本論文乃有關我國（台灣地區）於解嚴後至民國八十三年底止，憲政改革與政體轉型兩者之發展及相互影響之研究。 　　首章為緒論，係說明研究動機、研究目的；相關的文獻；研究範圍、研究途徑等。第二章為相關理論的建構與概念分析，包括憲法、憲政及憲法變遷的理論；政體轉型的概念意涵作界定與分析；威權政體及其政經發等。第三章分析憲政改革的背景因素，主要分從四個面向加以探討一、解除戒嚴及其作用；二、民進黨對憲改所進行的抗爭與主張；三、國民黨威權統治的弱化及其憲改規劃；四、三月學運與國是會議加速憲政改革。第四章為對憲政改革與三次修憲加以評析。第五章探討憲政改革對民主化的影響。第六章結論，除總結全文的重點，交待研究缺失及限制以外，並對我國未來憲政體制之定位提出建議。

The purpose of this study was to examine the peculiarities of framing of the United States in selected Belarusian newspapers during first six months of the Obama administration. The concepts of anti-Americanism, authoritarian model of mass media and framing were chosen as a theoretical framework. This study was focused on the two main questions: first, what is the difference in how Belarusian state-run and independent newspapers frame the U.S., and second, what is the mechanism of creating negative image of the U.S. in Belarusian newspapers. In order to provide comprehensive answers to both questions the multi-method approach (involving methods of content and framing analysis) was chosen. As this study demonstrated, the state-run and independent newspapers present a very different image of the U.S.: state-run newspapers present the U.S. within a scope of strong negative frames. However, the picture in the independent newspapers is the opposite: out of four general frames three were positive and one was neutral-positive. The results of the content analysis showed that negative images of the United States do not necessarily have to be promoted through direct judgmental statements, but could rather be initiated by means of selecting certain negative facts for publication, often from unidentified sources. By concentrating their attention on crime, natural catastrophes, manipulating statistical data, omitting sources of information and selecting foreign experts who are critically inclined against the U.S media create a negative image of the United States.

Le monde arabe, où l’Égypte occupe une place de choix par sa situation géographique et son histoire, n’a pas connu de gouvernements démocratiques depuis l’accès à l’indépendance des pays le composant. On soulève dans ce travail la question des mécanismes de la survivance autoritaire dans le monde arabe en prenant pour cas d’étude le régime d’Hosni Moubarak, les récentes mobilisations de janvier 2011 constituant à notre avis un « test » pour les dynamiques d’ajustement autoritaire à l’œuvre depuis trente ans en Égypte. Alors que certains auteurs soutiennent la cause d’une judiciarisation de la vie politique en Egypte stimulée par la place du droit et des juridictions judiciaires dans le pays, dans quel sens ont évolué les marges de manœuvre d’agents politiques et juridiques égyptiens ? La Haute Cour constitutionnelle a-t-elle été un facteur de stabilisation pour le régime autoritaire d’Hosni Moubarak ou bien, a-t-elle constitue un rempart contre le régime en place? Alors que les Democratization studies ont démontré leurs limites conceptuelles pour appréhender les évolutions politiques dans un espace supposément aux prises avec une « exception autoritaire » régionale, cette recherche s’inscrit dans la vague d’écrits offrant une lecture de la reconfiguration autoritaire dans l’espace arabe. En premier lieu, nous analyserons l’impact de l’activité jurisprudentielle émanant de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle égyptienne en matière de défense des droits politiques, et cela afin de montrer de quelle manière cette institution a participé à la survivance du régime de Moubarak (1981-2010). En second lieu, on confirmera nos observations à partir d’une étude portant sur les droits économiques levant le voile sur une « complaisance stratégique » des juges constitutionnels vis-à-vis du pouvoir politique. Néanmoins, ce ne sera qu’en remettant en contexte cette sphère professionnelle qu’il sera possible, dans un troisième temps, d’en expliquer les raisons en appréciant la sensibilité de ce segment professionnel à la notion d’indépendance judiciaire.

