Titel: Personlighetsegenskaper och motivation Syfte: Att belysa hur en mellanchefs personlighetsegenskaper inverkar på hur de motiverar sina medarbetare.  Teori: The Big Five, arbetsmotivation och Herzberg tvåfaktormodell. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med ett konstruktionistiskt perspektiv samt ur en hermeneutisk synvinkel. Metoden utgjordes av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer som spelades in och transkriberades. Intervjuerna utgick från en intervjuguide som var baserad på studiens teorier. Respondenterna valdes ut med ett målstyrt urval. Empiri: En sammanställning av de fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuerna som genomfördes. Slutsats: En mellanchefs personlighetsegenskaper visade sig ha en viss inverkan på hur de motiverar sina medarbetare. Hur stor denna inverkan är varierar mellan olika mellanchefer. I ett fall där en mellanchef hade medelnivåer av de flesta personlighetsdimensionerna och låga nivåer av extraversion samt neuroticism uppfattades hen vara lugn, reserverad och uppgiftsorienterad. Vilket inverkade på hens motivationsarbete genom att hen använde sig av inre motivationsfaktorer på ett sådant sätt där hen lämnade över ansvaret till medarbetarna själva. I ett annat fall hade en mellanchef utmärkande nivåer av tillgänglighet/vänlighet/behag och samvetsgrannhet, lite över medel av extraversion och låg nivå av neuroticism och öppenhet. Där det främst var hens låga nivå av extraversion som antydde på att hen är mer uppgiftsorienterad som visade sig inverka på hens sätt att motivera sina medarbetare, via den inre motivationsfaktor erkännande. En annan mellanchef med liknande personlighetsegenskaper, dock med en betydligt högre nivå av extraversion som innebär att hen är personinriktad istället, involverade sig betydligt mycket i sina medarbetare mer som enskilda individer och visade på ett betydligt större intresse för deras utveckling och välmående. Hen använde inre motivationsfaktorer som erkännande, prestation, personliga utvecklingsmöjligheter och hygienfaktorer som belöningar och lön. En annan mellanchef visade sig använda samma typer av motivationsfaktorer, dock med en helt annan nivå av engagemang och intresse i sina medarbetare, vilket troligen beror på hennes personlighetsegenskaper som är totala motsatsen jämfört med övriga studerade mellanchefer. / Title: Personality traits and motivation Purpose: To illustrate how a senior executive’s personality traits affect how they motivate their employees. Theory: The Big Five, work motivation and Herzberg's two factor model. Method: A qualitative study with a constructive perspective with one hermeneutical position. Four semi structured interviews were conducted, all of them were recorded and transcribed. Respondents were selected with a purposive sampling. Empirical: A compilation of the four semi-structured interviews conducted. Conclusion: A senior executive’s personality traits were found to have a certain impact on how they motivate their employees. The extent to which this effect is varied between the various senior executives. In one case where a senior executive had average levels of most personality dimensions and low levels of extraversion as well as emotionality, they were perceived to be calm, reserved and task-oriented. Which affected motivational work by using internal motivation factors in such a way that they left the responsibility to the employees themselves. In another case, a senior executive had distinctive levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, a little over the means of extraversion and low levels of emotionality and openness to experience. Where primarily, there was a low level of extraversion that suggested that they are more task-oriented, which proved to impact in order to motivate their employees, through the internal motivation factor recognition. Another senior executive with similar personality characteristics, though with a significantly higher level of extraversion, which means that they are person-oriented instead, involved much more in their employees more than individual individuals and showed a much greater interest in their development and well-being. The senior executive used internal motivational factors such as recognition, achievement, personal development opportunities and hygiene factors such as rewards and salaries. Another senior executive was found to use the same types of motivational factors, but with a completely different level of commitment and interest in their employees, which is probably due to the personality traits, which is the opposite of the other senior executives

O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) tem um impacto negativo na vida de seus portadores. Conhecer os traços de personalidade mais preponderantes nas pessoas com TEPT pode auxiliar no sucesso do tratamento, tornando possível planejar intervenções mais adequadas. A terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) é considerada um dos tratamentos mais eficazes para este transtorno; entretanto, nem todos aqueles que completam a terapia evoluem para uma melhora significativa. Uma das razões pode ser encontrada nas características individuais de personalidade de cada pessoa. Portanto, o presente estudo busca explorar a relação existente entre os domínios e traços de personalidade que estão associados à melhora do paciente que realizou a TCC. Método: 66 pacientes com diagnóstico de TEPT, segundo o DSM-IV-TR, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos participaram do estudo. Instrumentos: Para avaliar os traços de personalidade foi utilizado o instrumento NEO-PI-R. Para avaliar a gravidade e melhora da doença foi utilizada a escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI). Procedimento: Os pacientes passaram por avaliação psiquiátrica para assegurar o diagnóstico de TEPT. Após aceitarem participar do estudo, responderam ao NEO-PI-R e foram avaliados por médicos quanto a gravidade da doença, utilizando o CGI. Os participantes passaram por 13 sessões de TCC realizadas por profissionais devidamente treinados. Ao final, foram reavaliados para verificar se houve melhora após tratamento. Resultados: Quanto ao perfil de personalidade 71,2% apresentaram neuroticismo (N) alto, 75,8% relataram escore elevado em extroversão (E) e 45,5% eram baixos em conscienciosidade (C). Já os traços amabilidade (A) e abertura para experiência (O) apresentaram pontuações na média. As análises também demonstraram que os participantes