• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 192
  • 114
  • 64
  • 42
  • 20
  • 20
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 497
  • 497
  • 179
  • 132
  • 130
  • 128
  • 118
  • 94
  • 62
  • 52
  • 52
  • 51
  • 50
  • 49
  • 49
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
371

Percepção de auditores internos acerca da aplicabilidade do coso 2013 como instrumento de avaliação dos controles internos

Rodrigues, Alexandre 30 July 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Rodriguesprot.pdf: 1888024 bytes, checksum: a2f15278a3d7c0520af57f44256632f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / The main purpose of this research consists in verifying the applicability of COSO 2013 as an evaluation instrument of internal controls. The main justifications for this study are: (1) the new version of the internal controls framework (COSO 2013) has recently substituted, in December/2014, the version that was in force since 1992; the performance of the internal auditor is directly associated to the evaluation of internal controls; (3) previous studies were not identified to confirm, or not, the applicability of a methodology without exclusive regulatory bias of SOX. Classified as descriptive, the research covered internal auditors and audit managers. The questionnaire was chosen as the instrument to collect data, being the pretest conducted with participation of internal audit professionals with different functions and background. The sample, obtained by accessibility criteria, was formed by 155 (a hundred and fifty-five) professionals. We applied the following nonparametric tests: Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Qui-Square and Spearman coefficient. In line with the existent literature, which relates the COSO and the internal audit as ways of reducing the agency conflict, the analysis of the data showed that the professionals, besides considering it useful, recognize the applicability of COSO 2013 as an evaluation instrument of internal controls, being highlighted the importance of the emanating principles, with emphasis to the principle number one (integrity and ethical values). In relation to the use, COSO 2013, with a higher incidence, and COSO 2012, in sequence, are the most applied frameworks, while Turnbull and CoCo, frameworks in literature, were not even mentioned. In relation to the principles, number ten, internal controls , is the most used in the evaluations, and principle four, related to the competence of the key-area professionals, in contrast, is the less used. COSO 2013 also proved to be a strong inductor of audit attributes in literature, highlighting quality and objectivity. When it comes to the reasons suggested to adoption, we highlight the relevance that the subjects inserted in the methodology represent to the audit and, about the reasons that might stop the using, we highlight the lack of knowledge existent. The positive perception about the application, in general, is related to the organization and/or audit area being large, the organization being subject to some standard control and, last, to the fact that audit area is already using some framework. Professionals that use the methodology consider that the scope should be expanded, and the ones that do not use it consider that the methodology should be adopted. Last, despite the perceived applicability, we highlight, in general, that the utilization is strongly associated to the large audit areas, or whose respective organizations are subject to some standard control. / O objetivo geral deste estudo consiste em verificar a aplicabilidade do COSO 2013 como instrumento de avaliação dos controles internos. As principais justificativas para a realização dessa pesquisa são: (1) a nova versão do framework de controles internos (COSO 2013) substituiu recentemente, em dezembro/2014, a versão que vigorava desde 1992; (2) a atuação do auditor interno está diretamente associada à avaliação de controles internos; (3) não foram identificados estudos anteriores que confirmam, ou não, a aplicabilidade de uma metodologia sem o viés exclusivamente regulatório da SOX. A pesquisa, classificada como descritiva, abrangeu auditores internos e gerentes de auditoria. O questionário foi escolhido como o instrumento de coleta dados, sendo o pré-teste realizado com a participação de profissionais de auditoria interna com diferentes formações e funções. A amostra, obtida por critério de acessibilidade, foi composta por 155 (cento e cinquenta e cinco) profissionais. Foram aplicados os seguintes testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Qui- Quadrado e coeficiente de Spearman. Em linha com a literatura existente, que relaciona o COSO e a auditoria interna como meios de redução do conflito de agência, a análise dos dados demonstrou que os profissionais, além de considerarem útil, reconhecem a aplicabilidade do COSO 2013 como instrumento de avaliação dos controles internos, sendo destacada a importância dos princípios emanados, com ênfase para o princípio número um (integridade e valores éticos). Quanto à utilização, o COSO 2013, com maior incidência, e o COSO 1992, na sequência, são os frameworks mais aplicados, enquanto o Turnbull e o CoCo, frameworks presentes na literatura, não foram sequer citados. Quanto aos princípios, o de número dez, controles internos , é o mais utilizado nas avaliações, e o princípio quatro, relacionado à competência dos profissionais, em contraponto, é o menos utilizado. O COSO 2013 demonstrou ser, também, um forte indutor dos atributos de auditoria presentes na literatura, com destaque para a qualidade e objetividade. Quanto aos motivos sugeridos para a adoção, destaca-se a relevância que os assuntos contidos na metodologia representam para a auditoria e, sobre as razões que podem restringir a utilização, ressalta-se a falta de conhecimento existente. A percepção positiva sobre a aplicação, em geral, está relacionada à organização e/ou área de auditoria ser de grande porte, à organização estar sujeita a alguma norma de controle e ao fato de a área de auditoria já utilizar algum framework. Os profissionais que utilizam a metodologia consideram que o escopo deveria ser ampliado, e os que não a utilizam consideram que a metodologia deveria ser adotada. Por fim, apesar da aplicabilidade percebida, ressalta-se, de maneira geral, que a utilização está mais fortemente associada às áreas de auditoria de grande porte ou cujas respectivas organizações estão sujeitas a alguma norma de controle.
372

Governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedade: determinantes e relação com o desempenho das empresas no Brasil / Corporate governance and ownership structure: determinants and association with firm value in Brazil

Alexandre di Miceli da Silveira 30 November 2004 (has links)
Governança corporativa pode ser entendida como o conjunto de mecanismos de incentivo e controle, internos e externos, que visam a minimizar os custos decorrentes do problema de agência. O tema é importante por ser bem difundida a hipótese de que as práticas de governança afetam o desempenho das empresas. Esta tese tem como objetivo avaliar se os mecanismos de governança são exógenos e se exercem influência sobre o valor de mercado e a rentabilidade das companhias abertas no Brasil. A pesquisa foi dividida em três partes inter-relacionadas. A primeira parte investigou os determinantes da qualidade da governança corporativa, isto é, os fatores que fazem com que algumas empresas apresentem um nível de governança maior do que outras submetidas a um mesmo ambiente contratual. Como aproximação para a qualidade da governança corporativa, construiu-se um índice de governança para as 161 companhias componentes da amostra. O resultado principal desta primeira parte sugere que a estrutura de propriedade influencia a qualidade da governança corporativa. Especificamente, encontrou-se uma relação negativa significante entre o excesso de direito de voto em posse do acionista controlador e a qualidade da governança. Os resultados também indicaram que as empresas maiores, emissoras de ADRs e com melhor desempenho apresentam, em média, melhor governança corporativa. A segunda parte do estudo investigou os determinantes da concentração da propriedade, isto é, os fatores que fazem com que o acionista controlador detenha um percentual maior de ações nas companhias abertas. Aplicando técnicas de dados em painel para o período de 1998 a 2002, os resultados indicaram que a concentração da propriedade não parece ser determinada de forma endógena por outras variáveis corporativas. Os resultados, todavia, dependem do método de estimação dos coeficientes empregado, já que se obteve significância estatística pelo método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinário mas não pelos procedimentos de Efeitos Aleatórios e de Efeitos Fixos, que se mostraram mais adequados. A terceira parte da pesquisa investigou a relação entre governança e desempenho por meio de diferentes abordagens econométricas em escala crescente de complexidade. Os resultados não indicaram uma influência significante e consistente da qualidade da governança sobre o desempenho das empresas, já que houve mudança no sentido da relação entre o nível de governança e algumas variáveis de desempenho quando foi aplicada a abordagem de equações simultâneas, em relação aos resultados obtidos nas regressões múltiplas com equações isoladas. Das variáveis de desempenho testadas, Q de Tobin foi a que mostrou a relação positiva mais consistente com a qualidade da governança. Como outros resultados importantes, observou-se que as empresas com menor concentração do direito de voto em posse do controlador, menor nível de endividamento, maior proporção de intangíveis, maior tamanho, emissoras de ADRs e com ações mais líquidas apresentaram, em média, melhor desempenho. A discrepância dos resultados obtidos na relação entre governança corporativa e desempenho, em função da abordagem econométrica empregada, destaca a necessidade de um maior desenvolvimento da teoria sobre governança corporativa, de forma a melhor especificar, por meio de equações estruturais, os relacionamentos entre os diferentes mecanismos de governança. / Corporate governance can be defined as the set of incentive and control mechanisms designed to minimize the costs deriving from the managerial agency problem. The subject is important since it is well spread the hypothesis that governance practices impact firm’s performance. This thesis aims at evaluating if governance mechanisms are exogenous and if they influence market value and profitability of listed companies in Brazil. The research is divided into three interrelated sections. The first section investigated the determinants of firm-level corporate governance quality, trying to uncover which firm’s observable characteristics lead some companies to achieve higher governance ratings than others in the same contractual environment. In order to obtain a proxy for corporate governance quality, a governance index was built for the sample of 161 firms. The main result of the first section suggests that ownership structure influences corporate governance quality. Specifically, it was found a significant negative relationship between the excess of voting shares held by controlling shareholder and corporate governance rating. Furthermore, the results indicated that larger companies, ADR issuers, and firms with better performance have, on average, better corporate governance. The second section investigated the determinants of ownership concentration in Brazil. The analysis aims at uncovering which firm’s characteristics lead some controlling shareholders to have higher concentration of shares. By applying panel data techniques for 1998 to 2002 period, the results indicated that ownership concentration doesn’t seem to be endogenously determined by other corporate variables. The results, however, are sensitive to coefficients’ estimation method. Statistically significant coefficients were found when Ordinary Least Squares were applied. However, this method appeared to be less adequate than Random Effects and Fixed Effect procedures, whose resulting estimates revealed that none of the explanatory variables’ coefficients were statistically significant. The third section investigated the relationship between corporate governance and performance through different econometric approaches in increasing level of complexity. The results didn’t indicate a significant and consistent influence of governance quality on corporate performance, since there was a sign change of the relation between governance level and some performance variables when the simultaneous equation approach was applied, compared with the results obtained by the single equation regressions approach. From the performance variables used, Tobin’s Q showed the more consistent positive relation with governance level. The results also suggest that firms with lower voting rights’ concentration held by controlling shareholder, lower debt level, higher proportion of intangibles assets, larger size, more liquid shares and ADRs issuers show, on average, better performance. The discrepancy of the results on the relation between corporate governance and performance, due to the econometric approach employed, highlights the need for a better development of corporate governance theory, in order to improve the specification, through structural equations, of the relationships between different governance mechanisms.
373