Le monde arabe, où l’Égypte occupe une place de choix par sa situation géographique et son histoire, n’a pas connu de gouvernements démocratiques depuis l’accès à l’indépendance des pays le composant. On soulève dans ce travail la question des mécanismes de la survivance autoritaire dans le monde arabe en prenant pour cas d’étude le régime d’Hosni Moubarak, les récentes mobilisations de janvier 2011 constituant à notre avis un « test » pour les dynamiques d’ajustement autoritaire à l’œuvre depuis trente ans en Égypte. Alors que certains auteurs soutiennent la cause d’une judiciarisation de la vie politique en Egypte stimulée par la place du droit et des juridictions judiciaires dans le pays, dans quel sens ont évolué les marges de manœuvre d’agents politiques et juridiques égyptiens ? La Haute Cour constitutionnelle a-t-elle été un facteur de stabilisation pour le régime autoritaire d’Hosni Moubarak ou bien, a-t-elle constitue un rempart contre le régime en place? Alors que les Democratization studies ont démontré leurs limites conceptuelles pour appréhender les évolutions politiques dans un espace supposément aux prises avec une « exception autoritaire » régionale, cette recherche s’inscrit dans la vague d’écrits offrant une lecture de la reconfiguration autoritaire dans l’espace arabe. En premier lieu, nous analyserons l’impact de l’activité jurisprudentielle émanant de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle égyptienne en matière de défense des droits politiques, et cela afin de montrer de quelle manière cette institution a participé à la survivance du régime de Moubarak (1981-2010). En second lieu, on confirmera nos observations à partir d’une étude portant sur les droits économiques levant le voile sur une « complaisance stratégique » des juges constitutionnels vis-à-vis du pouvoir politique. Néanmoins, ce ne sera qu’en remettant en contexte cette sphère professionnelle qu’il sera possible, dans un troisième temps, d’en expliquer les raisons en appréciant la sensibilité de ce segment professionnel à la notion d’indépendance judiciaire.

My essay is concerned with intercultural leadership and practical knowledge. The essay is about ethical dilemmas and the diversity of issues we face constantly at the preschool. In my story I examine the different views of knowledge and the opportunities to lead people in an intercultural way, and how they relate to each other. I start by looking at the ethical ideas that form the basis for our actions and our view of knowledge. Then, I examine how the practical wisdom guides the ethical dilemmas that arise at the preschool. Thus, that leads me to the different forms of knowledge which are made visible in our daily work at the preschool, how they can be understood in the cultural environment in which they arise, and how they can be related to leadership. I show how the thinking ways and traditions we create shape the leadership. My inquiry is related to my colleagues since my professional role as a preschool teacher is made possible only in a social context with them. I find that the relationship between my own understanding of the practical knowledge and intercultural management can be related to my colleagues, as well as to parents and preschool children. The environment at the preschool is based on different ways of thinking and traditions that are transmitted and transformed in different processes. The inter-cultural leadership is questioned in the working group and the desire for authoritarian leadership is brought to question. Our view of knowledge is dependent on the ethical values we choose to make use of. Knowledge and leadership is created in a process that never ends, together with the people who create and recreate it.

The purpose of this study was to examine the peculiarities of framing of the United States in selected Belarusian newspapers during first six months of the Obama administration. The concepts of anti-Americanism, authoritarian model of mass media and framing were chosen as a theoretical framework. This study was focused on the two main questions: first, what is the difference in how Belarusian state-run and independent newspapers frame the U.S., and second, what is the mechanism of creating negative image of the U.S. in Belarusian newspapers. In order to provide comprehensive answers to both questions the multi-method approach (involving methods of content and framing analysis) was chosen. As this study demonstrated, the state-run and independent newspapers present a very different image of the U.S.: state-run newspapers present the U.S. within a scope of strong negative frames. However, the picture in the independent newspapers is the opposite: out of four general frames three were positive and one was neutral-positive. The results of the content analysis showed that negative images of the United States do not necessarily have to be promoted through direct judgmental statements, but could rather be initiated by means of selecting certain negative facts for publication, often from unidentified sources. By concentrating their attention on crime, natural catastrophes, manipulating statistical data, omitting sources of information and selecting foreign experts who are critically inclined against the U.S media create a negative image of the United States.