que apresentavam o domínio de personalidade denominado consicienciosidade (C) foram associados ao resultado favorável do tratamento. Estima-se que a chance de melhora cresça 3,77 vezes se o paciente apresentar esse traço, quando comparado com os demais que não possuem essa característica. Duas facetas (assertividade e ações variadas) também foram correlacionadas com a melhora no tratamento. Conclusão: Embora a amostra do presente estudo seja limitada, os resultados apontam para a importância de se avaliar a personalidade do paciente. Acessar a personalidade é importante com a finalidade de tentar predizer qual o melhor tipo de tratamento terapêutico para cada um. As terapias breves (frequentemente administradas nos hospitais públicos) possuem um tempo limitado de tratamento, de modo que informações sobre as variáveis de personalidade podem ser particularmente muito útil / The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has a negative impact on the patients lives. Get to know their personality traits can help on the treatment success, by making possible to plan most appropriate interventions. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is considered a first line treatment for PTSD. However, treatment response is not universal. One reason may be found in personality characteristics. The present study aims at investigating the association between personality dimensions and traits associated with improvement of patients who underwent CBT. Method - 66 PTSD patients diagnosed according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria were included in the study. The patients included were aged 18 to 60 years old. Instruments - We employed the NEO-PI-R instrument for the evaluation of personality dimensions and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) for evaluation of clinical outcome. Procedure - Patients were assessed by Psychiatrists to ensure the diagnosis of PTSD. After accepting to participate of the study, they answered the NEO-PI-R Scale and were assessed by doctors to know the disease severity, using the CGI scale. Participants underwent 13 CBT sessions and were reassessed at the end of treatment. Results - The personality profile showed that 71.2% were high in neuroticism (N) and 75.8 reported low Extraversion. 45.5 were low in conscientiouness and the Agreableness (A) and openess (O) factors presented average scores. The analysis also showed that patients presenting the Conscientiousness (C) personality dimension showed a higher chance of improvement (OR=3.77). Two facets other dimensions (Assertiveness and Varied Actions) were also associated with better clinical outcome. Conclusion - determining predictors of outcome such as a patient\'s personality dimensions may point to the use of therapeutic treatment options with the higher odds of success, without too much therapeutic treatment experimentation. As therapies become briefer, information on personality variables may be particularly useful

Idag byggs många system som består av svårlästa kodbaser med låg förvaltningsbarhet. En anledning till detta är att utvecklarna av systemet har olika bakgrund och kunskap i hur de skriver kod. Att skriva sin kod på helt skilda sätt är något som kan skapa problem i takt med att system blir större och allt mer komplexa. Nethouse i Borlänge har sedan 2015 arbetat med förvaltningsuppdraget TRAP (Transportstyrelsens Administrativa Processystem) där en problematiskt förvaltning upplevts i och med att systemet är uppbyggt med hjälp av olika tekniker. Tekniken i TRAP ska lyftas och målet med detta är att skapa en mer lättläst och förvaltningsbar kodbas jämfört med hur TRAP ser ut idag. För att uppnå detta är planen att i teamet etablera ett gemensamt tankesätt som grundas i de riktlinjer som Clean code förespråkar. Studien syftar till att beskriva hur ett team arbetar med etableringen av ett gemensamt tankesätt som grundas i Clean Codes riktlinjer samt faktorer som anses vara viktiga att beakta. För att uppnå syftet användes två frågeställningar:  Hur arbetar teamet med etableringen av det gemensamma tankesättet idag?  Vilka faktorer kan anses som viktiga att beakta när ett nytt gemensamt tankesätt ska etableras? En fallstudie utfördes med intervjuer och enkäter som datainsamlingsmetoder för att ha möjlighet att besvara frågeställningen. Resultatet från studien visar att teamet på Nethouse använder sig av par- och mobprogrammering samt i enstaka fall kodgranskning för att etablera det gemensamma tankesättet. Resultatet beskriver även fyra faktorer som är viktiga att beakta när ett gemensamt tankesätt som grundas i Clean codes riktlinjer ska etableras. De fyra faktorerna är ömsesidigt förtroende, ömsesidighet kring det arbete som utförs, tvåvägskommunikation och tillvägagångssätt. / Many of todays systems are made of code bases with low readability which leads to low maintainability. One reason to this is that developers of the system have different experience and knowledge in how to write code. When code is written in totally different ways it can create problems as the system grows and becomes more complex. Since 2015, Nethouse in Borlänge has managed a system called TRAP (Transportstyrelsens Administrative Process System). TRAP is built with different techniques and during the maintainability process a lot of problems has occured because of that. The technique in TRAP is about to be lifted and by doing this one part of the goal is to create a code base which is more easy to read and maintain compared to todays code base. To achieve this goal the plan is to establish a common mindset in the team. A common mindset which is based in a set of guidelines called Clean code. The purpose of this study is to describe how a team is working to establish a common mindset based in the guidelines of Clean code and to describe important factors to consider in this situation. Two research questions was used to achieve the purpose of this study:  How is the team working today to establish a common mindset?  Which factors can be considered as important when a common mindset is about to establish? A case study with the help of interviews and questionnaries was conducted to answer these two questions. The result shows that the team is using pair programming, mob programming and also code review to establish a common mindset. The result also shows that the four factors mutual trust, mutual performance monitoring, closed loop communication and method are more important to consider in this situation.

