Det är inte bara lagkrav som blir striktare gällande företags hållbarhetsarbete utan även intressenters förväntningar. Business-to-business och business-to-consumer företag har skilda intressenter och således förväntningar som påverkar deras hållbarhetsarbete. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie ämnar till att undersöka hur hållbarhetsarbete kan generera konkurrensfördelar i en jämförande kontext mellan business-to-business och business-to-consumer företag inom bygg- och fastighetsbranschen. Med hjälp av Carrolls CSR-pyramid och Porter och Kramer ́s ramverk för ett strategiskt CSR-arbete har företagens hållbarhetsarbeten analyserats och granskats utifrån ett konkurrensperspektiv. För att belysa företagens differentieringsstrategier har tre differentieringspunkter grundat studien vilka är produkt- och processinnovation, kundlojalitet och långsiktig lönsamhet. Resultatet visar att företagen i likhet med varandra utformar sitt hållbarhetsarbete utifrån ett socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv samt att företagen konstruerar sitt hållbarhetsarbete olika utifrån deras skilda intressenters förväntningar. Detta resulterar i att företagen har olika differentieringsstrategier inom hållbarhetsarbetet som hjälper dem generera konkurrensfördelar. Vidare framkommer det i studien att kommersiella kunder ställer högre krav på företagens hållbarhetsarbete i jämförelse med privatkunder, vilket skiljer studiens resultat från den tidigare forskningen.

Målet med den här studien är att ta reda på vad digital marknadsföring har inneburit för B2C. Marknadsföring har alltid varit en viktig del av företag och när internet växte fram föddes digital marknadsföring, där marknadsföringen sker genom digitala kanaler, digitala plattformar och sociala medier. Studien är baserad på nio stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar med marknadsföring i olika former. Studien fokuserar på tre teman inom marknadsföring: Digital marknadsföring, kunden och förändringar i verksamheten. De olika respondenternas perspektiv ställdes mot litteraturstudien för att få fram vilka förändringar som digital marknadsföring gett upphov till. Studien visar bland annat på att digital marknadsföring blev relevant hos företag för tre till fem år sedan, en ökad press att prestera, att Google blivit en viktig aktör, en ökad transparens, svårigheten i att bygga varumärket digitalt och att en minskad lojalitet som en följd av digital marknadsföring. Traditionell marknadsföring fyller fortfarande en viktig funktion, då den är mer fördelaktig till att bygga varumärket hos företag. / This study aims to find out what digital marketing has meant for B2C. Marketing has always been an important part of the business and when the internet came to be, digital marketing was born, where marketing is conducted through digital channels, digital platforms and social media. The study is based on nine semi-structured interviews with people working with marketing in different forms. The study focuses on three themes within marketing: Digital marketing, the customer and organizational changes. The perspective of the various respondents was compared with the literature to find out what changes digital marketing has generated. The study shows, among other things, that digital marketing became relevant to companies three to five years ago, an increase in pressure to perform, the importance of google, increased transparency, the difficulty of building the brand digitally and the reduced customer loyalty as a result of digital marketing. Traditional marketing still fills an important function, as it is more beneficial for branding.

Globalization and the rapid growth of online-transaction through e-commerce platforms is increasing at a fast pace, not to mention the acceleration during and after the pandemic of Covid-19. The purpose with this qualitative case study of a company operating in the fragrance industry is to give a better understanding of how a company successfully succeeded in internationalizing by utilizing a B2B e-commerce strategy, and how the same company can change strategy to utilize B2C e-commerce to enter a new market which in this case are Sweden. A key factor of the company's success turned out to be the building of the customer and supplier network, and the tight collaboration with already existing giants in the market to attract suppliers in the first place. This allowed the company to provide good customer service, and a variety of products. Further, to be able to enter the Swedish market promotional activities, a customer-centric website that provides in store-like experience, close relationships with their consumers, and cooperation with brand suppliers to build a strong strategic alliance has been shown as important factors in order to succeed in a B2C e-commerce internationalization process.