Estudo exploratório sobre gestão ambiental municipal e a influência dos prefeitos no desempenho dos municípios no Programa Município Verde Azul, observados sob a ótica dos interlocutores e da teoria do agenciamento / Exploratory study on municipal environmental management and the influence of mayors in the performance of municipalities in Blue Green City Program, observed from the perspective of interlocutors and agency theory

Paulo Roberto de Paiva 13 September 2016 (has links)
Com o aumento da população mundial no século XX, houve incremento no consumo de bens duráveis e produtos alimentícios, favorecido e facilitado pelo processo de expansão das indústrias em todo o mundo, principalmente devido ao processo de globalização. No intuito de recuperar os danos causados durante décadas ao Meio Ambiente, alguns países optaram por adotar políticas públicas de gestão ambiental. O foco principal foi a gestão estratégica ambiental das cidades. Nasceram assim, na Europa, alguns programas voltados para a gestão ambiental das cidades, tendo como destaque o prêmio \"Capital verde Europeia\". A exemplo da iniciativa europeia, o Governo do Estado de São Paulo criou, por meio da secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado, programa que visa auxiliar os gestores municipais no sentido de direcionar estrategicamente a gestão ambiental, dado que inexistia uniformidade na condução das políticas ambientais dos municípios. Trata-se do Programa Município Verde Azul. Nasceu daí o interesse em estudar a relação existente entre os conceitos de governança no setor público e a teoria do agenciamento e sua relação com o Programa Município Verde Azul, onde há a classificação do desempenho apresentado pelos municípios por meio da pontuação (ranking) do programa. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi efetuar estudo exploratório sobre gestão Ambiental municipal e a influência dos prefeitos no desempenho dos municípios no Programa Município Verde Azul, observados sob a ótica dos interlocutores e da Teoria do Agenciamento. Os objetivos específicos foram explorar as características do papel dos gestores ambientais (interlocutores), e do principal executivo (Agente) com a finalidade de identificar seu grau de comprometimento com a gestão ambiental, expressa por meio de sua vontade política e participação na elaboração, condução e acompanhamento da gestão ambiental, enquanto agente contratado. Por meio de questionário (survey) enviado aos interlocutores do programa foi possível o agrupamento de fatores (análise fatorial) para as diretrizes que foram posteriormente utilizadas em análise de regressão linear múltipla, no intuito de comprovação do modelo estimado. Como resultado desta pesquisa foi possível identificar que o Agente influencia o sistema de gestão ambiental do município, bem como as notas obtidas no ranking do PMVA. / With the increase in world population in the twentieth century, there was an increase in the consumption of durable goods and food products, favored and facilitated by the process of expanding industries throughout the world, mainly due to the globalization process. In order to recover the environmental damage produced in deccades, some countries have chosen to adopt public policies for environmental management. The main focus was the Strategic Environmental management of cities. So were developed, in Europe, some programs for the environmental management of cities, having as a highlight the \"European Green Capital\" award. Following the example of the European initiative, the Government of the State of São Paulo created, through the state\'s environment secretary, a program which aims to help municipal managers to strategically direct the environmental management, due to the nonexistent uniformity in the conduct of environmental policies of the municipalities. It was called the Green Blue City Program. This was the origin of the interest in studying the relationship between the concepts of governance in the public sector and the theory of agency and it\'s relationship with the Green Blue City Program, where there is a classification of the performance presented by the municipalities through the score (ranking) of the program. The general objective of this research was to make exploratory study on environmental management and the influence of municipal mayors in municipalities in the Green Blue City Program from the perspective of the environmental managers (talkers) and Agency theory. The specific objectives are to explore the characteristics of the role of the environmental managers (talkers), and the Main Executive Officer (Agent) in order to identify their degree of commitment to environmental management, expressed through their political will and participation in the preparation, conduct and monitoring of environmental management, as an agent hired by the population. Through a questionnaire (survey) sent to the program\'s interlocutors, it was possible to group factors (factor analysis) to the guidelines that were later used in multiple linear regression analysis, intending to prove the estimated model. As a result of this research it was possible to identify that the agent influences the environmental management system of the municipality, as well as the marks obtained in the ranking of PMVA.
374

Funding social sector activity in Brazil: a case study analysis of agency risk incidence and mitigation

