De två läkemedel som administreras vid medicinsk abort i Sverige idag består av de aktiva substanserna mifepriston respektive misoprostol. Behandlingskuren bygger på effekter hos de endogena ämnena progesteron och prostaglandiner. I denna studie beskrivs fysiologiska processer under graviditeten med avseende på progesteron och prostaglandiner samt vid medicinsk abort med avseende på mifepriston och misoprostol. Valet av fokus på fysiologiska processer speglar biologilärarens didaktiska uppgift i att undervisa om hur människokroppen fungerar och dess interaktion med läkemedel. Slutligen presenteras och diskuteras även möjligheter och svårigheter med undervisning om abort inom ramen för högstadie- och gymnasieskolans biologiundervisning. / The drugs administrated to cause medical abortion consist of one tablet with the active substance mifepristone and one with the active substance misoprostol. The regime is based on effects of the endogenic substances progesterone and prostaglandins. In this study, physiological processes in pregnancy regarding progesterone and prostaglandins are described, as well as the physiological processes in medical abortion with respect to mifepristone and misoprostol. The focus on physiological processes relates to the mission of the biology teacher to explain how the human body works and interacts with medical drugs. Finally, opportunities and difficulties with instructions on abortion in secondary and upper secondary school biology are presented and discussed.

ABSTRACTEnglish translation of the title: The woman’s right to life – A multimodal critical discourse analysis of abortions rights in RFSU: s external communication.  A topic that has sparked more controversy in recent times, is the abortion rights of women. Lately ideas surrounding the abolishment of abortion rights have been more normalized in society. Restrictive abortion laws have been implemented in countries such as the USA and Poland. The aim of this study was to investigate how the organization RFSU is communicating reproductive rights, specifically the abortion rights and abortion resilience discourse, as well as their organizational identity. The study also aimed to investigate how an organization can encourage people to engage and participate in a digital environment. To answer these aims, two main categories of theories were used. The first category focused on social movements theory and framing, which helps to understand how social movements are presented on social media. The second category focused on external communication and visual identity and provided a perspective on how an organization can use external communication to portray the abortion rights discourse and increase participation among recipients in digital social movements. A qualitative method was used, combining a multimodal critical discourse analysis process with Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The results of the study showed that maternal mortality, abortion, and sexual information were common themes communicated on RFSU’s Instagram. The results also showed that the abortion rights discourse was usually mentioned in relation to the abortion resilience discourse. However, abortion rights were portrayed as necessary for women’s reproductive rights and threatened by the increasing prevalence of abortion resilience ideas in society. The abortion resilience discourse was represented as a problem due to the danger that restrictive abortion laws pose to women’s lives. Participation was encouraged using hashtags that encouraged people to forward the information on social media or took place in real life and afterwards posting on social media. The organizational identity was portrayed using the same red colour and realistic photos, creating recognition for the organization. In conclusion, abortion rights were portrayed as necessary due to the increasing prevalence of abortion resilience ideas in the world.  Keywords: Abortion, Abortion rights, Multimodal critical discourse analysis, external organization communication, Participation

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The purpose of the study was to explore and describe factors influencing termination of pregnancy and describe measures that can be implemented to reduce the high rate of Termination of pregnancy (TOP). A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was followed, in order to explore and describe factors influencing termination of pregnancy in Mafikeng North West Province. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify participants who met inclusion criteria for the study. The sample size was determined by data saturation, which was reached after twenty five in-depth individual interviews with women requesting TOP was done. In-depth individual interviews were utilized to gather data after written approval from the Human research Ethics committee as well as the Research Ethics Committee of the North West University (Mafikeng Campus), North West Provincial Department of Health, Operational manager of Montshioa Stadt Health Centre, and Hospital Manager of Mafikeng Provincial Hospital where data was collected, and consent was also obtained from women who requested TOP. The findings of this study indicated that factors influencing termination of pregnancy were economic factors, the need for self development, health factors and social factors. From the results, women requesting termination of Pregnancy think that effective use of contraceptives and correct use of condom can reduce the high rate of termination of pregnancy. Conclusion reached were that, non-use of contraceptives and incorrect use of condoms influenced TOP, as it was their common problem, hence the researcher suggested that health education on different methods of contraceptives should be given to teenage girls and other older women by health care providers. Recommendations in the field of nursing practice, nursing education, as well as nursing research were made. / Thesis (M.Cur) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