In the literature on B2C logistics of e-commerce, the two main delivery methods - home delivery and delivery to collection-delivery points (CDPs) - have rarely been compared with respect to their environmental effects. This is the case despite a growing e-commerce and the fact that the logistic part of the transportation sector stands for a great amount of the pollution in urban areas. In this report, the two delivery methods have been compared to each other with respect to their environmental impacts through a custom-made network impact model, including simulation using vehicle routing problems (VRPs) and a cross-nested logit model. The results show that one delivery method's advantage over the other (only regarding emissions) is strongly dependent on the distance to the distribution center (DC), the customer density, the density of CDPs and the demographics of that area. Home deliveries proved to be more sensitive to the customer density factor and the distance to the DC than CDP deliveries. / I litteraturen om e-handelslogistik har de två huvudsakliga leveransmetoderna -- hemleverans och leverans till utlämningsställe (CDP) -- sällan jämförts med avseende på deras miljöeffekter. Detta trots en växande e-handel och faktumet att logistikdelen av transportsektorn står för en stor del av föroreningarna i städer. I denna rapport har de två leveransmetoderna jämförts med avseende på deras miljöpåverkan genom en skräddarsydd modell, som bygger dels på simulering med hjälp av ruttplaneringsproblem (VRP) och dels på en korsnästad logitmodell (CNL). Resultaten visar att vilken leveransmetod som presterar bäst (räknat utifrån lägst utsläpp), är starkt beroende av avståndet till distributionscentret (DC), kundtätheten, tätheten av utlämningsställen och områdets demografi. Hemleveranser visade sig vara mer känsliga för kundtätheten och avståndet till distributionscentret än leveranser via utlämningsställe.

As a technical writer I have come to see that the collaborative media landscape has started to change the way many B2C companies work with support information. It is companies producing software based consumer products that has taken the lead in this new way of approaching the customers. More and more companies in other product segments are starting to go in the same direction. But what happens to the technical writer when more and more customers are creating their own support information? The death of the technical writer has been proclaimed for several years. It is no wonder that one asks: What is the future role of the technical writer facing the challenges with collaborative media? That is also the research question for this thesis.To investigate this I have experimented with a method called scenario planning and scenario writing. In order to get a well-grounded base of trends to create the scenarios from I’ve concluded a rigorous empirical base. The following methods where used: In-depth interviews with practitioners in the technical writer field Content analysis of a support forum Email interviews with frequent forum users.It was clear that when implementing new media structures it also involves new challenges. These challenges could potentially also lead to new roles for the technical writer. The challenges I consider to be most important were; trust, transparency, motivation and information overload. To facilitate those needs and challenges roles like community manager, content curator and content strategist are needed.With those roles in mind I created four scenarios. Each with a different take on collaborative media (and one that actually ignored this emerge). The names of the scenarios are: The outcasts The insider matter Sharing is caring The third player

在我創業過程中，從1999年開始參與網站經營開始，從原本的懵懂無知，到逐漸吸收網站經營知識，可以發現台灣電子商務發展逐漸成熟，從原本的各種創新模式常是嘗試，到實體企業延伸到電子商務發展，各種類型的電子商務網站發展，似乎有著某種規則及邏輯。 而我非常幸運地，參與夠長的時程來觀察個案中電子商務網站的發展，同時由於工作經歷，也有機會看到其他數個電子商務網站的發展歷程。有幸可以歸納出電子商務網站營運的類型，以及相對應的各種探討。台灣電子商務的研究當然非常多，但我發現實務界欠缺一個全面性觀點、分析架構及模型，來解釋說明不同網站營運類型的發展。 該用哪些觀點來看電子商務網站不同的營運類型發展？是哪些因素、哪些關鍵原因讓不同的網站朝向不同營運類型發展；又是哪些重要的原因讓不同網站最後採取不同的發展策略。這篇論文首先在第一章提出研究動機與背景、介紹研究目的與研究方法。第二章首先整理了關於電子商務過往文獻關於網站分類的各種基礎及因素，同時也討論電子商網站營運的模式，最後提出包含三大面向：虛實整合、商品範疇、運作彈性等，來進行關於電子商務網站營運類型的分類要素整理。 第三章則針對台灣電子商務網站的現況進行分析，針對部分評估因素進行探討，並且提出台灣電子商務網站經營的困境。第四章則深入訪談三個案網站，從各層面各觀點來剖析三個案網站的營運內容，並深入研究不同類型網站的營運模式。最後第五章則提出本研究觀察歸納後，關於網站營運類型的結論及分析，提出完整的不同網站在發展過程，不同營運類型的發展軌跡參考。並透過本研究大膽完整的紀錄，可提供理論研究或是實務運用上的參考。

