Contemporary peacekeeping missions are complex, demanding, and potentially hazardous. There is general agreement that psychological factors are crucial to effective individual and collective performance of the military personnel deployed in support of these missions. This research has examined the human dimensions associated with capability, functioning, and health across the deployment cycle. The aim of this research was to increase understanding of the psychological issues associated with peace support operations at the individual, group, and organisational levels. The study applied precepts of the transactional model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) to the context of military deployment on peace support operations. The overarching Human Dimensions of Operations model for this research incorporated stressor, buffer, and outcome components within the multi-level structure of the military organisation and across the stages (pre, peri, post) of deployment. Participants were Canadian and Australian military personnel deployed on Peace Support Operations. The dissertation comprised seven chapters. Chapter One provided an introduction to the psychological challenges posed by peace support operations and the research opportunities these missions afford. The second chapter detailed the methodology and psychometric evaluation of several measurement scales that were developed as part of this research in order to address the unique characteristics of peace support operations. Each of the six scales examined proved to have a meaningful component structure and adequate subscale reliabilities. The third chapter was devoted to an examination of the psychometric properties of a measure of psychological climate factors, the Unit Climate Profile (UCP), which was the cornerstone instrument of this research. The UCP demonstrated a robust, multi-dimensional structure that was conceptually concordant with its theoretical development and design. In addition, the component structure of the UCP changed in meaningful ways according to its level of analysis - individual or group. The next three chapters examined human dimension constructs at different stages of deployment, notably psychological readiness for operations, psychological resilience during deployment, and readjustment following return from deployment. In Chapter Four, the most compelling structural model that examined collective psychological readiness demonstrated that perceptions of readiness at the group level, along with effective senior leadership, could significantly impact morale. The results in Chapter Five revealed that leadership both buffered the immediate impact of stressors, and also fostered meaning and morale, thereby reducing strain. Positive aspects of deployment and the personal meaning assumed to be derived from these experiences were also found to bolster morale significantly during deployment. In Chapter Six, the stressors specific to the postdeployment transition phase, rather than stressors encountered during deployment, had the strongest impact on postdeployment adjustment. Social support and a positive psychological climate in the unit (particularly evidenced by cohesiveness and caring behaviour by proximal leaders) moderated the impact of homecoming stressors. A concluding chapter summarised the dissertation and discussed its practical significance and avenues for the dissemination of its findings. Broadly, the outcomes demonstrated that an understanding of the human factors in military units within the context of the stressors-strain relationship can provide potentially useful information to commanders who want to enhance the well-being, performance, and commitment of Service members deployed on peace support operations. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331630 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- School of Psychology, 2008

<p>People use a variety of means to orient themselves towards the future. A more organised approach to handling the future known as "futures studies" is often used in a variety of contexts including long-term planning within large organisations. In the effort to enhance the quality of such studies, there have been arguments for better methods (which makes sense), but methods may not be the most important aspect in the production of futures studies. Greater theoretical awareness in the substantive questions upon which the study is based is more important. To that end, the intent of this dissertation is to infuse a keener awareness of fundamental assumptions in futures studies and contribute to increasing their quality.</p><p>One objective of the dissertation is to formulate a method or procedure to analyse the futures studies of large organisations, apply it to two empirical cases and thereafter analyse its strengths and weaknesses. The method I discuss and develop extensively in this work consists of an analytical framework that focuses on three aspects of each future study: its architecture, its relationship to a few of the key future issues of our time and its assumptions regarding our views on society, humanity and technology. A second objective is to systematically study future documents from two large organisations and attempt to clarify motives, orientation, methodology and distinguishing characteristics in their future processes. The cases I have chosen are the Swedish Armed Forces and the telecommunications company Ericsson, which were both in a period of transition around the mid 1990s.</p><p>The dissertation shows how the method has been used to bring to the fore and clarify central ideas in futures studies, identify ambiguities and fuzzy thinking and to show and expose more covert assumptions. The analysis also illustrates that certain aspects of the model have been observed in the empirical material, other ideas are found to a lesser extent and certain perspectives are entirely absent. The paper stresses that the model developed has both strengths and weaknesses, but the overall assessment is that it was well-balanced and maintains appropriate depth in relation to desired efficiency. The study shows that the analytical method is relevant and adequate to understand and describe the direction and content of futures studies and in so doing enhance their quality.</p>