Bakgrund: I Sverige slutar ungefär 12-13 % av alla kända graviditeter med missfall. De flesta sker innan graviditetsvecka 13 och räknas därmed som tidiga. Många kvinnor upplever att vårdpersonalen inte ger dem det stöd de behöver. Detta kan bero på bristfällig kunskap om den känslomässiga processen vid tidiga missfall. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser i samband med tidiga missfall. Metod: I litteraturstudien har 10 kvalitativa empiriska studier sammanställts och analyserats utifrån Fribergs analysmetod, inspirerad av beskrivande syntes. Artikelsökning utfördes i databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed och SweMed+. Resultat: Upplevelserna vid tidiga missfall innefattar psykiska, existentiella och sociala aspekter samt omvårdnadsrelaterade upplevelser. Missfallet upplevs ofta som en oväntad förlust vilket kan medföra reaktioner som sorg, ifrågasättande av den egna identiteten och skuldkänslor. Många kvinnor känner sig missförstådda av sina anhöriga och att vårdpersonalen inte uppmärksammar deras känslor, upplevelser och behov. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att kvinnor vill bli bemötta med respekt och förståelse vid tidiga missfall. För att förbättra omvårdnaden av dessa kvinnor krävs personcentrerad omvårdnad som uppmärksammar deras individuella behov, utbildning bland vårdpersonalen samt ytterligare forskning inom området. / Background: About 12-13 % of all recognised pregnancies in Sweden end in a miscarriage. The majority of these occur before gestational week 13 and are therefore classified as early. Many women experience inadequate support from the nursing staff. This could be related to a limited knowledge about the emotional process subsequent to early miscarriages. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences associated with early miscarriages. Methods: In this literature study 10 empirical studies were compiled and analysed with Friberg’s method of analysis, inspired by descriptive synthesis. Article search was performed in the Cinahl, PubMed and SweMed+ databases. Results: The experiences of early miscarriages include psychological, existential and social aspects and experiences connected to nursing care. The miscarriage is often perceived as an unexpected bereavement that can bring about reactions such as grief, questioning of one’s identity and guilt. Many women feel misunderstood by their friends and families and that the nursing staff does not recognize their feelings, experiences and needs. Conclusion: The result of the literature study shows that women want to be met with respect and understanding during the time of early miscarriage. Person centred care that recognise the women’s individual needs, education among the staff and further research in this area is needed to improve the nursing care of these women.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The South African government has legalised abortion with the intention of reducing deaths from clandestine and illegally performed abortions. With this Act came the freedom of choice regarding termination of pregnancies for most women who found themselves in the midst of unintended pregnancies and could not carry them to term. The aims of this study were to examine the process of decision making, the role of perceived support and women's psychological outcomes to abortion taking into consideration the accessibility to psychological interventions and mental stability prior to the procedure. Personal, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five women aged between 22 and 24 years who had legal, induced abortions within the first trimester of their pregnancies. Interviews were conducted within at least two months after the abortion had been performed. A qualitative analysis of the findings revealed that responses to abortion are influenced by the decision-making process, perceived social support, and the dynamics of the relationships in which the child is conceived. These factors play a vital role in the ultimate psychological outcome and adjustment to the abortion process. The women's responses involved negative and positive emotions towards the resolution of the unintended pregnancy. Negative emotions included among others, feelings of shame, embarrassment, guilt and sadness. These were associated with the loss. The predominantly expressed positive emotion was relief. The conclusion yielded was that the relationship between the two consenting adults is significant and it is influential in the decision making, perceived support and therefore the response to abortion.