本研究依據實際的經驗，與學術研究的探討分析整理，建構出一個符合實際 B2C 電子商務企業經營的「反饋循環電子商務模型」。此模型用以提供給電子商 務企業進行策略規劃，計劃執行時的決策依據，由於透過了整合企業核心競爭力 與成功的電子商務企業的關鍵成功因素，因此具備有良好的實際可行性。 模型的關鍵成功因素，係以整理學術界，業界實際經驗所得到的「完整版電 子商務成功因素表」做為基礎。「反饋循環電子商務模型」提供兩種提案評估方 式，第一種是透過「完整版電子商務成功因素表」的權重與分數協助企業進行提 案的評比選擇，第二種則是從核心競爭力與「完整版電子商務成功因素表」關鍵 成功因素契合度而得到的評比選擇。企業選擇的提案，如果能同時符合此兩種選 擇，則可以產生較強的正面績效。 第一種方式的權重配比，則可以透過對企業高層以德菲法方式獲得。最高分 數的提案被執行之後，也可以透過企業本身對於執行結果的檢討，調整權重配 比，進而反饋修正決策與計劃。因此本模型的另外一個特點是具有反饋循環的特 性，因應企業本身的狀況而調整，如此可以讓模型具有更大的彈性以因應經營環 境的快速變化。 然而，B2C 電子商務企業的成長是必須要在不同時間點投入不同的決策才能 獲得突破性的發展，第二種方式使用德菲法將企業核心競爭力與本表的關鍵成功 因素進行契合度的分配之後，也可以獲得單純從企業核心競爭力出發的決策結 果。此決策結果可以與透過權重評分的方式相印證，以確認透過模型所選擇的提案，與企業競爭力是契合的。 本研究透過實際的案例，將 Amazon 與PChome online 分別以歷史轉折點與 專案決策兩個角度來分析，透過大量的實際狀況來證明利用模型也可以得到與這 兩個成功企業的決策者的決策相同或接近的結果。同時在Amazon 分析中，也可 以看出決策者過度違反模型所羅列的電子商務關鍵成功因素時，企業將會暴露於 重大的經營風險之中。 / The goal of this research is to build a practically useful B2C e-commerce business model for decision making and project evaluation. The business model we proposed is “Cyclic B2C business model with feedback”, this new business model comes with lots of empirical and practical advantages to firms running B2C e-commerce. In this paper, the researcher integrates core competence and key success factors into decision making loop, and use a simple weighting method to calculate each proposal’s score for decision making. The author use Delphi method to enumerate B2C firm’s core competence as one input of the model. The other input of the model is a complete KSF (Key Success Factors) table which is sifted from previous researches and empirical KSF from success B2C firms. In the model, two simple methods are introduced to evaluate proposals developed by firm’s decision makers. After the evaluation process, we get score of each proposal, then we can choose the proposal with highest score as our final decision. Those two methods which are used to evaluate proposals are “sum of weighting” and “core competence & KSF matching”. Decision makers can examine top score proposals come from different evaluation methods and find out which can meet the criteria: “getting high scores in both method”, that is the answer. For KSF matching, a “Complete Success Factors Table” was developed by way of integrating research survey and empirical KSF from success e-commerce business. Combining this table with the proposed model, two cases, Amazon and PChome online are chosen to prove the accuracy of “Cyclic B2C business model with feedback”. After examined historical events and key strategy developed, we claim that the business model we developed in this paper is a practical and useful model for B2C firms.