Le monde arabe, où l’Égypte occupe une place de choix par sa situation géographique et son histoire, n’a pas connu de gouvernements démocratiques depuis l’accès à l’indépendance des pays le composant. On soulève dans ce travail la question des mécanismes de la survivance autoritaire dans le monde arabe en prenant pour cas d’étude le régime d’Hosni Moubarak, les récentes mobilisations de janvier 2011 constituant à notre avis un « test » pour les dynamiques d’ajustement autoritaire à l’œuvre depuis trente ans en Égypte. Alors que certains auteurs soutiennent la cause d’une judiciarisation de la vie politique en Egypte stimulée par la place du droit et des juridictions judiciaires dans le pays, dans quel sens ont évolué les marges de manœuvre d’agents politiques et juridiques égyptiens ? La Haute Cour constitutionnelle a-t-elle été un facteur de stabilisation pour le régime autoritaire d’Hosni Moubarak ou bien, a-t-elle constitue un rempart contre le régime en place? Alors que les Democratization studies ont démontré leurs limites conceptuelles pour appréhender les évolutions politiques dans un espace supposément aux prises avec une « exception autoritaire » régionale, cette recherche s’inscrit dans la vague d’écrits offrant une lecture de la reconfiguration autoritaire dans l’espace arabe. En premier lieu, nous analyserons l’impact de l’activité jurisprudentielle émanant de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle égyptienne en matière de défense des droits politiques, et cela afin de montrer de quelle manière cette institution a participé à la survivance du régime de Moubarak (1981-2010). En second lieu, on confirmera nos observations à partir d’une étude portant sur les droits économiques levant le voile sur une « complaisance stratégique » des juges constitutionnels vis-à-vis du pouvoir politique. Néanmoins, ce ne sera qu’en remettant en contexte cette sphère professionnelle qu’il sera possible, dans un troisième temps, d’en expliquer les raisons en appréciant la sensibilité de ce segment professionnel à la notion d’indépendance judiciaire.

No description available.

O presente estudo analisa as formas como os familiares de pessoas mortas e desaparecidas durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil (1964-1985) se organizaram para reivindicar: 1º) o reconhecimento da responsabilidade do Estado brasileiro pelas violações aos direitos humanos praticadas em nome do regime autoritário; 2º) a apuração das reais circunstâncias em que estas mortes e desaparecimentos ocorreram; 3º) a responsabilização dos culpados; 4º) o resgate e a preservação da memória relativa a estes fatos. Fortalecida na primeira metade da década de 1970, a luta dos familiares organizados em torno da Comissão de Familiares de Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos (CFMDP) estende-se até a atualidade. Canalizadas para os Comitês Brasileiros pela Anistia (CBA’s) que surgiram a partir de 1978, suas demandas foram, entretanto, praticamente desconsideradas no momento em que o Governo Federal aprovou a Lei da Anistia, em agosto de 1979. Com o fim da luta pela Anistia, e, por consequência, com a extinção dos CBA’s, os familiares rearticularam-se, centralizando seus esforços no fortalecimento da CFMDP. Em mais de três décadas de atividades, a CFMDP vem trabalhando de forma insistente junto à sociedade na tentativa de fazer com que os crimes cometidos no período autoritário não sejam esquecidos e buscando ampliar seu apoio com vistas à construção de políticas que atendam suas demandas. O trabalho desenvolvido pela CFMDP neste sentido obteve: a) o reconhecimento da responsabilidade do Estado brasileiro pelos crimes cometidos em nome do regime civil-militar; b) a concessão de indenizações aos familiares das vítimas fatais do aparato repressivo; c) um incremento no tocante à divulgação do tema junto à sociedade. Para aprofundar suas conquistas e formular novas políticas, que, mais efetivas, tratem do tema, a Comissão continua, no entanto, tendo que lidar com legados do autoritarismo que, tais como o bloqueio interpretativo que defende uma anistia recíproca e incentiva a impunidade e o esquecimento dos crimes cometidos pela ditadura, o rol das prerrogativas militares, a política nacional de sigilo ainda vigente e os resquícios culturais da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, seguem limitando visivelmente a obtenção de avanços significativos no que se refere à reparação dos familiares. / This study examines the ways in which relatives of people killed or disappeared during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) were organized to demand: 1) recognition of liability by the Brazilian state for violations of human rights committed in the name of the authoritarian regime; 2) the investigation of actual circumstances of these deaths and disappearances occurred; 3) liability of perpetrators; 4) the rescue and preservation of the memory on these facts. Strengthened in the first half of the 1970s, the struggle of families organized around the Commission of the Families of the Dead and Disappeared Political Activists (CFDDPA) extends until present. Channeled to the Brazilian Committees for Amnesty (BCA’s) that have emerged since 1978, their demands were, however, virtually ignored at the time the Federal Government approved the Amnesty Law in August 1979. With the end of the fight for amnesty, and, consequently, with the extinction of the BCA’s, the families reorganized themselves, centering its efforts on strengthening the CFDDPA. In more than three decades of activity, CFDDPA has been working persistently to the society in an attempt to make the crimes committed during authoritarian period are not forgotten and seeking to extend their support towards the construction of policies that meet their demands. The work developed by CFDDPA in this direction has obtained: a) the recognition of the liability of the Brazilian state for crimes committed on behalf of civil-military regime, b) the granting of compensation to the families of the victims of the repressive apparatus, c) an increase in respect of the disclosure of the issue to the society. To deepen their achievements and formulate new policies, more effectives to address the issue, the Commission continues, however, having to deal with legacies of authoritarian regimes, such as the interpretative blocking that defends a mutual amnesty and incentives the impunity and forgetfulness for crimes committed by the dictatorship, the role of military prerogatives, the secrecy national policy still in force and the remnants of the cultural National Security Doctrine, still follow limiting the obtaining of significant advances with regard to compensation to the families.