Dragon, Katharina Agnes 03 August 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Katharina Dragon (katha_dragon@gmx.de) on 2012-08-13T23:44:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI_Masterthesis_KDragon.pdf: 3021035 bytes, checksum: 671c57a68ebdc531d41f445048fdd1c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2012-08-14T15:14:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI_Masterthesis_KDragon.pdf: 3021035 bytes, checksum: 671c57a68ebdc531d41f445048fdd1c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-14T15:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI_Masterthesis_KDragon.pdf: 3021035 bytes, checksum: 671c57a68ebdc531d41f445048fdd1c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-03 / Empresas e organizações sociais têm um papel cada vez mais importante no mercado brasileiro. Essas organizações - sejam elas com ou sem fins lucrativos –têm como objetivocausar um profundo e positivo impacto social.Ambas enfrentamtambém o mesmo desafio: financiar as suas operações. Recentemente, dois modelos inovadores de financiamento, o fundo de venture capitalVox Capital e o fundo de empréstimo social SITAWI, entraram no mercado brasileiro para solucionar esse desafio. Este estudo analisa ambos os fundos,associando o problema do financiamento de empresas e organizações sociais às teorias tradicionais de negócio. Mais especificamente, por meio de um estudo de caso,é avaliado se o risco de agência (agency risk) explica as práticas e o designcontratual utilizados pelos fundos. A pesquisa é baseada num estudo de Alemany e Scarlata (2010) sobre a estruturação dos negócios de fundos filantrópicos de capital empreendedor (PhVC, na sigla em inglês) na América do Norte e na Europa. Uma definição chave desse estudo é que organizações sem fins lucrativos, ao contrário daquelas com fins lucrativos, estão sujeitas a uma restrição de distribuição de lucros. Embora Alemany e Scarlata (2010) tivessem descobertoque parceria (stewardship), mais do que o problema de agência (agency problem), explica a estrutura dos negócios dos fundos PhVC, as implicações do presente estudo de caso para o Brasil são diferentes. Os resultados sugerem que o problema de agência,mais do que a parceria,descreve adequadamente os contratos analisados de financiamento. Detectou-seque cláusulas contratuais não foram apenas usadas para mitigar o risco de agênciaresultanteda ausência de uma restrição de distribuição de lucros, mas também para reger as estruturas cooperativas com organizações sem fins lucrativos. No caso de SITAWI, a restrição dos destinatários de fundos de distribuir lucros provou-se uma ferramenta efetiva para alinhar os interesses entre os financiadores e os destinatários dos fundos. Apesar daimplicação da presença de parceria, os contratos do fundo social contiveram cláusulas geralmente usadas para reduzir o risco de agência. No caso de Vox Capital, os destinatários dos fundos eram empresas com fins lucrativos, portanto não sujeitas à restrição de distribuição de lucros. O modelo de negócio de Vox Capital é organizado para impedir qualquer incidência potencial do problema de agência. Ambos os fundos, independentemente da estrutura jurídica dos beneficiários destes fundos, evidenciaram o intuito de garantir a aplicação de práticas de negócio utilizadas pelas empresas tradicionais do setor corporativo em vez daquelas utilizadas no setor social.
375

O envolvimento do departamento de compras no processo de contratação de serviços profissionais

Pereira, Gustavo Menoncin de Carvalho 25 February 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Gustavo Menoncin de Carvalho Pereira (gustavo.pereira@gvmail.br) on 2013-03-11T22:15:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2013 DOUTORADO Gustavo TEC3d.pdf: 3113745 bytes, checksum: cf1f64ef5c908a1cf932ec5481bb3237 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-03-12T12:50:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2013 DOUTORADO Gustavo TEC3d.pdf: 3113745 bytes, checksum: cf1f64ef5c908a1cf932ec5481bb3237 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-12T12:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2013 DOUTORADO Gustavo TEC3d.pdf: 3113745 bytes, checksum: cf1f64ef5c908a1cf932ec5481bb3237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Theory about the activity of Procurement argues that companies should delegate to this area the activity to purchase materials and services. The goal is to achieve competitiveness without losing the quality due to competence and expertise through this area. In many companies this area is not involved in all situations of contracting processes. Few articles and published papers studies the relationship of the internal customer with the Purchasing Department. This thesis aims to identify problems that interfere with involving the purchasing department in procurement processes of professional services. Agency theory is used as theoretical support, as it is a relation of a Principal, the internal customer and an agent, the purchasing department. The hypotheses tested were tested to verify if involving the Purchasing Department differs by category and the relation with premises of the Agency Theory. The quantitative survey had 519 responses from national and multinational companies in Brazil, from various sectors of the economy. (367 from internal customers and 152 from purchasing professionals). Scales used in previous works have been validated, and the data were analyzed from the results of analysis of variance and multiple regression. The questionnaire was available on the Internet to the internal customers of the Purchasing Department, in order to focus on why the non-involvement of the department. The results indicate that the perception of internal customers about involvement of the purchasing department differs by type of professional service. The relationship between the dimensions of involvement with the premises of the Agency theory was confirmed. Responses received from purchasing professionals confirm that perceptions about the involvement of the purchasing department differ when comparing the answers with internal clients. The theoretical contribution was the use of agency theory to study problems in the supply chain, and validation of scales and production research in categories not specifically related to the production. In the field of management, the results explain the relationship between the four dimensions of involvement and Agency Theory and present the differences by category of involvement to be hired. / A teoria sobre a atividade de Compras argumenta que as empresas deveriam delegar para esta área a atividade de adquirir insumos e serviços. O objetivo é obter competitividade sem perder a qualidade, através da competência e especialidade desta área. Em muitas empresas, esta área não é envolvida em todas as situações de processos de contratação. Poucos artigos e trabalhos publicados estudam a relação do cliente interno com o Departamento de Compras. Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo identificar os problemas que interferem no envolvimento do departamento de Compras, em processos de aquisição de serviços profissionais. A Teoria da Agência é utilizada como suporte teórico, por ser uma relação de um Principal, o cliente interno, e um Agente, o departamento de Compras. As hipóteses testadas verificaram se o envolvimento do Departamento de Compras difere por categoria de Compras e se tem relação com as premissas da Teoria da Agência. A pesquisa quantitativa teve 519 respostas de empresas nacionais e multinacionais no Brasil, de diversos setores da Economia. (367 de clientes internos e 152 de profissionais de Compras). Escalas utilizadas em trabalhos anteriores foram validadas, e os dados foram analisados a partir dos resultados da Análise de variância e de Regressão múltipla. O questionário foi disponibilizado na internet para os clientes internos do Departamento de Compras, com objetivo de focar nas razões do não envolvimento do departamento. Os resultados indicam que, na percepção dos clientes internos o envolvimento do departamento de Compras difere por tipo de serviço profissional. A relação entre as dimensões de envolvimento com as premissas da Teoria da Agência foi confirmada. As respostas recebidas dos profissionais de Compras confirmam que as percepções sobre o envolvimento do departamento de Compras diferem, ao comparar com as respostas dos clientes internos. A contribuição teórica foi de utilizar a Teoria da agência para estudos de problemas na cadeia de suprimentos, além da validação das escalas e a produção de pesquisa especificamente em categorias não relacionadas à produção. No campo gerencial, os resultados obtidos explicam a relação existente entre as quatro dimensões do envolvimento e a Teoria da Agência e são apresentadas as diferenças do envolvimento pela categoria a ser contratada.
376

