens roll, tekniska hjälpmedel, social träning, relationer och lokaler har vi hittat resultat som leder till större engagemang hos eleverna, förbättrad social interaktion, ökat lärande samt högre trivsel. I vår studie har vi funnit framgångsfaktorer som vi som speciallärare kan påverka och förmedla i skolan. Vi har även funnit metoder och modeller som påverkas av organisation och ekonomi. Vår studies resultat är intressant för både yrkesverksamma lärare samt skolledning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a low-incidence disorder with high impacts on individuals, families, and society. School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have tremendous responsibilities toward individuals with ASD, but pre-service SLPs are not adequately trained to fulfill these expectations. In order to reduce the widespread financial and social impact of ASD, school-based SLPs need to complete effective training to prepare them for the selection of established social-communication practices. One framework for the selection of individualized intervention is the Ziggurat Model (Aspy & Grossman, 2008). The following study used mixed methods to investigate the research question: “Does the ASD knowledge base of ASHA-certified school-based SLPs change when they complete an online training module based upon Aspy and Grossman’s Ziggurat Model? If so, what are those changes?” A pre-test post-test control group design demonstrated a significant difference in the experimental group’s and the control group’s pre-test post-test change scores, as demonstrated by an independent samples t-test (p=.039, 18df). Qualitative data analysis resulted in six themes. While the online training of Aspy and Grossman’s Ziggurat Model used in this study was an effective method with which to train school-based SLPs in using a comprehensive framework, more rigorous research is needed on this model relative to the selection of intervention.

This diploma thesis focuses on the support of reading and development of reading competences of pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The theoretical part first discusses individuals with autism spectrum disorder, characteristics of diagnosis and their education. The next section generally summarizies the concepts related to reading. It also looks at the role of the school, teacher and literary eduacation in the development and support of reading. It further discusses teaching methods, which develop reading comprehension. The last part focuces specifically on the reading skills of children with ASD. The part concludes with deficits in reading for meaning and reading comprehension interventions. The aim of this thesis was to find out how teachers develop reading skills for pupils with ASD in primary school. The data was obtained from structured interviews with teachers working with pupils with ASD. The research questions were focused on the level of support for reading by teachers, the specifics of working with pupils with ASD and the use of texts related to student's interests and experiences. Research suggests that teachers don't have much information about the reading comprehension of children with ASD. They are based on their own experience. The experiences of teachers show that children...

Being a woman and living with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves double difficulties. Women need to put up with gender-normative demands on how women should be and women with ASD also face difficulties when trying to live “as others”, despite their symptoms. In this thesis we aim to, from an intersectional perspective, study how women with ASD handle gender-normative demands in combination with the maintenance of a good self-image and relationships with others. Our study is a qualitative literature study in which the empirics are based on autobiographies written by, or in collaboration with, women with ASD. The results, concerning the difficulties that women with ASD face, go hand in hand with what previous studies show; women with ASD are shown to mask and imitate their surroundings and theirself-image often change when being diagnosed. Our addition to previous studies is the critical approach to how researchers refer to and study women with functional variation. We find a unilateral perspective insufficient and stress that an intersectional perspective is needed to understand the difficulties women with ASD face. Functional variation or gender alone does not give a full perspective. In our study we therefore have an intersectional, multidimensional, perspective and show that the difficulties women with ASD experience are not only related to their diagnosis but also to their gender.

Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont des troubles neuro-développementaux caractérisés notamment par des anomalies des interactions sociales. Des études en eye-tracking ont permis de mettre en évidence de façon objective des anomalies de la perception sociale dans les TSA, caractérisées par une diminution du regard vers des stimuli sociaux. Des études sur le fonctionnement cérébral, par des méthodes TEP et SPECT, ont mis en évidence une diminution du débit sanguin cérébral (DSC) au repos au niveau des régions temporales, notamment au niveau du sillon temporal supérieur (STS), chez des enfants avec TSA. Nous avons aujourd’hui la possibilité de mesurer le DSC au repos en IRM avec la séquence arterial spin labelling (ASL). Dans cette thèse nous avons confirmé la diminution du DSC au repos au niveau du STS chez des enfants avec TSA par la méthode IRM-ASL, ce qui pourraient permettre son utilisation en tant que biomarqueur dans les TSA. Nous suggérons également que le DSC au repos pourrait être un indice plus pertinent pour l’étude du fonctionnement cérébral de base dans les TSA. De plus, par une étude transversale en eye-tracking utilisant les mêmes stimuli sur une large tranche d’âge, nous avons montré l’impact de l’âge sur la perception sociale chez des participants avec TSA et des témoins. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence des anomalies de perception sociale par l’eye-tracking et de fonctionnement cortical au niveau du STS par l’IRM-ASL, chez des enfants ayant un kyste arachnoïdien de la fosse postérieure. Une meilleure connaissance des difficultés sociales subjacentes à ce trouble peut avoir un impact majeur sur la prise en charge de ces enfants. / Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormal social interactions. Eye-tracking studies have objectively reported social perception abnormalities in ASD, characterized by a decrease of gaze towards social stimuli. Brain imaging studies, using PET and SPECT methods, have revealed a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CSF) at rest in the temporal regions, particularly in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), in children with ASD. Nowadays, it is possible to measure rest CBF with MRI using arterial spin labeling (ASL) sequence. In this thesis, we confirmed the decreased in rest CBF within the STS in children with ASD using MRI-ASL, which could allow its use as a biomarker in ASD. We also suggest that rest CBF could be a more relevant index for studying basic brain function in ASD. In addition, we performed a cross-sectional eye-tracking study using the same stimuli over a wide age-range and showed the impact of age on social perception in ASD and in typical development. Finally, we showed social perception abnormalities, using eye-tracking, and cortical functioning abnormalities within the STS using MRI-ASL, in children with posterior fossa arachnoid cyst. A better understanding of the social difficulties underlying this disorder could have a major impact on patient outcome.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects about 1% of the worldwide population and has a strong genetic component. Stereotyped behavior and restricted interests, as well as problems of social interaction and communication characterize ASD. Moreover, in 10% of cases, ASD occurs as a secondary condition in addition to a syndrome, such as Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), which is associated with a great clinical variability. Among genetic factors, copy number variations (CNVs) are one of the most important. However, the clinical significance of many CNVs remains nuclear and there is an underrepresentation of small CNVs associated with ASD in the literature. In this context, this project aimed to 1) characterize large and small CNVs in Brazilian patients with ASD using an array-CGH previously customized in our laboratory. 2) Clinically and genetically describe a cohort of Brazilian patients with PMS, as well as to determine the frequency of this syndrome among Brazilian patients with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In result, we 1) further validated the customized array-CGH, 2) provided additional evidence of association with ASD for 27 candidate genes, 3) described 15 CNVs never reported in the literature in association with this disorder, 4) presented evidence that around 70% of CNVs found in our cohort are not polymorphism of our population and 5) reinforced the idea of shared molecular pathways among different neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, we described for the first time a Brazilian cohort of patients with PMS and contributed to the molecular and clinical characterization of this syndrome. We also provided additional evidence of genotype-phenotype association with regard to the presence of renal problems and speech status in patients with PMS and estimated the frequency of this syndrome among Brazilian patients with ASD and intellectual disability (syndromic or not). With these results, we hope to contribute to better understand the ASD and PMS etiology, especially in our population / O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) corresponde ao um grupo heterogêneo de alterações no neurodesenvolvimento que afeta cerca de 1% da população mundial e apresenta um forte componente genético. O TEA é caracterizado pela presença de comportamento estereotipado e interesses restritos, além de problemas de interação social e comunicação. Além disso, em 10% dos casos, o TEA ocorre como uma condição secundária somada a uma síndrome. Um exemplo é a síndrome de Phelan-McDermid (PMS), associada a uma grande variabilidade clínica. Dentre os fatores genéticos, as variações no número de cópias (CNVs) são um dos mais importantes. No entanto, o significado clínico de muitas CNVs permanece incerto, além de haver juma sub-representação de CNVs pequenas associadas ao TEA na literatura. Dentro deste contexto, este projeto teve como objetivos 1) caracterizar CNVs grandes e pequenas em pacientes brasileiros com TEA utilizando uma lâmina de array-CGH previamente customizada no Laboratório de Genética do Desenvolvimento - USP. 2) descrever clínica e geneticamente uma casuística de pacientes brasileiros com PMS, bem como determinar a frequência desta síndrome em pacientes com TEA e com outras alterações de neurodesenvolvimento. Como resultados, nós 1) validamos a lâmina customizada, 2) fornecemos evidencia adicional de associação com o TEA para 27 genes, 3) descrevemos 15 CNVs nunca reportadas em associação com o transtorno 4) apresentamos evidências de que cerca de 70% das CNVs encontradas em nossa coorte não são polimorfismo de nossa população e 5) reforçamos a ideia de vias moleculares compartilhadas entre diferentes alterações do neurodesenvolvimento. Além disso, descrevemos pela primeira vez uma casuística brasileira de pacientes com PMS e contribuímos para a síndrome. Fornecemos evidência adicional de associação genótipo-fenótipo no que diz respeito à presença de problemas renais e status de fala em pacientes com PMS e estimamos a frequência da síndrome entre pacientes brasileiros com TEA e com deficiência intelectual (sindrômica ou não). Com estes resultados, esperamos ter contribuído para o entendimento da etiologia tanto do TEA, quanto da PMS, sobretudo na nossa população