Utmattningsdepression till följd av brister i den psykosociala arbetsmiljön är ett ökande samhällsproblem i Sverige. En komplex interaktion mellan individuella och organisatoriska faktorer föranleder denna problematik. Forskning visar att en individs personlighet och brist på feedback i arbetslivet är betydande faktorer vid utvecklandet av en utmatt- ningsdepression. Föreliggande studie ämnade därför att undersöka olika personlighets- typers behov av feedback i arbetslivet, i syfte att bidra till en del av ett förebyggande ar- bete att motverka utvecklandet av utmattningsdepressioner. En kvantitativ studie utför- des hos tre olika organisationer där data samlades in från 143 anställda via en webb- enkät. I ett försök att kartlägga behovet av feedback genomfördes en standard multipel regressionsanalys. De universala personlighetsdomänerna ur “The big five personality- theory” utgjorde de oberoende variablerna vilka studerades i förhållande till den bero- ende variabeln “feedback orientation”. Resultatet av den multipla regressionsanalysen visade att modellen förklarade 8,5 % av individers “feedback orientation” där signifi- kanta enskilda prediktorer utgjordes av neuroticism (p = 0,020) och “agreeableness” (p = 0,010) gällande det totala antalet deltagare. En könsbunden skillnad framkom även i resultatet, där en icke-sigifikant modell uppstod gällande män. Vad gäller kvinnor var “agreeableness” en signifikant prediktor (p=0,001) till “feedback orientation”. Avslutningsvis diskuteras studiens resultat, applicerbarhet och brister, där även förslag till framtida forskning läggs fram. / Occupational fatigue syndrome, also known as burnout, is an increasing societal issue in Sweden.Acomplex interaction between individual and organisational factors may cause this problem. Research has shown that personality and absence of feedback, impact the development of the syndrome. This study aim to examine the need of feedback in different personality types, with the purpose to shed light on some factors which could help to prevent the development of burnout. A quantitative study was initiated at three different organisations and 143 employees were assessed through an online sur- vey. With an attempt to chart the need of feedback, a standard multiple regression ana- lysis was performed. The universal domains of personality from “The big five personality-theory” represented the independent variables that was examined in relation to the dependent variable “feedback orientation”. The results of the multiple regression analysis shows that the model explained 8,5 % of individuals feedback orientation, sig- nificant predictors where neuroticism (p=0,020) and agreeableness (p=0,010), regarding the total number of participants. Furthermore, the results also showed a difference between genders where a non-significant modell appeared for men. Although, when it comes to women ”agreeableness” was a significant predictor (p=0,001) for ”feedback orientation”. In conclusion, the study's results, practical implications and inadequacies are discussed as well as suggestions for future research.

Abstract The educational process behind the work done with children’s choirs has not been written about or talked about very much. Performances get natural visibility and audibility, but most of the work is done in a closed space. The pedagogical process happens behind the scenes and as a result, children and youths grow up as musicians and human beings, as individuals and as a group. The Tapiola Choir celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2013. In this doctoral thesis, I study the educational part of the work done with the choir. In particular, this thesis examines the co-operative pedagogy of Mr. Kari Ala-Pöllänen as a conductor. The specific focus is on the process of qualifying the travelling choir because this is where many pedagogical processes come together. Methodologically, my thesis is a data based case study. The data is based on an in-depth interview. The empirical part is only focused on the period (1994–2008) when Mr. Ala-Pöllänen acted as a conductor of the choir. However, in the beginning of the book I create a view of the whole frame of reference for the choir by exploring the complete archive of the Tapiola Choir and the written material about choral pedagogy. The analysis was done by searching for characters in the qualification process and by using a theory called Big Five personality domains. The results show how a co-operative way of thinking and working promoted the educational goals in all of the teaching done by conductor Ala-Pöllänen. Art and education worked hand in hand, serving the aims of both a shorter and a longer time frame. The naturally occurring interaction between both harder and softer values, in addition to the determined aim to develop the social skills of children, is emphasized in the communication. Both the artistic and educational ambition of the conductor is obvious, but yet does not appear to conflict with the teaching in practice. Many demands are made of the children and youth in a choir that is conducted co-operatively, and they get special instruction to help them with that responsibility. The basic characteristics that the conductor requires from the choir are mainly clear and they are consistent with the professional attitude and favourable prerequisites that are for collaboration. This thesis is about the pedagogical wisdom that is needed to succeed in educating a mostly heterogenic group of children. According to my survey, this is based on sufficient theoretical knowledge, an understanding of the behaviour and growth of a child and a practical personal background - all of these things are connected to the communication skills that are needed to influence a group of individuals in a cohesive manner. / Tiivistelmä Kasvatuksellisista päämääristä lapsikuorotyössä puhutaan ja kirjoitetaan vähän. Esiintymislavalla tapahtuva toiminta saa näkyvyyttä ja kuuluvuutta, mutta suurin osa työstä tapahtuu suljetussa tilassa. Juuri siellä tapahtuu se pedagoginen prosessi, jonka seurauksena lapset ja nuoret kasvavat muusikkoina