No contexto da Guerra Fria, o Brasil e a Argentina tiveram suas estruturas de poder ocupadas por ditaduras civis-militares alinhadas aos preceitos da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional (DSN). Impactando na organização política, social, cultural e econômica dos países referidos, os militares no poder foram responsáveis por um incremento no uso da violência, de modo que, como saldo da repressão há um número significativo de pessoas que foram presas, torturadas, mortas e/ou desaparecidas por agentes da repressão. Em junho de 2005, na Argentina, e em abril de 2010, no Brasil, a Corte Suprema desses países levou a julgamento causas que tratavam da possibilidade de processar e punir os envolvidos nos crimes cometidos pelo aparato repressivo, sendo produzidas decisões bastante diferentes: na Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN), a maioria dos Ministros declarou a nulidade das “leis de impunidade”, uma vez que mantê-las contrariaria a normativa internacional dos direitos humanos vigente; no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), também pela maioria dos votos, foi decidido que a interpretação de que a Lei da Anistia de 1979 havia anistiado aos repressores era correta e estava de acordo com a nova Constituição. Tendo esses elementos como ponto de partida, esta tese analisou o impacto que os processos de transição brasileiro e argentino tiveram no novo cenário político iniciado com o fim dessas ditaduras. Fazendo uso do método comparado de análise, a pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o modo como se deu a transição (mais negociada ou mais abrupta) repercute na manutenção de legados autoritários na nova democracia, influenciando na forma como o Judiciário se manifesta sobre questões relacionadas à punição das violações aos direitos humanos praticadas pela ditadura. Em síntese, a comparação dos casos selecionados para este estudo permitiu observar que o tipo de transição ocorrido impactou, de fato, no modo como uma agenda política sobre o tema das violações foi elaborada nesses países. No contexto argentino, onde se deu uma transição abrupta, as elites civis e militares no poder tiveram sua capacidade de resguardar garantias políticas duradouras reduzida e foi fortalecida a causa dos direitos humanos. No caso brasileiro, onde ocorreu uma transição bastante negociada, os termos dos pactos que garantiram a saída das Forças Armadas do poder puderam ser mantidos em longo prazo, sendo reforçados por um conjunto de legados autoritários que garantem a impunidade dos envolvidos com a repressão. Ainda que mudanças conjunturais possam repercutir no estabelecimento de políticas de memória em cada contexto, tendo em vista que, mesmo na Argentina, a trajetória dessas políticas específicas foi marcada por avanços e recuos, é fato que, em contextos como o brasileiro, é mais difícil formular políticas sobre o tema, uma vez que não se realize uma ruptura com resquícios da ditadura que se mantêm convivendo com a democracia. / In the context of the Cold War, Brazil and Argentina had their power structures occupied by civilians and military dictatorships aligned with the requirements of National Security Doctrine (NSD). Impacting the political, social, cultural and economic organization of these countries, the military in power were responsible for more use of violence, so that, as the balance of the repression there is a significant number of people who were arrested, tortured, killed and/or disappeared by agents of repression. In June 2005, in Argentina, and in April 2010, in Brazil, the Supreme Court of these countries put on trial cases that addressed the possibility of prosecuting and punishing those involved in the crimes committed by the repressive apparatus, several decisions being produced: in the Supreme Court de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN), most Ministers declared the nullity of "impunity laws", since keeping them contrary to international rules of the current human rights; the Federal Supreme Court (FSC), also by majority vote, it was decided that the interpretation of the Amnesty Law of 1979 had pardoned the repressors was correct and was in accordance with the new Constitution. Taking these elements as a starting point, this thesis analyzed the impact that the Brazilian transition and Argentina had the new political scene started with the end of these dictatorships. Making use of the comparative method of analysis, the research assumes how the transition was (most