O impacto da estrutura de propriedade na internacionalização de empresas brasileiras

Carrera Junior, José Marcos 04 December 2013 (has links)
Submitted by José Marcos Carrera Junior (josemarcoscj@gmail.com) on 2014-01-06T14:16:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado MPA FGV - Jose Marcos Carrera Junior.pdf: 2932357 bytes, checksum: 6408f2d692015e1ef7dfd98c321a4f4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2014-01-06T14:58:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado MPA FGV - Jose Marcos Carrera Junior.pdf: 2932357 bytes, checksum: 6408f2d692015e1ef7dfd98c321a4f4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-06T15:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado MPA FGV - Jose Marcos Carrera Junior.pdf: 2932357 bytes, checksum: 6408f2d692015e1ef7dfd98c321a4f4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-04 / A internacionalização é um tema cada vez mais em pauta nas empresas. A teoria existente mostra que há um potencial problema de agência na decisão de internacionalização. Enquanto os executivos, visando maximizar sua utilidade, tendem a buscar um alto grau de internacionalização, os acionistas tendem a ser mais seletivos e criteriosos neste tipo de decisão estratégica. Neste cenário o poder de barganha de cada uma das partes e a liberdade dos administradores para buscar seus interesses será dado em função da concentração de propriedade. Não obstante, fatores institucionais de um mercado emergente também podem afetar características corporativas, e a estrutura de propriedade das firmas é um aspecto que é impactado por tais fatores. Portanto não somente a concentração de propriedade, como também o tipo da mesma pode influenciar o grau de internacionalização das firmas. Consequentemente este trabalho se propõe a examinar a influência que a estrutura de propriedade tem no grau de internacionalização das empresas brasileiras. Através da análise de 184 empresas brasileiras de capital aberto entre 2002 e 2011 concluímos que o problema de agência não foi tão relevante. Além disso, mostramos que empresas familiares e com forte participação do governo via fundos de pensão apresentaram em média um maior grau de internacionalização, o que sugere a importante atuação do governo junto a grupos privados para impulsionar a internacionalização. / Internationalization is a strategic topic that is gaining in importance on the corporate agendas. The existing theory shows that there is a potential agency problem in the decision of internationalization. While executives, wanting to maximize their utility, tend to seek a high degree of internationalization, shareholders, on the other hand, tend to be more selective and conservative in this type of strategic decision. In this scenario the bargaining power of each party and the freedom of the directors to pursue their interests will be given as the function of the ownership concentration. Notwithstanding, institutional factors of an emerging market may also affect corporate characteristics, and the ownership structure of firms is an aspect that is impacted by such factors. Thus not only the ownership concentration, but also, the classification of the ownership structure can influence the degree of internationalization of firms. Therefore this study aims to examine the influence of ownership structure on the degree of internationalization of Brazilian companies. By the analysis of 184 Brazilian public firms between 2002 and 2011, we concluded that the agency problem involving managers and shareholders was not so relevant. Furthermore, we show that family businesses and firms with strong government involvement by means of pension funds had, on average, a higher degree of internationalization, which suggests the important role of the government with respect to stimulating the internationalization of private groups.
377

Le co-investissement par des Business Angels et des Capital-investisseurs dans les jeunes entreprises technologiques et trajectoires de croissance : approche en termes de gouvernance d'entreprise et études de cas comparatives / Coinvestment by Business Angels and Venture Capitalists in the young technological ventures and venture growth : perspective in terms of corporate governance and comparative case studies