sekä ihmisinä, yksilöinä ja ryhmässä. Tapiolan kuoro, espoolainen lapsi- ja nuorisokuoro täyttää 50 vuotta vuonna 2013. Väitöstutkimuksessani käsittelen kasvatuksellista toimintaa Tapiolan kuorossa ja Kari Ala-Pölläsen yhteistoiminnallista pedagogiikkaa Tapiolan kuoron johtajana. Erityinen fokus on matkakuorovalinnan prosessissa, jossa toiminnan pedagogisia sisältöjä kiteytyy. Menetelmällisesti väitöstyöni on aineistolähtöinen tapaustutkimus. Aineisto perustuu syvähaastatteluun. Empiirinen osa keskittyy Kari Ala-Pölläsen johtajakauteen 1994–2008, mutta työn alussa luon kuoron arkiston ja muun kuoropedagogisen aineiston kautta läpileikkauksen kuoron toiminnan viitekehykseen. Analyysimenetelmänä matkakuorovalinnan tarkastelussa toimii valintatilanteen kuvauksessa ilmenevien persoonallisuudenpiirteiden tarkastelu ns. viiden suuren mallin mukaisesti. Tulokset osoittavat, kuinka Kari Ala-Pölläsen johtajakaudella yhteistoiminnallinen työskentelytapa palveli kasvatuksellista tavoitetta johtajan kaikessa toiminnassa. Taide ja kasvatus tukevat toisiaan palvellen lyhyen ja pitkän aikavälin päämääriä. Kovien ja pehmeiden arvojen luonteva vuorovaikutus sekä määrätietoinen pyrkimys sosiaalisten taitojen kehittämiseen korostuvat Kari Ala-Pölläsen kommunikaatiossa. Ilmeistä tutkimukseni tulosten nojalla on kuoronjohtajan sekä taiteellinen että kasvatuksellinen kunnianhimo, mikä ei ole ristiriitaista käytännön toiminnassa. Lapsilta ja nuorilta odotetaan yhteistoiminnallisesti johdetussa kuorossa hyvin monenlaisia taipumuksia ja edellytyksiä, ja näihin heitä määrätietoisesti kasvatetaan. Persoonallisuuden piirteiden perusasiat, joita johtaja toivoo ja odottaa kuoroltaan, ovat selkeitä ja liittyvät jäsenten ammattimaiseen asenteeseen ja suotuisiin yhdessä toimimisen edellytyksiin. Onnistuminen hyvin heterogeenisen ryhmän kasvatuksessa kiteytyy pedagogiseen viisauteen. Se tarkoittaa tässä tutkimuksessa riittävää teoreettista osaamista ja lapsen käytöksen ja kehityksen ymmärtämistä, omakohtaista kokemustaustaa ja tälle perustalle rakentuvaa kommunikatiivista taitoa kohdata ja vaikuttaa samanaikaisesti yksilöistä koostuvaan ryhmään.

La théorie contemporaine de Validité met l’accent sur la validité de construit des inventaires psychologiques et sur la nécessité de mettre à jour les arguments de validité qui sous-tendent leur interprétation. C’est pourquoi la société éditeur a lancé une nouvelle campagne de validation, dans le cadre de cette thèse CIFRE, pour le questionnaire d’auto-évaluation de son outil en développement Q-PE). Q-PE investigue l’image de soi dans un contexte professionnel au moyen d’un inventaire personnologique qui mesure 10 dimensions bipolaires liées aux cinq dimensions du modèle personnologique Big Five au moyen de 70 items à choix obligé (ICO), chacun constitué de deux propositions de réponse. Nos deux objectifs principaux étaient d’étudier 1) la représentativité et la pertinence du contenu de l’actuelle version du Q-PE au regard du Big Five, 2) la validité de l’appariement des items en investiguant si les deux options de réponse de l’item sont des indicateurs d’une ou de plusieurs mêmes dimensions ou si elles renvoient à des dimensions différentes. Les résultats des trois études de cette thèse montrent que les options de réponse du Q-PE, à l’exception de quelques-unes, mesurent des dimensions du Big Five ainsi que des dimensions de Réalisation, de Rigueur et de Combativité. L’appariement des options de réponse, étudié pour 53 ICO et en attente d’analyses supplémentaires pour les 17 ICO dont les options de réponse n’ont pas été administrées aux mêmes participants, peut être considéré comme bien adapté pour 65% des ICO étudiés. Ces recherches dégagent donc plusieurs arguments de validité en faveur du Q-PE administré dans un contexte professionnel, apportent des éléments d’information sur les dimensions qui sous-tendent la description de l’image de soi et dégagent plusieurs pistes pour continuer le processus de validation. / The contemporary theory of Validity emphasizes the construct validity of psychological inventories and the need to make updates about existing arguments of validity that underlie their interpretation. For this reason the enterprise editor launched a new validation campaign, as part of this CIFRE thesis, for the self-assessment questionnaire of its (Q-PE). The Q-PE investigates the self-image in a professional context by 70 forced choice items (FCI), each consisting of two response proposals, and measures 10 bipolar dimensions related to the Big Five or The Five-factor model of personality. Thus, our two main objectives were to study 1) the representativeness and the relevance of the content of the current version of Q-PE under the Big Five theoretical model, 2) the validity of matching the proposals in items, for example, we investigate if the item proposals are indicators of one or more same dimensions or if they refer to different dimensions. The results of the three studies in this thesis show that the Q-PE item proposals, with little exception, measure personality traits in reference to the Big Five dimensions of personality as well as to the dimensions of Realization (Achievement), Rigor and Combativeness. Regarding matching between items, 65% of 53 FCI that could be studied are considered as suitable and further analysis are awaited for the 17 FCI which answer options were not administered to the same participants. This research provides therefore some more validity arguments in favor of Q-PE, brings some information about the dimensions that underlie self-image description and its evaluation in a professional context and releases ways to continue this validation process