This study explored factors that lead to adaptation among married women in the military during the stressor of deployment. The Double ABCX Model of Family Stress and Adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson, 1 983a, 1 983b, 1 983c) provided a strong theoretical model for this study, on which the empirical model for this study was based. In this study's empirical model, the variables that led to adaptation include the stressor event of military deployment, pile-up of demands (marital pile-up, family pile-up, financial pile-up, and job pile-up), resources (personal resources, family system resources, and social support resources), and perception (perception of deployment and perception of all). The 1999-2000 United States Air Force Community Needs Assessment was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling and Multiple Hierarchical Regression. The Structural Equation Modeling Analysis did not yield a path model and a Multiple Hierarchical Regression was executed in order to determine which variables in the path model contribute to adaptation. In this analysis, the independent variables were entered according to the theoretical consideration of the Double ABCX Model of Family Stress and Adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c) and the proposed path model. The results Multiple Hierarchical Regression indicate that pileup of demands and resources provided a significant contribution to adaptation. However, deployment and perception did not contribute to the variance in adaptation, which was incongruent to previous findings. The most significant limitation of the study is the disadvantages of conducting a secondary analysis since measures available are less than ideal for the variables in the model. There were several benefits of the study, including the inclusion of women in the military, improvement of the Double ABCX Model of Family Stress and Adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c), and potential early evaluation and intervention of families during periods of stress. Future research is indicated, focusing on extended deployments, qualitative studies exploring the role of perception in adaptation, other understudied population in the military (civilian husbands, men in the military, and dual military couples), and additional model improvement. / Graduation date: 2004

<p>Ett flygsäkerhetsarbete bygger på ett förtroende mellan individen och organisationen. Det finns en brist inom Försvarsmakten rapporteringssystem, där fördelningen av rapporter med avseende på mänskliga misstag, är avvikande från vad som anses som normalt inom flygverksamhet. Varför avviker rapporteringen i FM från normalbilden? Ett perspektiv som kan förklara denna avvikelse är rättvisekulturperspektivet.</p><p>Syftet är att diskutera huruvida den ojämna fördelningen av avvikelserapporter med avseende på mänskliga misstag i FM flygsäkerhetsarbete kan förklaras ur ett just culture perspektiv med fokus på regler och styrdokument .</p><p>Resultatet är att FM inte är att anse som en rättvisekultur. Framförallt är detta på grund av den bristfälliga kulturella grunden, disciplinsystemet och skyddandet av rapporteringssystemet.</p> / <p>Flight safety relies on trust between the person and the organization. There is a deficiency in the Swedish armed forces reporting system whereas the distribution between human factor reports and other reports is deviant from the normal distribution in flying operations. Why is that? A perspective that could help explaining this is the <em>just culture</em> perspective.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to discus whether the uneven distribution in the reporting system in regards of human error in the Swedish armed forces can be explained by a just culture perspective in regards of rules and documents.</p><p>The result is that the Swedish armed forces are not considered a just culture. Mainly because of the insufficient foundation of the flight safety culture, the existence of a disciplinary system and the failure to protect the reporting system.</p>

<p>This study focuses the gendered relations of the Military Academy of Karlberg. More specific the study is investigating the experiences among young women and men cadets of suppression techniques. The purpose of the study is to get more knowledge about the work climate and suppression techniques at the officers’ training program 2007/2010. The research questions employed for the study were:- Do the women and men officer students/cadets have any experiences of master suppressiontechniques at the officers’ training program?- What kind of master suppression techniques occur at the officer’s training program?- What kind of master suppression techniques do women experience?- What kind of master suppression techniques do men experience?The study is a survey and data were retrieved by a questionnaire sent out to the participants. The 30 participants were randomly chosen, out of a population of 120 students/cadets. The result of this study shows that a majority of the participants have experiences from being exposed to suppression techniques. When it comes to suppression techniques, there is a tendency that it targets women more frequently in comparison with men.</p>