Cohen, Laurence 04 December 2017 (has links)
En phase d’amorçage, les jeunes entreprises technologiques à la recherche de ressources pour financer leur développement peuvent solliciter les business angels (BAs) et capital-investisseurs (CIs). Notre recherche porte sur le type d’investissement (BAs seuls, BAs et CIs en co-investissement séquentiel ou simultané) mis en œuvre et amène la question de la nature et de la qualité des relations et interactions entre les différentes catégories d’investisseurs et l’entrepreneur, dans le sens où ces investisseurs peuvent influencer la dynamique de croissance et être à leur tour influencés par cette dynamique. Celle-ci suppose que les rythmes et l’intensité des trajectoires de croissance des jeunes pousses de haute technologie n’ont rien de déterministes, mais se développent de façon dynamique dans le champ de l’interaction entre les principaux apporteurs de ressources. Nous mobilisons conjointement la théorie d’agence et les approches cognitive et effectuale pour analyser le co-investissement par BAs et CIs. Nous avons mené une étude de cas multiples à visée comparative auprès de trois jeunes entreprises de la région Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne. Nous avons montré que, quand les schémas cognitifs des BAs et/ou de l’entrepreneur sont proches de celui du CI, les relations et interrelations peuvent se déployer à moindre coût cognitif en phase préinvestissement et que le co-investissement séquentiel ou simultané peut prendre place. Nos résultats révèlent qu’un financement par BAs est associé à une trajectoire de croissance plus lente et qu’un co-investissement séquentiel permet de stabiliser la trajectoire de croissance sans pour autant que l’entreprise rencontre une très forte croissance. Nous mettons aussi en évidence que lorsque les BAs et/ou les CIs perçoivent le fort potentiel de croissance de la jeune entreprise, très tôt dans le processus d’investissement, les CIs ont avantage à intégrer les BAs qui ont une expérience spécifique comme leur passé entrepreneurial et leur connaissance du secteur. L’approche prédictive de ces trois acteurs : entrepreneur, CIs et BAs favorise la mise en œuvre d’un un co-investissement simultané. Dans ce contexte, les investisseurs (BAs et CIs) peuvent être des partenaires actifs au côté de l’entrepreneur et contribuer à ce que la jeune entreprise rencontre une trajectoire de croissance forte voire d’une hyper-croissance. / In their seed, young technological ventures seeking resources to finance their development may seek business angels (BAs) and venture capitalists (VCs). Our research shall include the type of investment (only BAs, BAs and VCs in sequential or simultaneous co-investment) implemented and this leads to the question of the nature and the quality of the relations and interactions among various categories of investors and the entrepreneur, in the sense that these investors may influence the dynamic of growth, and be themselves influenced by that dynamic. It implies that the pace and intensity of the venture growth of the young technological ventures do not have any kind of determinism, but they develop rather in a dynamic manner within the field of the interaction between the main providers of resources. We jointly mobilize agency theory and cognitive and effectual approaches in order to analyse the co-investment of BAs and VCs. We conducted a multiple-case study with a comparative aim concerning three young companies of the Rhône-Alpes Region. We have shown that, when the cognitive schemes of the BAs and / or the entrepreneur are close to that of the VC, the relations and interrelations can occur to a lesser cognitive cost during the pre-investment phase and that the sequential or simultaneous co-investment may take place. Our results indicate that a funding by BAs is associated with a slower venture growth and that a sequential co-investment allows the stabilisation of the venture growth without a very high growth for the company. We are also highlighting that when the BAs and / or the VCs recognize the high growth potential of the young company very early in the investment process the VCs really need to integrate the BAs who have a specific experience, like their entrepreneurial past and their knowledge of the sector. The predictive approach of these three stakeholders: entrepreneur, VCs and BAs promotes the implementation of a simultaneous co-investment. In this context, the investors (BAs and VCs) can serve as active partners alongside the entrepreneur and help ensure that the young company follows a high venture growth, or even a hyper growth.
378

Kooperationens förvaltare : Ett kooperativt perspektiv av agentproblematiken / The Stewards of the Co-operative Sector : A Co-operative Perspective to the Principal-agent problem