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-31T00:53:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CristianeCabral.pdf: 4377433 bytes, checksum: b789cb978bdbdc0ed65df7402acbe999 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-31T00:53:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristianeCabral.pdf: 4377433 bytes, checksum: b789cb978bdbdc0ed65df7402acbe999 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre a família e a escola frente ao processo de inclusão escolar de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Ela encontra-se composta por dois estudos organizados no formato de artigos. O primeiro deles apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura nacional e internacional sobre a inclusão escolar de crianças com TEA, atentando para o período e periódico da publicação, os temas investigados e as escolhas metodológicas. Foram analisados 25 estudos nacionais, publicados entre 1998 e 2014, localizados nas bases LILACS, BVS, SCIELO e Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, que consideram os temas: a escola frente ao processo de inclusão da criança com TEA, formação e atuação do professor na inclusão escolar, formação e atuação do psicólogo no âmbito da inclusão escolar e inclusão e desenvolvimento da criança com TEA no contexto escolar. Também foram considerados 92 estudos internacionais, localizados nas bases EBSCOhost e Medline, publicados entre 1993 e 2013, cujos temas de investigação foram agrupados em: a escola frente ao processo de inclusão escolar, capacitação e atuação do professor na inclusão escolar, instrumentos de avaliação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem no contexto da inclusão escolar, intervenções para inclusão social e desenvolvimento da aprendizagem, família e processo de inclusão escolar, inclusão e desenvolvimento da criança com TEA no contexto escolar. Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, a maioria dos estudos localizados caracterizou-se como empírico e de abordagem qualitativa. O segundo estudo, por sua vez, teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre a família da criança com TEA e a escola de ensino regular, a relação entre a família da criança com TEA e a professora e a relação entre a professora e a criança com TEA. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e transversal, da qual participaram mães, pais e professoras de quatro crianças com diagnóstico de TEA. As mães responderam o Questionário sobre os Dados Sociodemográficos da Família e a Ficha de Dados sobre o Transtorno do Espectro Autista, além da Entrevista sobre a Inclusão Escolar de seu/sua filho/a com TEA, assim como os pais. As professoras responderam a uma Entrevista sobre seu Trabalho com Crianças com TEA. A análise de conteúdo revelou que a relação entre os pais, as professoras e a escola ocorre, muitas vezes, a partir de uma situação problema com a criança no contexto escolar. Além disso, percebeu-se que poucas escolas trocam informações e conhecimento com os pais de forma sistemática. Espera-se que ambos os estudos contribuam como fonte de informação teórica e empírica aos profissionais da educação e saúde que trabalham com inclusão de crianças com TEA, para que possam refletir e fortalecer suas práticas na busca de uma relação mais próxima entre família e escola, visando potencializar o desenvolvimento destas crianças. / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between the family and the school in relation to the process of school inclusion for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The first of the two articles that comprise this study presents a systematic review of the national and international literature on the inclusion of children with ASD, covering the period and the journal of the publishing, the themes investigated, and the methodological choices. The 25 national-based studies, taken from LILACS, BVS, SCIELO and CAPES Portal databases, published between 1998 and 2014 cover the following themes: the school and the process of inclusion of children with ASD, the formation of teachers and their attitude towards the school inclusion, the formation of psychologists and their attitude towards school inclusion, and the inclusion and development of children with ASD in the school context. Additionally, 92 international studies, located in the EBSCOhost and Medline databases, published between 1993 and 2013, were considered. The studies were grouped by investigation theme as follows: the school and the school inclusion process, development and behavior of teachers faced with school inclusion, evaluation instruments for the teaching-learning process in the context of school inclusion, interventions for social inclusion and development of learning, family and the process of school inclusion, inclusion and development of children with ASD in the school context. In terms of methodological aspects, most of the studies located are characterized as empirical and of a qualitative approach. The second study looks into the relationship between the family of a child with ASD and the regular school, the relationship between the family of a child with ASD and the female teacher, and the relationship between the female teacher and the child with ASD. It is a qualitative research, exploratory and transversal in nature, in which mothers, fathers and teachers of four children with ASD diagnose participated. Both mothers and fathers responded the Family Socio-demographic Data Questionnaire and the Autism Spectrum Disorder Data Sheet and an interview about the school inclusion of their child with ASD. The teachers were interviewed about their work with children with ASD. The content analysis showed that the relationship between the parents, the teachers and the school is often triggered by a problem situation involving the child in the school context. It was also observed that few schools exchange information and knowledge with parents on a systematic basis. It is hoped that both studies will contribute as a source of theoretical and empirical information to education and health professionals working with the inclusion of children with ASD so that they will reflect on, and improve their practices resulting in a closer relationship between the family and the school with better development of those children.