En utmaning för företag runtom hela världen är individuella arbetsprestationer, vilket har lett till omfattande forskning kring ämnet. Personlighet har visat sig vara en av de faktorer som har betydande roll för individuella arbetsprestationer. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan personlighet och självupplevd individuell arbetsprestation samt att undersöka vilket personlighetsdrag som kan förklara mest av variationen av den självupplevda individuella arbetsprestationen. En kvantitativ studie gjordes med en webbaserad enkät innehållandes totalt 75 frågor. Mätinstrumenten Mini-IPIP6, SD3 och IWPQ användes för att mäta personlighet och självupplevd individuell arbetsprestation utifrån självskattningsskalor. Totalt deltog 302 personer i studien (M = 44 år, SD = 13.2, range 20 - 74 år, 72% kvinnor). Det enda kravet för att få deltaga i studien var att respondenten hade någon form av yrkeslivserfarenhet på minst 50% under minst 3 månaders tid. Den genomsnittliga arbetslivserfarenheten uppgick till M = 22.4 år (SD = 13.2, range 0.7 - 51 år). Resultaten visade att narcissism hade störst betydelse för självupplevd kontextuell prestation och uppgiftsbaserad prestation medans psykopati visade sig ha störst betydelse för självupplevd kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende. Vår slutsats är att personlighet är en prediktor för självupplevd individuell arbetsprestation. / A challenge for companies around the world is individual work performance, which has led to extensive research on the subject. Personality has proven to be one of the factors that play a significant role in individual work performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality and self-perceived individual work performance and to investigate which personality traits can explain most of the variations of the self-perceived individual work performance. A quantitative study was conducted with a web-based questionnaire containing a total of 75 questions. The measuring instruments MiniIPIP6, SD3, and IWPQ were used to measure personality and self-perceived individual work performance based on self-assessment scales. A total of 302 persons participated in the study (M = 44 years, SD = 13.2, range 20 - 74 years, 72% women). The only requirement to participate in the study was that the respondent had some form of professional experience of at least 50% for at least 3 months. The average work experience was M = 22.4 years (SD = 13.2, range 0.7 - 51 years). The results showed that narcissism had the greatest significance for selfperceived contextual performance and task performance while psychopathy proved to be most important for self-perceived counterproductive work behavior. Our conclusion is that personality is a predictor of self-perceived individual work performance.

Denna studie har för avsikt att förklara sambandet hos individer mellan The Big Five’s personlighetsteori, motivation, prestation och välmåendet med Maslach Burnout Inventory’s teori. Studiens teoretiska del utgår från The Big Five’s personlighetsdimensioner och hur dessa är sammankopplade till prestation och utmattning. Det ligger även fokus på Maslach Burnout Inventory och utmattningens olika delar. Den sista delen av teorin går djupare på motivation och prestation. Studien har en utgångspunkt i ett deduktivt förhållningssättutgår och utgår från en kvantitativ metod. Via en enkätundersökning som skickades till 172 träningsinstruktörer kunde datan inhämtas. Vidare processades datan i statistik- och analysprogrammet Jamovi där det gjordes en deskriptiv analys, korrelationsanalys och en faktoranalys. Resultatet visar att det finns en viss typ av personlighet som väljer att arbeta som träningsintruktör vilken är samvetsgrann, öppen, vänlig med en låg poäng på neurotism vilket indikerar på stabilitet och trygghet. I resultatet kan det även utläsas att träningsintrukörer drivs av inre motivationsfaktorer i större grad jämfört med de yttre. Sist visar resultatet på att träningsinstrukörer inte är utmattade i någon större omfattning. Uppsatsen ska ge en djupare förståelse av träningsinstruktörers specifika personlighet och om det finns tydliga motivationsfaktorer som gör att individerna presterar bättre. I och med individens personlighet undersöks om utmattning existerar. Studien ska öka förståelsen för hur en viss yrkesgrupp av presterar och hittar drivkrafter utifrån sin unika personlighet. Då studien är fokuserad på personlighet, motivation, prestation och välmåendet bland träningsintruktörer skulle det vara intressant att undersöka andra yrkesgrupper för att se om träningsintruktörer skiljer sig i jämförelse med andra på personlighetsdrag eller motivation. Det skulle även vara intressant att fortsätta denna studie med att se om skillnader finns via en geografisk avgränsning i landet. / This study aims to explain the connection between individuals between The Big Five's personality theory, motivation and health to Maslach Burnout Inventory's theory. The study is based on a deductive approach and is based on a quantitative method. Through a survey that was sent to 172 training instructors, the data was obtained. Furthermore, the data was processed in the statistical and analysis program Jamovi where a descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and factor analysis were made. The result shows that there is a certain type of personality who chooses to work as a training instructor who is conscientious, open, friendly with a low score on neuroticism, which indicates stability and security. In the result, it can also be seen that training instructors are driven by internal motivation factors to a greater extent compared to the external ones. Last, the results show that training instructors are not exhausted to any great extent. The thesis should provide a deeper understanding of the specific personality of exercise instructors and whether there are clear motivational factors that make individuals perform better. The individual's personality is investigated as to whether fatigue exists. The study will increase the understanding of how a certain professional group of performs and finds drivers based on their unique personality. Since the study is focused on personality, motivation, performance and well-being among training instructors, it would be interesting to examine other professional groups to see if training instructors differ in comparison to others, on personality traits or motivation. It would also be interesting to continue this study to see if differences exist via geographical demarcation in the country.