Daver, Joel, Loberg, Vanessa January 2017 (has links)
Bakgrund: Trots sin betydande närvaro i samhället saknar kooperativa företag än idag tydliga ramverk över hur deras organisationer ska styras. Det uppstår därmed utmaningar eftersom kooperativ, det vill säga medlemsägda organisationer, på ett flertal sätt särskiljer sig från andra företagsformer, men ändå tvingas rätta sig efter ramverk och teorier anpassade för andra slags verksamheter. Utmaningar kan uppstå då det visat sig att etablerade styrningsramverk i många fall är otillräckliga och svåra att justera för de mål som kooperativa verksamheter präglas av, vilket starkt argumenterar för behovet av ett kooperativt anpassat styrningsramverk. Sett till tidigare forskning saknas det studier som förklarar hur agentproblematik utspelar sig och hanteras i en kooperativ kontext. I och med den ovan nämnda avsaknaden av styrningsramverk blir det likväl en utmaning för kooperativ att uppnå målkongruens mellan organisationens olika parter, där även organisationens storlek samt struktur spelar en avgörande roll. Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet med den här uppsatsen är att tillföra såväl ett empiriskt som teoretiskt bidrag för att öka kunskapen kring den agentproblematik som kan uppstå inom konsumentkooperativ, och ta reda på hur hög målkongruens kan uppnås inom medlemsägda företag utan att förbise medlemmarnas intressen. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie på organisationen Kooperativa Förbundet, med en iterativ ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, där intervjuguiden har utformats efter den teoretiska referensramen. Slutsatser: Den agentproblematik som utspelar sig inom kooperativ verksamhet är främst av förvaltarteoretisk karaktär. Det empiriska bidraget har dock belyst problematik som förvaltarteorin tidigare inte uppmärksammat, som uppstår när hög tillit förringar behovet av uppföljning och utvärdering. Problematiken har resulterat i en implementering av styrsystem, som vanligen förknippas med den kontrasterande agentteorin. Införandet av styrsystem måste dock, enligt förvaltarteorin, göras vaksamt vad gäller de konsekvenser som kan uppstå, vilket negativt kan påverka det för organisationen gynnsamma förvaltarbeteendet. Resultatet av vår analys visar att det råder hög målkongruens inom kooperationen till följd av ett ömsesidigt förvaltarperspektiv mellan styrelse och företagsledning. Det empiriska bidraget åskådliggjorde en samsyn respondenterna emellan vad gäller värdegrund, och en kollektiv vilja att efterleva de kooperativa värderingarna. Vidare uppnås målkongruens genom öppenhet, transparens, väl genomförda förankringsprocesser samt en kontinuerlig dialog mellan organisationens samtliga parter. Därutöver framgick det att hög målkongruens i sig inte leder till en framgångsrik verksamhet, utan det krävs även en stark genomförandekraft för att uppnå de gemensamma målen. Fallstudien har visat på en bristande genomförandekraft, vilket bland annat påverkas av kooperativets storlek, något som utgör en försvårande effekt på verksamheten. Vidare har det framgått att kooperativ enklare skulle kunna dra nytta av den höga målkongruensen om det hade förekommit en större homogenitet medlemsföreningarna emellan, både vad gäller storlek och verksamhet. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien har bidragit med en ökad förståelse kring den agentproblematik som kan utspela sig inom kooperativa organisationer, samt hur målkongruens kan uppnås inom medlemsägda företag. Därutöver avlägger studien två teoretiska bidrag. Det första bidraget är kopplat till förvaltarteorin, och identifierar svagheter inom teorin som tidigare inte belysts samt att dessa bekämpas med åtgärder som vanligen förekommer inom agentteorin. Det andra teoretiska bidraget bestrider den tidigare kooperativa forskningen då vi anser att internt anskaffad expertis ska vara ett alternativ till den externt rekryterade expertisen. / Background: Despite its significant presence in today’s society, co-operative businesses still lack well-defined guidelines on how to manage their organizations. Challenges arise because co-operatives, i.e. member-owned organizations, differ in a number of ways compared to other forms of businesses. Still, however, they have to rely on frameworks and theories adapted to other types of organizations. Challenges may develop since it appears as though established management frameworks in many cases are insufficient and difficult to adjust to the objectives that characterize co-operative businesses, which argues for the need of a co-operatively adapted governance framework. There has been an absence of studies in previous research explaining how agency issues arise, and how the entailing challenges are managed in a co-operative context. At the same time, with the aforementioned lack of governance frameworks, it is nevertheless a challenge for co-operatives to achieve goal congruence between the organization’s various parties, where the size and structure of the organization also play decisive roles. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to provide an empirical, as well as a theoretical, contribution to raise the awareness in regards to the Principal-agent problem and its entailing challenges in the context of consumer co-operatives. Furthermore, the purpose is also to investigate how high goal congruence can be achieved in member-owned businesses, without overlooking the interests of the members. Method: The study was carried out as a qualitative case study of the organization Kooperativa Förbundet, using an iterative approach. The collection of data has been attained through semi-structured interviews, in which the interviews were designed in accordance with the theoretical reference framework. Conclusions: The Principal-agent problems that arise within co-operatives are primarily of a Stewardship nature. However, our empirical research has highlighted challenges that Stewardship theory previously has not paid any attention to, including those that arise whenhigh levels of trust between the Board of Directors and the Management team lessens the need for follow-ups and evaluations. These challenging issues have resulted in an implementation of control systems, which usually are associated with the contrasting Agency theory, rather than with Stewardship theory. Nevertheless, the introduction of control systems must be done vigilantly, according to Stewardship theory, considering the consequences that may develop, which harmfully may affect the favorable stewardship behavior. The results from our analysis reveal a high level of goal congruence within the co-operation, owing to a mutual stewardship perspective between the Board of Directors and the Management team. Our research identified a consensus among the respondents in terms of values, and a collective willingness to comply with the co-operative principles. Furthermore, goal congruence is achieved through openness, transparency, justifiable decision-making processes, as well as a continuous dialogue between all parties within the organization. In addition, it was made clear that a high level of goal congruence, other things being equal, does not lead to a successful business. A strong implementing power is also required in order to reach the common goals. The case study conducted demonstrated an insufficient implementation power which is influenced, amongst other things, by the size of the co-operative which represents an aggravating effect on the business as a whole. Additionally, the co-operative would more easily benefit from its high levels of goal congruence if there had been a greater homogeneity between the member associations, both in terms of size and business activity. Research contribution: The study has contributed to an increased understanding of the Principal-agent issues that unfold in co-operative organizations, and how goal congruence is achieved in member-owned businesses. In addition, the study presents two theoretical contributions. The first one is linked to Stewardship theory, and identifies weaknesses that the theory has not been able to explain, and that these weaknesses are combated with measures more commonly found within Agency theory. The second theoretical contribution disputes previous research made on co-operatives, since we consider that internally acquired expertise should be an alternative to the externally recruited expertise.
379