<p>Luftburen försörjning har internationellt varit ett nyckelverktyg för större stater i snart 70 år. Att som militärenhet kunna agera och påverka motståndaren via de platser denne är som svagast och inte har förmåga att se våra lösningar, gör att vi kan skapa överlägsenhet och skapa taktiska fördelar. All militär verksamhet är i behov av förnödenheter och ett logistiskt stöd. För att detta stöd skall kunna nå enheter långt borta under svåra förhållanden, måste organisationen skapa förutsättningar till handlingsfrihet. I omvärlden har metoden luftburen försörjning varit en självklar del i det flexibla och föränderliga stridsrummets logistiska stöd. Under beredskapstiden för Nordic battlegroup 2008 genomfördes en studie på luftburen försörjning, och det kunde konstateras att metoden är mycket användbar, och förslag till utveckling vidarebefordrades tillhögkvarteret. Studien som genomfördes 2007-2009 gjorde gällande att vi har förmågan att använda luftburen försörjning internationellt. Dock drogs slutsatsen att fler studier var ett krav. Syftet med denna studie är att den genomförs som ett led i fortsatt forskning. Den fokuserar på användningsområden, definitioner och hur funktionen kan kopplas till Försvarsmaktens doktriner. I doktrinen koncentrerar författaren sig på de grundläggande förmågorna, och kopplar den luftburna försörjningen till Försvarsmaktens befintliga logistikkedja internationellt genom Grundsyn Logistik. Arbetets huvudfrågeställning fokuserar på uthållighet och rörlighet, inriktning mot enheter med självständigt uppträdande på djupet av operationsområdet. Studieresultat och empiri presenteras med beskrivande metod och informationsinhämtningen sker med litteratursökning och litteraturstudie som teknik. I empirin presenteras en fallstudie av logistikfunktionen från Sverige till insats, där metoden intervju kommer användas. Studien sammansluts med en fallstudieanalys, resultatredovisning och en diskussion kring frågeställningen. Studien avslutas genom att slutsatser dras och reflektioner om framtiden för luftburen försörjning och dess vara eller icke vara i ett svenskt operationsområde. Slutsatser dragna efter studien är att luftburen försörjning kan bidra till svensk logistikkedja och bidra till ökad rörlighet och uthållighet för de förband som verkar i ett insatsområde. Den princip som lämpar sig bäst för försörjning av förband i ett område som Afghanistan är helikopter med hängande last. Detta som en slutsats efter att i studien analyserat empiri och prestanda i förhållande till rådande förhållande i ett område som Afghanistan.</p> / <p>Aerial delivery internationally has been a key tool for the superior states for nearly 70 years. To which military unit act and influence the opponent through the places he is particularly weak. Allowing us to establish superiority and create tactical advantages. All military operations are in need of supplies and logistical support. For this support to be able reaching long ranged units under difficult conditions, the organization must create conditions for freedom of movement. The dominant countries in the world have an airborne method of supply has been an integral part of the flexible and changing battle space. At Nordic battlegroup in 2008, there was study on aerial delivery, and it was found that the method is very useful, and proposals for development were forwarded to headquarter of Swedish Armed forces. Studies carried out in 2007-2009, claiming that we have the ability to use airborne supplyinternationally. However, it was concluded that more studies were required. The purpose of this work is that it is implemented as a part of continuing studies. It focuses on the uses, and how function definitions can be linked to the Armed Forces doctrine. The author focuses on the doctrine of fundamental capabilities, and connects the aerial delivery for the Armed Forces of existing logistics chain by Ethos International Logistics. Work main issue focuses on endurance and mobility, focusing on units within depth of an operational area. Study results and empirical data presented with descriptive method and information gathering is done with literature search and literature review technology. The empirical data presents a case study of the logistics function from Sweden to the operational area, which will be developed out of the method of interview. The study concluded that the case study analysis, performance reports and an analysis of results. The study ends by drawing conclusions and a prediction of the future of the aerial delivery and it is to be or not to be in a Swedish operational area. Conclusions made out of this study, reveals that aerial delivery principals would very well support the Swedish chain of supply, and could support units abroad with both mobility and perseverance. Within aerial delivery the slingload are the most efficient principal for units operating in an environment as in Afghanistan. This conclusion was made out of the analysis of empiric data.</p>