Women are a particularly vulnerable group when it comes to victimization while intoxicated. Personality traits and characteristics have been shown to have an impact on alcohol consumption. Previous research regarding the Big Five Personality Traits indicates higher drinking levels if a person scores high within “Extraversion” and “Neuroticism”, or scores low within the traits of “Agreeableness” and “Conscientiousness”. Concerning women, “Openness” seems to be the only personality related to alcohol consumption, but previous research is scarce. The main focus of previous research has been on the Big Five Personality Traits, people in general and alcohol consumption. Our focus was Swedish women, age range 18-50 years. We proposed that personality traits could affect alcohol consumption and because of the lack of research we specifically wanted to examine women. The results showed that personality traits have an impact on women’s alcohol consumption. In conclusion, women tend to drink more alcohol if they score high on “Extraversion” and “Neuroticism”, and, if they scored low on “Agreeableness” and “Conscientiousness”. This could mean that personality traits serves as risk factors for alcohol consumption. “Openness” and alcohol consumption showed no association. Future research should investigate how other factors combined with personality traits might affect alcohol consumption. / Kvinnor är en extra utsatt grupp när det kommer till viktimisering i samband med alkoholkonsumtion. Fortsättningsvis, vissa personlighetsdrag och karaktärsdrag har visats påverka alkoholkonsumtion. Tidigare forskning gällande Big-Five-teorin och dess personlighetsdrag indikerar vanligtvis högre nivåer av alkoholkonsumtion om en person skattar högre inom dragen “Utåtriktning” och “Känslomässig instabilitet”, eller skattar lägre inom dragen “Vänlighet” och “Målmedvetenhet”. Gällande kvinnor, draget “Öppenhet” verkar vara det enda som är kopplat till alkoholkonsumtion, men tidigare forskning är begränsad. Huvudfokuset inom tidigare forskning har varit på Big-Five-teorin, människor överlag och alkoholkonsumtion, vi ville därmed specifikt undersöka kvinnliga vanor. Vårt fokus har legat på svenska kvinnor i åldrarna 18- 50 år. Vi menade att personlighetsdrag kunde ha en påverkan på alkoholkonsumtion och ville undersöka specifikt kvinnor vad gäller detta då befintlig forskning ansågs bristfällig. Resultatet visade att olika personlighetsdrag påverkar alkoholkonsumtionen hos kvinnor. Sammanfattningsvis, kvinnor tenderar att dricka mer alkohol om de skattar högt inom “Utåtriktning” och “Känslomässig instabilitet”, och om de skattar lågt inom “Vänlighet” och “Målmedvetenhet”, vilket skulle kunna innebära att olika personlighetsdrag fungerar som riskfaktorer för alkoholkonsumtion. Dock visade “Öppenhet” inte på något samband med alkoholkonsumtion. Framtida forskning bör undersöka hur eventuellt andra faktorer kombinerat med personlighetsdrag kan ha en effekt på alkoholkonsumtion.