The relationship between current financial slack resources and future CSR performance. : A quantitative study of public companies in the Nordic Markets

Ahlström, Johannes, Ficeková, Michaela January 2017 (has links)
Companies are expected to be good corporate citizens and fulfil expectations of both shareholders and stakeholders. Depending on their corporate objectives, companies undertake different CSR activities using their preferred financial resources. The relationship between these two notions is interesting to investigate in the Nordic context since companies in this geographical area are the global leaders in sustainability. We formulate the following research question as: What is the relationship between financial slack and the CSR performance in Nordic countries? As such, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the underpinnings of whether companies choose to allocate their financial slack resources towards improving performance of CSR, or so called value creation. Doing so, we investigate the relationship between financial slack resources and CSR score. In adopting a regulatory position on the development of society, we conduct our research in accordance with the functionalist research paradigm, namely through commitment to the objectivist ontic and positivist epistemic research philosophies. We answer the research question using the deductive approach. Our research design is framed with an explanatory purpose relying on archival strategy to perform a quantitative study. The theoretical underpinnings for analysis comes in the form of legitimacy theory, the institutional differences hypothesis, Resource-based theory, slack resources theory, stakeholder and shareholder theory. We use multiple linear regressions to analyse cross-sectional data for the period between 2005 and 2015 collected from Thomson Reuters DataStream. Our result indicates that the relationship between financial slack and CSR performance in the following year is mixed with both positive and negative relationships being present. Our most important finding is a pattern indicating that during the year 2008 the relationship changed from being positive to negative. This implies that the more funds a company has at its discretion, the less likely it is for them to invest it in developing their CSR performance the following year. This could have severe negative implications on shareholders, stakeholders and society.
380

Revisionens nytta och kommunikation : En intervjustudie om revisorers respektive företagsledningars uppfattning om kommunikationen som sker mellan parterna

Svensson, Linda, Nävemark, Caroline January 2017 (has links)
Bakgrund: Revisorn har till uppgift att kvalitetssäkra sitt klientföretags redovisning, vilket ger en ökad pålitlighet för allmänheten. Att revisorn har en relation till sitt klientföretag som präglas av förtroende har visat sig vara viktigt för att få ut nödvändig information och kunna utföra revisionen på ett korrekt sätt, men samtidigt har revisorn krav på sig om att vara helt oberoende mot företaget de reviderar. De står inför påtryckningar från allmänheten om mer öppenhet och information om företaget, vilket kan ställas i relation till dess tystnadsplikt. Utifrån dessa dilemman har vi genomfört vår studie, där vi undersöka kommunikationen och relationen mellan revisorn och klientföretaget. Syfte: Att bidra till kunskap om den kommunikation som sker mellan revisor och företagsledning och deras uppfattningar kring det. Metod: För att genomföra vår studie har vi använt en deduktiv ansats där vi utgått från befintlig teori som sedan legat till grund för vår empiriska studie. Vi har genomfört intervjuer med revisorer och representanter från företagsledningar, och materialet härifrån har vi sedan analyserat för att få fram vårt resultat. Resultat: Det som både revisorer och representanter för företagsledningarna anser vara mest centralt för att bygga förtroende, är revisorns oberoende, tystnadsplikt och kompetens. Studien har också visat att revisionsberättelsen, som är revisorns kommunikation ut till allmänheten, till stor del förlorar sin nytta om den till största del består av standardtext, vilket gör att revisorn inte alltid uppfyller allmänhetens förväntningar. I relationen mellan revisor och företagsledning, upplevs ingen misstro mellan parterna, vilket blir en positiv effekt av det uppbyggda förtroendet. / Background: The auditor is responsible for quality assurance of his client company's accounts, which gives increased public confidence. That the auditor has a relationship with his client which is based on trust has proven to be important in order to obtain the necessary information and to be able to perform the audit properly, but at the same time the auditor is required to be completely independent of the company they are auditing. They are faced with pressure from the public regarding more transparency and information about the company, which may be in conflict to its confidentiality. Based on these dilemmas, we have conducted our study, examining the communication and relationship between the auditor and the client company. Purpose: To contribute knowledge about the communication between auditor and the top management team and their perceptions about it. Method: In order to complete our study, we have used a deductive approach, based on existing theory which has been the foundation of our empirical study. Conclusions: What both auditors and representatives of the top management teams consider to be most central to building trust are the independence of the auditor, confidentiality and competence. The study has also shown that the audit report, which is the auditor's communication to the public, largely loses its usefulness if it consists mostly of standard text, which means that the auditor does not always meet the public's expectations. In the relationship between the auditor and management, no mistrust is experienced between the parties, which will be a positive effect of the build-up of confidence.

Page generated in 0.0834 seconds