<p>Frågan om civil-militär samverkan i multinationella insatser har länge diskuterats. I takt med att den säkerhetspolitiska situationen i världen förändras, förändras också inställningen som de i multinationella insatser ingående aktörerna har till civil-militär samverkan. Sedan det kalla krigets slut har konfliktmönstren i världen förändrats. Trenden pekar mot färre mellanstatliga krig, och fler inomstatliga konflikter. I dessa konflikter samexisterar militära och civilaaktörer, och samverkan dem emellan blir därför viktig.Detta har uppmärksammats i det internationella samfundet, medan det har varit tystare i Sverige.Den här uppsatsen söker finna en möjlig förklaring till att det blivit så. Jag gör det med hjälp av NilsBrunssons teori om Svampmodellen. Brunsson presenterar i modellen ett antal variabler sompåverkar införandet av nya idéer i en organisation. Han menar att en organisation som befinner sig ien reformeringsprocess kan ha svårt att ta till sig ytterligare nya idéer, eftersom den är upptagen medatt genomföra den ifrågavarande reformen.Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka om Svampmodellen kan bidra till en förståelse avvarför Sverige, senare än andra länder, anammat idén om civil-militär samverkan i multinationellainsatser. Den svenska Försvarsmakten har det senaste decenniet genomfört en omfattandeförsvarsreform; övergången från invasionsförsvar till insatsförsvar. Jag kommer alltså att undersökaom denna reform utgjort ett hinder för Försvarsmakten, och den politiska nivån, att samtidigt ta tillsig idén om civil-militär samverkan i multinationella insatser.</p> / <p>The issue of civil-military relations in multinational missions has been discussed a lot over the past decades. As the security situation in the world changes, with new threats evolving and others fading away, the approach to civil-military relations change. Since the end of the Cold War, the patterns of conflict around the world have changed. The trend points towards fewer inter-state conflicts, and more intra-state. In this kind of conflict, civil and military actors exist side by side, and thus, coordination and cooperation between them is important. The importance of this cooperation has been highlighted in the international context, while it’s been a bit quieter in Sweden. This paper seeks to find a possible explanation to this relative silence. I will try to find the explanation with help from Nils Brunssons theory of “The standardization or organizational forms as a cropping-op process.” Brunsson presents here an amount of variables that affect the introduction and implementation of new ideas in an organization. Brunsson states that an organization that faces a major reform may, at the same time, have problems with incorporating additional ideas, since the organization is already occupied with the first reform in question. The aim of this paper is to examine whether Nils Brunssons theory can contribute to anunderstanding of why Sweden, later that other countries, has adopted the idea of civil-military cooperation in multi-national missions. The Swedish Armed Forces has the last decade been involvedin a far-reaching reform, namely the transition from being organized as an invasion army, with the aim to deter a possible enemy even from attacking, to an organization that should be ready to be usedat all times. This also involved a considerably higher emphasis on the international commitment. I will examine if this reform has constituted an obstacle for the Swedish Armed Forces, including the government, to also adopt the idea of civil-military relations.</p>

<p>När en nyutbildad officer som slutar är inte bara en ekonomisk förlust för Försvarsmakten, utan även en organisatorisk förlust eftersom brister i bemanningen inte går att åtgärda direkt. Medelåldern i Försvarsmakten har stigit de senaste åren. Syftet med denna uppsats är bidra till förståelse för varför unga officerare lämnar Försvarsmakten. Vid Luftvärnsregementet Lv 6 i Halmstad är medelåldern 40,6 år. Under de senaste fyra åren har sju unga officerare lämnat anställningen på regementet. Frågeställningarna som har besvarats är: Vilka är anledningarna till att de sju officerarna slutat på Luftvärnsregementet? – Finns det gemensamma orsaker?  Delar andra officerare de erfarenheter som lett fram till avgångsbeslutet?  - Av dessa, hur många funderar på att sluta?<em></em></p><p>Resultaten har nåtts genom intervjuer med sju officerare och en enkät där 686 unga officerare deltagit. Intervjuerna och svaren från enkäten ger en bild av att många unga officerare upplever stor arbetsbelastning och att det inte finns resurser i form av pengar eller personal att lösa tilldelade uppgifter. Officerare tvingas planera om verksamhet av besparingsskäl. Trots detta har majoriteten av enkätdeltagarna angett att förbandet bedriver en god utbildning av de värnpliktiga.</p> / <p>The average age in the Swedish Armed Forces has during the last four years increased from 39,5 to 42,2. According to a study from the 1990’s many young officers resign from the military organization, this is verified by the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarter. Becoming a commissioned officer in the Swedish Armed Forces requires three years of studies at a military academy. Young officers resigning from the Armed Forces lead to financial as well as organizational losses. This study aims to develop an understanding of the main reasons why young officers choose to find a career outside the Armed Forces. To do this seven young officers that have resigned from the Air Defence Regiment have been interviewed. A survey has been sent out to 686 officers that are still serving with the purpose of investigating whether they share similar experiences and if they are considering resigning the Armed Forces.</p><p>The most significant results show that the young officers tend not to feel appreciated by their superiors. Furthermore, Swedish officers experience that they are carrying a heavy workload. Some of the problems young officers are facing in their work situation are due to financial cutbacks.</p>

This study focuses the gendered relations of the Military Academy of Karlberg. More specific the study is investigating the experiences among young women and men cadets of suppression techniques. The purpose of the study is to get more knowledge about the work climate and suppression techniques at the officers’ training program 2007/2010. The research questions employed for the study were:- Do the women and men officer students/cadets have any experiences of master suppressiontechniques at the officers’ training program?- What kind of master suppression techniques occur at the officer’s training program?- What kind of master suppression techniques do women experience?- What kind of master suppression techniques do men experience?The study is a survey and data were retrieved by a questionnaire sent out to the participants. The 30 participants were randomly chosen, out of a population of 120 students/cadets. The result of this study shows that a majority of the participants have experiences from being exposed to suppression techniques. When it comes to suppression techniques, there is a tendency that it targets women more frequently in comparison with men.