Dans le domaine du droit de la vente, on peut trouver beaucoup de règles qui sont limitées dans leur champ d’application ratione personae (par exemple aux seuls contrats Business to Consumer, B2C, ou aux contrats B2B). Ces différenciations sont souvent dues à des raisons historiques (par exemple la transposition de directives européennes en matière de droit de la consommation). Cependant, ces différenciations, qui compliquent les dispositions en matière du droit de la vente pour la jurisprudence ainsi que pour les utilisateurs et praticiens du droit, ne sont souvent pas justifiées par des raisons matérielles. La présente étude a l’objectif de trouver une réponse à la question quelles différenciations sont réellement utiles et dans quelles dispositions il est souhaitable de prévoir davantage une règle uniforme pour toutes les hypothèses ratione personae. A cette fin, le travail examine le droit de la vente français et allemand ainsi que des réglementations et principes européennes et internationaux (CVIM, DCEV, Principes UNIDROIT, CCR) et les analyse en se référant, outre que l’argumentation juridique, à la méthode fonctionnelle du droit comparé et à l’analyse économique du droit. / In sales law, there are many provisions that have limited personal scope of application, for instance special rules for so-called B2C (Business-to-Consumer) or B2B (Business-to-Business) contracts. Those personal differentiations, that make the application for judges, contracting parties as well as legal practitioners very complicated, are often due to historical reasons (for example the transposition of European Directives in the field of consumer law), but not justified by substantial arguments like differences between those personal categories.The present comparative study aims at finding out where these differentiations are useful and justified by substantial reasons and at what point it is preferable to provide a uniform rule for all personal configurations. In order to answer this question, this work examines the German and French sales law as well as European and international regulations and principles of soft law (CISG, CESL, UNIDROIT Principles, CFR) and analysis the rules using, apart from legal argumentation, the functional method of comparative law as well as the law and economics approach. / Insbesondere im Kaufrecht findet man immer wieder einzelne Vorschriften, Gesetzesabschnitte oder ganze Gesetzbücher mit eingeschränkten personalen Anwendungsbereichen (z.B. beschränkt auf Business to Consumer Verträge, B2C, oder auch auf B2B-Verträge. Jedoch scheint dieses komplizierte Netz aus personalen Differenzierungen keiner bestimmten Logik zu folgen und basiert häufig auf rein historischen Gründen (z.B. der Umsetzung von europäischen Verbraucherrichtlinien) oder auf beschränkter legislativer Kompetenz.Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher, an welcher Stelle derartige personal differenzierende Vorschriften tatsächlich durch materielle Gründe gerechtfertigt sind und wo es besser wäre, die Differenzierung zu beseitigen, um das Kaufrecht zu vereinfachen und für dessen Adressaten und Anwender zugänglicher zu machen. Somit richtet sich die Arbeit nicht nur an die Gesetzgeber, um die existierenden Regelungen zu vereinfachen, sondern auch an die Rechtsprechung und die Praxis. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen untersucht die Arbeit das deutsche und französische Kaufrecht sowie internationale und europäische Regelwerke (CISG, CESL, UNIDROIT-Principles, CFR). Dabei werden außer der juristischen Argumentation die funktionale Methode der Rechtsvergleichung und die Ökonomische Analyse des Rechts verwendet.

台灣網際網路使用人口持續增加，據資策會ECRC-FIND研究群所作的調查截至2003年3月底已達867萬人，其中寬頻用戶達226萬戶，較2002年第四季增加17萬戶，成長率達8%。據IDC的調查報告指出，由於全球網路使用人口快速成長，預估在2005 年將達到十億人，約佔全球總人口的15％，屆時全球電子商務交易金額，也可望從2000 年的3540 億 美元，以70％的複合年成長率增長至5 兆美元。 同時台灣的電子商務市場也因網際網路的普及而快速成長，據資策會估計台灣B2C 線上交易金額將高達新台幣261.5億元，較2002年的157.5億元成長66%，隨著電子商務的成長，各式各樣的線上購物網站相繼成立，而B2C ASP業者提供中小企業一個快速而且易學好用的B2C網路開店平台，讓中小企業可以趕上在線上購物賺錢的熱潮。 台灣的B2C ASP採取不同的經營模式來服務中小企業，本研究在探討台灣B2C ASP的經營模式，我們採用個案訪談及資料收集方式來分析歸納各個B2C ASP 的經營模式，製作B2C ASP業者概況、提供服務功能及價格列表，並對金流服務、物流服務廠商作概要說明，同時比較ICP、ISP及入口網站經營電子商務模式，並且探討中小企業選擇B2C ASP廠商的考量因素，期望對業者及中小企業選擇B2C ASP 廠商有所助益。 / The number of the Internet usage has been increased rapidly these years in Taiwan. According to a survey report of ECRC-FIND research group of III (Institute of Information Industry), in the end of the first quarter of 2003, the number of the on line users in Taiwan had been up to 8.67 millions, including 2.26 millions users using broadband to link to the Internet and the number of broadband users had been increased by 8% compared with the statistics of last quarter. Moreover, a survey report from IDC (International Data Corp.) estimates that the Internet population will be up to one billion worldwide in 2005, which will be 15 % share of total world population. Meanwhile, the total revenue of EC (Electronic Commerce) will increase from US$ 354 billions in year 2000 to US$ 5,000 billions in 2005. In the meantime, the EC market has also been growing very fast because of the rapid growth of Internet usage in Taiwan. A study report of III (September 2002) shows that the revenue of on-line shopping will be increased by 66% from NT$15.75 billions in year 2002 to NT$26.5 billions in 2003, Therefore many on-line stores run business one by one under this hotter and hotter on-line business environment while B2C ASP offers an easy and fast way to open an on-store on the Net. There are many studies on ASP research recently, but only few studies focus on B2C ASP. We found that different B2C ASP offer different kind of business model to help their clients who are mostly the SME (small medium enterprises) in Taiwan. This thesis focuses on studying the business model of B2C ASP in Taiwan to learn how they are doing business via CASE STUDY Method by interviewing venders and collecting their secondary information from newspapers, magazines, brochures, web-sites and so on. Then we also describe their co-operation and system integration with Internet cash flow process venders, forwarders and their business partners like Portal and ISP to know how they meet with their clients’ requirements. We also study and analyze the criteria of SMEs to select a B2C ASP, and hope this information will be helpful to the SMEs. In the last we also make recommendations to the venders and the authorities in charge.