This thesis explores the political and ethical response to the development of new medical technology in the 1980s through the governmental commission Utredningen om det ofödda barnet [the commission regarding the unborn child] and its final report Den gravida kvinnan och fostret – två individer: om fosterdiagnostik, om sena aborter: slutbetänkande av Utredningen om det ofödda barnet [The Pregnant Woman and the Foetus – two individuals. On prenatal diagnosis. On late abortions: final report on the commission on the unborn child]. This governmental commission, alongside the late 1980s more broadly, have been described as a conservative backlash and reaction to the feminist movement and the fight for women’s right to their bodies. However, a close reading of the report shows that though it draws controversial connections between abortion, prenatal diagnosis and ability variations, the governmental commission advocated an extension of the law, not a limitation of rights. Through a biopolitical perspective this thesis shows how power was distributed between the state, the society and the individual. Unlike previous research’s polarisation, this thesis’s take on medicalisation shows that medicalisation is not something that necessarily opposes moralisation, but that they can be used to legitimate each other. Finally it discusses what this means for our understanding of the political climate in Sweden during the 1980s and how this changes our perception of what makes a human being.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Moral theories on abortion are often regarded as mutually exclusive. On the one hand, pro-life advocates maintain that abortion is always morally wrong, for life is sacred from its very beginning. On the other hand, the extreme liberal view advocated by the absolute pro-ehoieers claims that the unborn is not a person and has no moral standing. On this view there is no conflict of rights; women have the right to dispose of their body as they wish. Therefore, killing a non-person is always permissible. In between the two extreme views, some moral philosophers argue that a 'pre-sentient' embryo or fetus cannot be harmed because it lacks the ability to feel pain or pleasure, for it is 'sentience' that endows a living entity (human and non-human) with moral considerability. Therefore, abortion of a pre-sentient embryo or fetus is permissible. Neurophilosophy rests a philosophical conclusion on neurological premises. In other words, to be tenable sentientism - the claim that sentience endows an entity with moral standing - needs robust neurobiological evidence. The question is, then: What is the basic neuroanatomical and neurophysiological apparatus required to be sentient? The answer to that question requires a fair understanding of the evolution, anatomy and function of the brain. The exploration thereof shows quite convincingly that the advocates of sentientism do not provide convincing arguments to root their theory in neurobiological facts. Their claims rest rather on emotions and on behaviours that look like a reaction to pain. The other shortcoming of sentientism is that it fails to distinguish pain from suffering, and that as a utilitarian moral theory it considers only the alleged pain of the aborted sentient fetus and disregards the pregnant woman's pain and suffering. And, finally, sentientism leaves out of our moral consideration living and non-living entities that deserve moral respect. The main thrust of the dissertation is that the argument of sentience as its advocates present it has no neurophilosophical grounds. Therefore, the argument from sentience is not a convincing argument in favour or against abortion. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Morele teorieë wat handeloor aborsie word dikwels as wedersyds uitsluitend beskou. "Pro-life" kampvegters hou oor die algemeen vol dat aborsie onder alle omstandighede moreel veroordeelbaar is, omdat die lewe van meet af heilig is. Daarteenoor hou die ekstreem-liberale oogpunt, wat deur "Pro-choice" voorstaanders ingeneem word, vol dat die ongeborene nie 'n persson is nie, en as sulks geen morele status het nie. Volgens hierdie standpunt is daar geen konflik van regte hier ter sprake nie; vroue het uitsluitelike beskikkingsreg oor hulle eie liggame. Dus is dit toelaatbaar om onder hierdie omstandighede 'n "nie-persoon" om die lewe te bring. Tussen hierdie twee ekstreme standpunte argumenteer party morele filosowe dat die voorbewuste embrio of fetus nie skade berokken kan word nie, omdat dit nie oor die vermoë beskik om pyn of plesier te voel nie. Dit is juis bewussyn en die vermoë om waar te neem wat morele status aan 'n entiteit (hetsy menslik of nie-menslik) verleen. Dus is dit toelaatbaar om 'n voorbewustw embrio of fetus te aborteer. Neurofilosofie basseer filosofiese gevolgtrekkinge op neurolgiese beginsels. Met andere woorde, so 'n standpunt sal eis dat 'n argument oor bewustheid op betroubare neurologiese feite gebasseer word, om sodoende met sekerheid morele status, al dan nie, aan de fetus of embrio toe te ken. Die vraag is dan: Wat is die basiese neuroanatomiese en neurofiologiese apparatuur waaroor 'n entiteit moet beskik om as bewus beskou te word? Die antwoord op hierdie vraag vereis dan ook 'n redelik grondige kennis van die evolusie, anatomie en funksie van die brein. Wanneer die vraagstuk van naderby beskou word, word dit duidelik dat voorstaanders van die bewustheids-argument oor die algemeen nie hulle standpunte op oortuigende, neurologiese feite berus nie. Hulle beweringe rus dan eerder op emosie en op waargenome optredes wat voorkom asof dit 'n reaksie op pyn is. Nog 'n tekortkoming van die bewustheids-argument is dat dit nie 'n onderskeid tref tussen die konsep van pyn en die van leiding nie, en dat dit as 'n utilitaristiese morele teorie slegs die beweerde pyn van die ge-aborteerde fetus in ag neem en nie die leiding van die swanger vrouw nie. Ten slotte neem die bewustheids-argument ook nie morele status van lewende en nie-lewende entiete, wat geregtig is op morele respek, in ag nie. Die hoof uitgangspunt van hierdie dissertasie is dan dat die bewustheids-argument, soos wat dit tans deur voorstanders daarvan voorgehou word, nie neurofilosfies begrond kan word nie. Dus is die argument vanuit 'n bewustheids-standpunt nie 'n oortuigende argument hetsy vir of teen aborsie nie.

Bakgrund: Stöd inom abortvård har en stor betydelse för att upprätthålla en professionell förhållningsätt i mötet med patienten i abortsituationen och ge fullgodvård. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien var att beskriva barnmorskors och sjuksköterskors behov av stöd inom abortverksamheten. Metod: Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor på en svensk kvinnoklinik för att uppnå studiens syfte. Resultat: Resultatet visade att behoven av stöd skiftade, beroende på vårdpersonalens olika utbildningar, arbetslivserfarenheter och personliga egenskaper. Behoven av stöd kunde innefatta kunskap, emotionellt stöd och etisk reflektion. Samspel i vårdteamet som består av gynekologer, barnmorskor, sjuksköterskor och kuratorer var viktigt för att kunna skapa bästa möjliga arbetsmiljö. Förutom grundutbildning som sjuksköterska eller barnmorska skulle behövas mer specifik utbildning inom abortvård. / Background: Support in abortion care has a great significance for maintaining a professional approach at the meeting with the patient in abortion situation and provide professional care. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe midwives and nurses' needs for support in abortion activities. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and midwives at the Swedish women's clinic to achieve the objectives of the study. Findings: The results showed that the needs of aid shifted, depending on the health care professionals of different education, work experience and personal qualities. The need for support could include knowledge, emotional support and ethical reflection. Interaction of the treatment team consisting of gynecologists, midwives, nurses and counselors were important in order to create the best possible working environment. In addition to initial education as a nurse or midwife would need more specific training in abortion care.