traded or most abrupt) affects the maintenance of authoritarian legacy in the new democracy, influencing the way the judiciary manifests about issues related to the punishment of human rights violations committed by the dictatorship. In summary, comparison of the cases selected for this study allowed us to observe that the type of transition occurred impacted, in fact, the way a political agenda about the subject of violations was developed in these countries. In the Argentine context, where there was an abrupt transition, civilian and military elites in power had their capacity reduced to safeguard permanent political guarantees and it was strengthened the cause of human rights. In Brazil, where there was a transition fairly negotiated, the terms of the agreement that ensured the output of the Armed Forces from the power could be maintained in the long run, they were reinforced by a set of authoritarian legacies that guarantee the impunity of those involved in the repression. Although changes may reflect the establishment of memory policies in each context, given that even in Argentina, the trajectory of these specific policies was marked by advances and retreats, the fact is that, in contexts such as Brazil, it is more difficult to formulate policies about the topic, since it is not carried out a break with remnants of the dictatorship remain living with democracy. / Durante la Guerra Fría, Brasil y Argentina tuvieron sus estructuras de poder ocupadas por dictaduras cívico-militares vinculadas a la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional (DSN). Teniendo impacto en la organización política, social, cultural y económica de los dos países mencionados, los militares en el poder fueron responsables por incrementar la aplicación de la violencia, de manera que, como saldo de la represión, hay un número significativo de personas que fueron detenidas, torturadas, muertas y/o desaparecidas por los agentes de la represión. En junio de 2005, en Argentina, y en abril de 2010, en Brasil, la Corte Suprema de estos países ha llevado a juicio casos sobre las posibilidades de procesar y punir a los involucrados en los crímenes del aparato represivo, siendo producidas decisiones muy diferentes: la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN) ha declarado, por la mayoría de los votos de sus Ministros, la nulidad de las “leyes de impunidad”, una vez que mantenerlas era algo contrario a la normativa internacional de derechos humanos vigente; el Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), al contrario, ha declarado, también por la mayoría de los votos, que la interpretación de que la Ley de Amnistía de 1979 había amnistiado a los represores era correcta y estaba de acuerdo con la nueva Constitución. Impartiéndose de esos elementos, esta tesis hace un análisis del impacto de los procesos de transición a la democracia en el nuevo escenario político empezado con el final de las dictaduras. Aplicando el método comparado, la investigación plantea que la manera como se ha desarrollado la transición (más negociada o más abrupta) repercute en la manutención de legados autoritarios en la nueva democracia, reflejando en el modo como el Poder Judicial va a manifestarse sobre la punición de las violaciones a los derechos humanos llevadas a cabo por la dictadura. En síntesis, la comparación de los juicios ha permitido observar que el modelo de transición ha impactado, de hecho, en la manera como fue elaborada una agenda política sobre las violaciones en estos países. En Argentina, donde ocurrió una transición abrupta, las élites civiles y militares en el poder tuvieron minimizada su capacidad de resguardar garantías políticas duraderas, haciéndose fuerte en este contexto la causa de los derechos humanos. En Brasil, la transición ha sido muy negociada, de manera que los términos de los pactos que han garantizado que las Fuerzas Armadas dejarían al poder pudieron mantenerse en el nuevo régimen, siendo fortalecidos por un conjunto de legados autoritarios que sostienen la impunidad de los involucrados con la represión. Aunque cambios de contexto puedan generar impacto en el establecimiento de políticas de memoria en cada país, como se puede verificar en el caso argentino, donde la trayectoria de esas políticas está marcada por avances y retrocesos, queda evidente que, en países como Brasil, es más complicado formular políticas sobre la temática en cuanto no se realice una ruptura con fragmentos de la dictadura que se mantienen en la democracia.