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen Sprache und Persönlichkeit. Es ist die erste Studie, die die systematische Metaphernanalyse, welche auf dem von Lakoff & Johnson (2014) geprägten Metaphernbegriff gründet, als Tool zur Erfassung der Persönlichkeit vorschlägt. Drei Studierende erzählen im Rahmen narrativer Interviews ihre Lebensgeschichten, welche mithilfe der Metaphernanalyse ausgewertet werden. Im Sinne einer Methodentriangulation werden die Ergebnisse mit denen eines zuvor bearbeiteten Persönlichkeitstests, dem Big Five Inventory (BFI) verglichen. Der BFI erfasst die fünf grundlegenden Persönlichkeitseigenschaften Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Neurotizismus und Offenheit (Big Five). Zunächst konnten im Rahmen dieser Studie bisherige Annahmen bezüglich der Menge und Differenziertheit der Metaphernnutzung im Zusammenhang zu Persönlichkeitsaspekten bestätigt werden. So scheint eine verarmte metaphorische Sprache mit einer hohen Neurotizismus-Ausprägung einherzugehen, während sehr viele differenzierte metaphorische Konzepte auf eine hohe Offenheit und psychische Stabilität hinweisen. Weiterhin ist zu vermuten, dass das Auftreten von Konzepten zu bestimmten Themen den Aufmerksamkeitsfokus der Person wiedergibt und auch hier Schlussfolgerungen auf bestimmte Persönlichkeitsdimensionen zulässt. In einigen Fällen scheint aber eine nähere Analyse der einzelnen metaphorischen Konzepte vonnöten zu sein, um tatsächlich auf eine Eigenschaft rückschließen zu können. So spiegelt sich in den einzelnen metaphorischen Konzepten die Umgangsweise des Menschen mit sich selbst (z.B. auch mit psychischen Problemen), mit anderen und dem Leben insgesamt wider. Darüber hinaus scheint die Metaphernanalyse viele weitere As-pekte der Persönlichkeit offenzulegen, die der Persönlichkeitstest nicht erfassen kann. Während der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen schnell ein grobes Bild über die Persönlichkeit zur Verfügung stellen kann, bildet die Metaphernanalyse individuelle Realitäten bzw. das kognitive Konstruktsystem eines Menschen ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht den ersten Schritt zur Anwendung der Metaphernanalyse für Zwecke der Persönlichkeitserfassung, an die zukünftige Untersuchungen anknüpfen können.:Abbildungsverzeichnis.......................................................................................... I Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................................. II Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... III Abstract................................................................................................................ IV Einleitung.............................................................................................................. 1 Ausgangslage.................................................................................................... 1 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit............................................................. 2 1 Theorie und Forschungsstand...................................................................... 3 1.1 Persönlichkeit................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Eigenschaftsorientierte Persönlichkeitstheorien.................................... 3 1.1.2 Kognitive bzw. konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien..................... 8 1.1.3 Die Psychologie der Lebensgeschichten............................................... 13 1.2 Sprache und Denken..................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Modularer Ansatz................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Holistischer Ansatz................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Verständnis in dieser Arbeit................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Unterstützende Studie............................................................................ 18 1.3 Die Metapher.................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Die Kognitiv-linguistische Metapherntheorie nach Lakoff & Johnson..... 19 1.3.2 Metaphern individueller Realität............................................................. 24 1.3.3 Kritische Würdigung der kognitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie........ 26 1.4 Eigenschaftsorientierte und konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien im Vergleich.................................................................................................... 27 1.5 Forschungsstand: Sprache und Persönlichkeit.............................................. 29 1.5.1 Formal-analytische Untersuchungen von Sprache................................. 30 1.5.2 Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchungen von Sprache (LIWC)....................... 31 1.5.3 Kritische Überlegungen zum bisherigen Forschungsstand.................... 33 1.5.4 Weitere sprachanalytische Untersuchungen.......................................... 35 1.5.5 Metaphern und Persönlichkeit................................................................ 36 1.5.6 Metaphern des Psychischen (Vergleichshorizont).................................. 38 2 Methodisches Vorgehen................................................................................. 44 2.1 Fragestellung................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Forschungsdesign: Triangulation................................................................... 44 2.3 Stichprobenbeschreibung.............................................................................. 46 2.4 Erhebungsmethoden...................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (BFI)............................................................ 47 2.4.2 Hinweise zur Auswertung der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen (BFI)........ 49 2.4.3 Reflexion des Zugangs zum Feld und der Erhebungsmethode: BFI....... 50 2.5 Narratives Interview........................................................................................ 51 2.5.1 Ablauf und Indikation der Methode......................................................... 51 2.5.2 Reflexion der Erhebungsmethode: Narrative Interviews......................... 54 2.6 Auswertungsmethode systematische Metaphernanalyse............................... 55 2.6.1 Ablauf der Methode................................................................................ 55 2.6.2 Reflexion der Auswertungsmethode: Metaphernanalyse........................ 58 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion............................................................................ 61 3.1 Struktur des Ergebnis- und Diskussionsteils.................................................. 62 3.2 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Thea.................................... 63 3.2.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 64 3.2.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................... 89 3.3 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Jens..................................... 93 3.3.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 93 3.3.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 94 3.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 108 3.4 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Alice................................... 111 3.4.1 Ergebnisse des BFI.............................................................................. 111 3.4.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse....................................................... 112 3.4.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 127 3.5 Vergleich und Diskussion............................................................................. 130 3.5.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Persönlichkeitstestes (BFI)................... 130 3.5.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse................................. 130 3.5.3 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Metaphern und Persönlichkeit.134 3.5.4 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Sprache und Persönlichkeit.... 136 3.5.5 Reflexion und Vergleich der Methoden zur Persönlichkeitserfassung.. 139 3.6 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse (mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Aussagen der Metaphernanalyse und des BFI)........................................... 142 3.7 Gütekriterien................................................................................................ 144 Fazit und Ausblick................................................................................................ 146 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................................. 