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-06-18T20:35:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GiseleEduardodeOliveiraSilvaDissertacao2018.pdf: 1661361 bytes, checksum: 22eba59d2a319e6a60fcfb072b430263 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-06-18T20:35:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GiseleEduardodeOliveiraSilvaDissertacao2018.pdf: 1661361 bytes, checksum: 22eba59d2a319e6a60fcfb072b430263 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T20:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiseleEduardodeOliveiraSilvaDissertacao2018.pdf: 1661361 bytes, checksum: 22eba59d2a319e6a60fcfb072b430263 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / In the last decades, several international movements have appeared in favor of a more inclusive and less segregator system of education. In Brazil, inclusion was influenced by ideals of education from Europe and the United States. In relation to rights for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the Berenice Piana Law presents a significant support figure in the process of inclusion of this audience, the specialized companion, as long as their need is proven. In the Federal District (FD), this support is provided by a teaching assistant which is a Volunteer Social Educator (VSE). Considering the VSE as a support for the educational inclusion of the student with ASD leads to the need to reflect on pedagogical policies and practices directed at them, due to the challenges education faces. Moreover, it is debatable whether the rights of these students are being guaranteed, since not even the federal legislation guarantees the profile of this aid figure. This being true, the scarcity of research related to the VSE in the realm of educational inclusion is detected. From a broader perspective, this research investigates the inclusive process of students with ASD in reverse integration classes of mainstream school, to discover relevant aspects about the role of volunteer social educator, order to promote the educational inclusion of this public. The research aimed to investigate whether the volunteer social educator's role in the classroom in the process of including the student with ASD contributes to the success of their school performance or corroborates a veiled exclusion. The methodology used was exploratory qualitative research. It is a multiple cases study with one unit of analysis. The sources of evidence used were document analysis, observations and interviews. The research participants were two teachers, two VSE, a director and an educational counselor from two mainstream schools of the FD public school system in which they studied children with ASD in reverse integration classes accompanied by VSE. Exclusion processes were identified in both cases, although the importance of this educational support is acknowledged. The research revealed the necessity of continuous work in relation to the formation of the VSE. The way in which district legislation is supplying the specialized companion, to which the TEA student is entitled, has not been sufficient to guarantee the right to learn from the whole individual formation perspective. / Nas últimas décadas, surgiram vários movimentos internacionais em prol de um sistema de ensino mais inclusivo e menos segregativo. No Brasil, a inclusão sofreu influências de ideais de educação advindas da Europa e dos Estados Unidos da América. Em relação aos direitos voltados aos estudantes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), a Lei Berenice Piana apresenta uma figura de apoio significativa no processo de inclusão desse público, o acompanhante especializado, desde que a sua necessidade seja comprovada. No Distrito Federal (DF), esse apoio é suprido pelo Educador Social Voluntário (ESV). Ao se considerar o ESV como apoio à inclusão educacional do estudante com TEA leva à necessidade de refletir sobre políticas e práticas pedagógicas a ele direcionadas, em virtude dos desafios colocados à educação. Além disso, é discutível se os direitos desses estudantes estão sendo garantidos, posto que nem mesmo a legislação federal garante o do perfil dessa figura de auxílio. Diante disso, e constatada a escassez de pesquisas relacionadas ao ESV no âmbito da inclusão educacional, numa perspectiva mais abrangente, esta pesquisa investiga o processo inclusivo de estudantes com TEA em turmas de integração inversa de escola regular, para descobrir aspectos relevantes sobre o papel do educador social voluntário, a fim de promover a inclusão educacional desse público. A pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar se a atuação do educador social voluntário, em sala de aula, no processo de inclusão do estudante com TEA, contribui para o êxito de seu desempenho escolar ou corrobora uma exclusão velada. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos com uma unidade de análise. As fontes de evidência utilizadas foram análise documental, observações e entrevistas. Os participantes da pesquisa foram dois professores, duas ESV, uma diretora e uma orientadora educacional de duas escolas regulares da rede pública de ensino do DF nas quais estudavam crianças com TEA em turmas de integração inversa acompanhados por ESV. Processos excludentes foram identificados nos dois casos, ainda que reconhecida a importância desse apoio educacional. A pesquisa concluiu ser necessário um trabalho contínuo de formação em relação ao ESV. A maneira como a legislação distrital está suprindo o acompanhante especializado, a que o estudante com TEA tem direito, não tem sido suficiente para garantir os direitos de aprendizagem da perspectiva da formação integral.