2008 m. gruodžio 21 d. priimtas Nesąžiningos komercinės veiklos vartotojams draudimo įstatymas, kuris įgyvendino 2005 m. gegužės 11 d. Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyvą 2005/29/EB dėl nesąžiningos įmonių komercinės praktikos vartotojų atžvilgiu vidaus rinkoje. Tokiu būdu mūsų valstybėje pradėta reguliuoti apsauga nuo nesąžiningos komercinės praktikos, kenkiančios vartotojų ekonominiams interesams. Šio instituto teisinio reguliavimo ir taikymo problemos yra nagrinėjamos šiame darbe. Siekiant atskleisti apsaugos nuo nesąžiningos komercinės praktikos instituto itin glaudų ryšį su nesąžiningos konkurencijos teise, darbe pirmiausia pristatoma nesąžiningos komercinės praktikos draudimo teisinio reguliavimo genezė. Šios apžvalga yra itin svarbi, ypač atsižvelgiant į nagrinėjamo instituto naujumą Lietuvos teisinės sistemos kontekste. Darbe taip pat analizuojamos konkrečios nesąžiningos komercinės praktikos draudimo B2C santykiuose teisinio reguliavimo ir taikymo problemos. Kadangi Nesąžiningos komercinės praktikos direktyvai yra būdingas maksimalaus harmonizavimo pobūdis, darbe pakankamai daug dėmesio skiriama šio mechanizmo komplikuotumui, sąlygotam netinkamo jo pritaikymo nūdienos Europai, atskleisti. Direktyvos maksimalaus harmonizavimo pobūdis taip pat lemia poreikį kuo tiksliau apibrėžti direktyvos teisinio reguliavimo apimtį. Dėl šios priežasties darbe įvardijama su pastarosios nustatymu susijusi problematika, daugiau dėmesio skiriant „komercinės praktikos“ termino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair B2C commercial practices in the internal market was adopted by the European Parliament and Council on 11 May 2005 and was implemented in Lithuania on 21 December 2007 as the Law on the Prohibition of Unfair Commercial Practices to Consumers. Thus our country began to regulate the protection against unfair commercial practices harming consumers’ economic interests. This paper deal with the problems of legal regulation and application of this institute. In respect that the area of harmonised law is so closely intertwined with the law of unfair competition, the paper first and foremost presents the genesis of unfair B2C commercial practices regulation in European Union. The novelty of unfair commercial practices institute in Lithuanian legal system makes this aspect much more important. The paper also examines the problems of legal regulation and application of prohibiting unfair commercial practices in B2C relationships. The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive provides for maximum harmonisation. This principle not only raised much concern in the legal literature but also yield a number of difficulties in the interpretation of the directive. For this reason, the paper focuses not only on the maximum harmonization mechanism but also on the scope of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive which is particularly related with the latter. In this section the paper especially emphasizes the concept ‘commercial practices’ which covers a wide... [to full text]