148 Eidesstattliche Erklärung...................................................................................... 152 Anhang: Online-Fragebogen (BFI)....................................................................... 153 / This study examines the relation between speech and personality. It is the first one that proposes the systematic metaphor analysis, based on the metaphor definition by Lakoff and Johnson (2014) as a tool to assess personality. Three students tell their life stories as part of narrative interviews, which are evaluated with the aid of the metaphor analysis. In terms of a method triangulation the findings are compared to the results of a personality test, the big five inventory (BFI). The BFI assesses the five fundamental personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness (big five). Initially, previous hypotheses concerning the amount and differentiation of using metaphors linked to personality aspects could be confirmed as part of this study. A weak metaphorical language seems to be associated with a high score in neuroticism while a lot of differentiate metaphorical concepts indicate high openness and emotional stability. Furthermore it is to assume that the appearance of concepts to certain topics reflects the focus of attention of a person so that deductions to certain personality traits become possible. In some cases a closer analysis of the specific concepts seems to be necessary to deduce to a certain personality trait. In the specific metaphorical concepts you can see the contact of a person with himself (i.e. with mental problems), with others and with life in general. Beyond that, the metaphor analysis seems to reveal many other aspects of personality, which the personality test cannot record. While self-evaluation questionnaires can provide a quick rough view of personality, the meta-phor analysis reproduces individual realities or rather the cognitive construct system of a person. The present study makes the first step applying the metaphor analysis for the purposes of personality measurement that future research can build on.:Abbildungsverzeichnis.......................................................................................... I Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................................. II Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... III Abstract................................................................................................................ IV Einleitung.............................................................................................................. 1 Ausgangslage.................................................................................................... 1 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit............................................................. 2 1 Theorie und Forschungsstand...................................................................... 3 1.1 Persönlichkeit................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Eigenschaftsorientierte Persönlichkeitstheorien.................................... 3 1.1.2 Kognitive bzw. konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien..................... 8 1.1.3 Die Psychologie der Lebensgeschichten............................................... 13 1.2 Sprache und Denken..................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Modularer Ansatz................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Holistischer Ansatz................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Verständnis in dieser Arbeit................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Unterstützende Studie............................................................................ 18 1.3 Die Metapher.................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Die Kognitiv-linguistische Metapherntheorie nach Lakoff & Johnson..... 19 1.3.2 Metaphern individueller Realität............................................................. 24 1.3.3 Kritische Würdigung der kognitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie........ 26 1.4 Eigenschaftsorientierte und konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien im Vergleich.................................................................................................... 27 1.5 Forschungsstand: Sprache und Persönlichkeit.............................................. 29 1.5.1 Formal-analytische Untersuchungen von Sprache................................. 30 1.5.2 Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchungen von Sprache (LIWC)....................... 31 1.5.3 Kritische Überlegungen zum bisherigen Forschungsstand.................... 33 1.5.4 Weitere sprachanalytische Untersuchungen.......................................... 35 1.5.5 Metaphern und Persönlichkeit................................................................ 36 1.5.6 Metaphern des Psychischen (Vergleichshorizont).................................. 38 2 Methodisches Vorgehen................................................................................. 44 2.1 Fragestellung................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Forschungsdesign: Triangulation................................................................... 44 2.3 Stichprobenbeschreibung.............................................................................. 46 2.4 Erhebungsmethoden...................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (BFI)............................................................ 47 2.4.2 Hinweise zur Auswertung der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen (BFI)........ 49 2.4.3 Reflexion des Zugangs zum Feld und der Erhebungsmethode: BFI....... 50 2.5 Narratives Interview........................................................................................ 51 2.5.1 Ablauf und Indikation der Methode......................................................... 51 2.5.2 Reflexion der Erhebungsmethode: Narrative Interviews......................... 54 2.6 Auswertungsmethode systematische Metaphernanalyse............................... 55 2.6.1 Ablauf der Methode................................................................................ 55 2.6.2 Reflexion der Auswertungsmethode: Metaphernanalyse........................ 58 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion............................................................................ 61 3.1 Struktur des Ergebnis- und Diskussionsteils.................................................. 62 3.2 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Thea.................................... 63 3.2.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 64 3.2.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................... 89 3.3 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Jens..................................... 93 3.3.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 93 3.3.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 94 3.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 108 3.4 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Alice................................... 111 3.4.1 Ergebnisse des BFI.............................................................................. 111 3.4.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse....................................................... 112 3.4.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 127 3.5 Vergleich und Diskussion............................................................................. 130 3.5.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Persönlichkeitstestes (BFI)................... 130 3.5.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse................................. 130 3.5.3 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Metaphern und Persönlichkeit.134 3.5.4 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Sprache und Persönlichkeit.... 136 3.5.5 Reflexion und Vergleich der Methoden zur Persönlichkeitserfassung.. 139 3.6 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse (mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Aussagen der Metaphernanalyse und des BFI)........................................... 142 3.7 Gütekriterien................................................................................................ 144 Fazit und Ausblick................................................................................................ 146 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................................. 148 Eidesstattliche Erklärung...................................................................................... 152 Anhang: Online-Fragebogen (BFI)....................................................................... 153