Luftburen försörjning har internationellt varit ett nyckelverktyg för större stater i snart 70 år. Att som militärenhet kunna agera och påverka motståndaren via de platser denne är som svagast och inte har förmåga att se våra lösningar, gör att vi kan skapa överlägsenhet och skapa taktiska fördelar. All militär verksamhet är i behov av förnödenheter och ett logistiskt stöd. För att detta stöd skall kunna nå enheter långt borta under svåra förhållanden, måste organisationen skapa förutsättningar till handlingsfrihet. I omvärlden har metoden luftburen försörjning varit en självklar del i det flexibla och föränderliga stridsrummets logistiska stöd. Under beredskapstiden för Nordic battlegroup 2008 genomfördes en studie på luftburen försörjning, och det kunde konstateras att metoden är mycket användbar, och förslag till utveckling vidarebefordrades tillhögkvarteret. Studien som genomfördes 2007-2009 gjorde gällande att vi har förmågan att använda luftburen försörjning internationellt. Dock drogs slutsatsen att fler studier var ett krav. Syftet med denna studie är att den genomförs som ett led i fortsatt forskning. Den fokuserar på användningsområden, definitioner och hur funktionen kan kopplas till Försvarsmaktens doktriner. I doktrinen koncentrerar författaren sig på de grundläggande förmågorna, och kopplar den luftburna försörjningen till Försvarsmaktens befintliga logistikkedja internationellt genom Grundsyn Logistik. Arbetets huvudfrågeställning fokuserar på uthållighet och rörlighet, inriktning mot enheter med självständigt uppträdande på djupet av operationsområdet. Studieresultat och empiri presenteras med beskrivande metod och informationsinhämtningen sker med litteratursökning och litteraturstudie som teknik. I empirin presenteras en fallstudie av logistikfunktionen från Sverige till insats, där metoden intervju kommer användas. Studien sammansluts med en fallstudieanalys, resultatredovisning och en diskussion kring frågeställningen. Studien avslutas genom att slutsatser dras och reflektioner om framtiden för luftburen försörjning och dess vara eller icke vara i ett svenskt operationsområde. Slutsatser dragna efter studien är att luftburen försörjning kan bidra till svensk logistikkedja och bidra till ökad rörlighet och uthållighet för de förband som verkar i ett insatsområde. Den princip som lämpar sig bäst för försörjning av förband i ett område som Afghanistan är helikopter med hängande last. Detta som en slutsats efter att i studien analyserat empiri och prestanda i förhållande till rådande förhållande i ett område som Afghanistan. / Aerial delivery internationally has been a key tool for the superior states for nearly 70 years. To which military unit act and influence the opponent through the places he is particularly weak. Allowing us to establish superiority and create tactical advantages. All military operations are in need of supplies and logistical support. For this support to be able reaching long ranged units under difficult conditions, the organization must create conditions for freedom of movement. The dominant countries in the world have an airborne method of supply has been an integral part of the flexible and changing battle space. At Nordic battlegroup in 2008, there was study on aerial delivery, and it was found that the method is very useful, and proposals for development were forwarded to headquarter of Swedish Armed forces. Studies carried out in 2007-2009, claiming that we have the ability to use airborne supplyinternationally. However, it was concluded that more studies were required. The purpose of this work is that it is implemented as a part of continuing studies. It focuses on the uses, and how function definitions can be linked to the Armed Forces doctrine. The author focuses on the doctrine of fundamental capabilities, and connects the aerial delivery for the Armed Forces of existing logistics chain by Ethos International Logistics. Work main issue focuses on endurance and mobility, focusing on units within depth of an operational area. Study results and empirical data presented with descriptive method and information gathering is done with literature search and literature review technology. The empirical data presents a case study of the logistics function from Sweden to the operational area, which will be developed out of the method of interview. The study concluded that the case study analysis, performance reports and an analysis of results. The study ends by drawing conclusions and a prediction of the future of the aerial delivery and it is to be or not to be in a Swedish operational area. Conclusions made out of this study, reveals that aerial delivery principals would very well support the Swedish chain of supply, and could support units abroad with both mobility and perseverance. Within aerial delivery the slingload are the most efficient principal for units operating in an environment as in Afghanistan. This conclusion was made out of the analysis of empiric data.