Der Wasserhaushalt von Dialysepatienten bewegt sich ondulierend zwischen Überwässerung vor der Behandlung und gezielter Dehydratation nach der Dialyse. Das Ziel der Behandlung ist ein e Flüssigkeitsbalance. Das Gewicht nach der Dialyse bei dem dieser Zustand erreicht ist, wird als Trockengewicht oder Dialysezielgewicht bezeichnet. Zur Zeit ist kein einzelner Parameter verfügbar, von dem sich ein adäquates Trockengewicht der Dialysepatienten ableiten ließe. Die Einschätzung des Trockengewichtes von dialysepflichtigen Kindern stützt sich auf die sorgfältige klinische Untersuchung. Die Bioimpedanzanalyse und die Messung des Durchmessers der Vena cava inferior sind zwei nicht invasive Verfahren, die bereits an erwachsenen Dialysepatienten untersucht und zur Beurteilung des Trockengewichtes sowie des Extrazellulärvolumens angewandt werden. Für Kinder sind keine Referenzwerte für beide Verfahren verfügbar. Aus diesen Grund entschlossen wir uns, Normalwerte für diese Altersgruppe (6,8 bis 16 Jahre) zu erheben. Es zeigte sich ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen Resistanz (BIA) und Durchmesser der Vena cava inferior auf der einen und Werten wie z.B. Alter, Gewicht und Körperoberfläche auf der andren Seite. Resistanz und Durchmesser stehen ebenfalls in enger Beziehung zueinander. Bei der Untersuchung von 31 Dialysepatienten zeigten sich Wachstumsverzögerung und verspätete Pubertät. Daraus wird deutlich das altersbezogene Referenzwerte zu einer falschen Einschätzung des Wasserhaushaltes führen würden. Die kombinierte Anwendung beider Verfahren mit der Körperoberfläche als Bezugswert, kann im Vergleich zu den Veränderungen des Körpergewichtes wertvolle Informationen zur Optimierung des Trockengewichtes geben. / The hydration state of a dialysis patient reflects the balance between fluid overload, normovolemia and underhydration. The goal of the treatment is a fluid balance that is close to normal. The weight after dialysis in which this is achieved is the so called "dry weight". However, there is no single parameter to define the adequate dry body weight of a dialysis patient. In the assessment of dry body weight in dialysis-dependent children one must rely on careful and repeated clinical observation. Bioimpedance analysis and inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) have been evaluated and utilized in adults as noninvasive parameters for the assessment of dry weight and extracellular volume. Since there are no data available for normal children, we performed a prospective study to establish reference standards for a pediatric population (111 females and 95 males, aged 6.8-16 years). We found strong correlations of both resistance (BIA) and IVCD with age, height, weight, and, in particular, with body surface area. IVCD and resistance also correlated with each other. We also investigated 31 pediatric dialysis patients who showed growth retardation and delayed puberty. Applying age-related reference intervals to pediatric dialysis patients resulted in an underestimation of overhydration. The combination of both methods using body surface area-corrected values with the clinical features of deviation of dry weight will serve as an adjunct to the assessment of post-dialysis dry weight.

Publikationen die in letzter Zeit veröffentlicht wurden zeigten den G Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptor 30 (Gpr30) als neuer potenzieller Östrogen Rezeptor. Dieser Befund wird kontrovers diskutiert, zudem wurde die physiologische Funktion von Gpr30 bisher noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erforschung der Rolle von Gpr30 in vivo. In einer primären und sekundären Untersuchung wurde eine phänotypische Charakterisierung einer Gpr30-defizienten Mauslinie vorgenommen. Diese Mauslinie wurde generiert, indem eine beta-Galactosidase-Neomycin Vektorkassette in den open reading frame des Gpr30 Gens eingesetzt wurde. Im Rahmen der primären Untersuchung zeigte die immunologische Analyse eine Reduzierung der T-Zellen sowohl bei den männlichen als auch bei den weiblichen mutanten Mäusen. In einer Thymus-Genexpressionanalyse konnten einige Gene identifiziert werden, die möglicherweise in der Regulation der Anzahl an T-Zellen involviert waren. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurde eine Erhöhung der Kalzium-vermittelten T-Zellen Apoptose hypothetisiert. Gegenstand der sekundären Untersuchung war die Bestimmung eines möglichen metabolischen und kardiovaskulären Phänotyps, da Gpr30 überwiegend in den Blutgefäßen verschiedener Organe, sowie in der Pankreas und im Magen exprimiert ist. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Mäuse einer Hochfettdiät unterzogen und es wurden metabolische sowie hemodynamische Tests durchgeführt. Um den Phänotyp dieser ersten Mauslinie zu bestätigen, wurde eine zweite Mauslinie ohne Selektionsmarker generiert. Insgesamt tragen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie zu einem besseren Verständnis der Funktion von Gpr30 in vivo bei. Eine Rolle des Rezeptors bezüglich der Regulation des Körpergewichts konnte widerlegt werden, während ein Einfluss auf den Lipid- und Muskelstoffwechsel angenommen werden kann. Zudem wurde gefunden, dass Gpr30 für einige Östrogen-regulierende, physiologische Prozesse nicht erforderlich ist. / Recent studies identified the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (Gpr30) as a potential new estrogen receptor. However, these findings remain still controversial and the physiological role of Gpr30 has not been clarified yet. In order to decipher the role of Gpr30 in vivo, we investigated the phenotype of a Gpr30 mutant mouse line, generated by the insertion of a beta-galactosidase-neomycin cassette into the Gpr30 open reading frame, in a primary and a secondary screen. The primary screen revealed a decrease of T cell levels in both male and female mutants. Thymus gene expression analysis allowed to detect some of the genes potentially involved in regulating T cell levels in these mice. On this basis a hypothesis of an increase in T cell calcium-mediated apoptosis was formulated. The secondary screen aimed at unraveling a potential metabolic and cardiovascular phenotype, being Gpr30 mainly expressed in the vasculature of several organs, as well as in the pancreas and in the chief gastric cells of the stomach. Therefore, mice were challenged with a defined high fat diet, and metabolic and hemodynamic tests were performed. To confirm the phenotype achieved in this first mouse line, a second one, devoid of any selection marker, was analyzed. Altogether the results achieved may contribute to a better understanding of Gpr30 function in vivo, disproving a role of Gpr30 in body weight regulation, suggesting a role in lipid and muscular metabolism, and providing evidence that Gpr30 may not be required for several estrogen-regulated physiological processes.

Introdução: O nascimento de recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios (RNPT-T), geralmente tratados como \"quase termo\", vem aumentando nas últimas décadas. Vários fatores são atríbuídos à sua etiologia e contribuem para aumentar as taxas de morbimortalidade perinatal e infantil. Atualmente se dispõe de poucos estudos sobre esses recém-nascidos, especialmente sobre o seu crescimento. Objetivos: Analisar o crescimento de RNPT-T nos seis primeiros meses de idade corrigida. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico de uma coorte de 64 RNPT-T, coletados nos quatro maiores hospitais de Cuiabá, entre janeiro e setembro de 2013 e acompanhados até 6 meses de idade corrigida. Os dados foram coletados ao nascer, às 40 semanas, 3 e 6 meses de idade corrigida. Foram realizadas análises de correlação entre os parâmetros antropométricos perímetro braquial (PB) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT) em função dos índices antropométricos PB/PC (perímetro cefálico), peso/comprimento (P/C) e Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e realizada regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: Ao nascimento, 81,3% foram classificados como adequados para a idade gestacional, com a média de peso de 2343,80g ± 430,50. Todos os recém-nascidos apresentaram crescimento contínuo nos seis meses de idade corrigida para os valores de peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico (PC). Já os valores médios de PCT, de PB/PC e de IMC não mostraram diferença aos 6 meses de idade corrigida. Todos os coeficientes de correlação (r) dos parâmetros PCT e PB em relação aos índices antropométricos apresentaram significância estatística, sendo os valores mais altos para PB versus PB/PC e P/C e menores para PB versus IMC. No modelo final da regressão linear múltipla da PCT, o PB/PC contribuiu significantemente para predizer o depósito de gordura ao nascimento, às 40 semanas e aos 3 meses de idade corrigida (33,8%%, 46,07% e 18,08% respectivamente); aos 6 meses o melhor preditor foi a razão P/C (10,45%). O melhor preditor para o PB foi o PB/PC, que permaneceu no modelo com valores de 73,71%% em todos os tempos avaliados. Conclusão: Os parâmetros peso, comprimento, perímetro cefálico e perímetro braquial e a relação P/C aumentaram nos quatro tempos de aferição, enquanto o PCT e as relações PB/PC e IMC não se modificaram do primeiro para o segundo trimestre e o PB/PC foi o melhor preditor do depósito de gordura subcutânea tricipital (PCT) e de massa gorda e muscular (PB) / Introduction: The birth of newborns late preterm (RNPT -T), usually treated as \"near term\", has been increasing in recent decades. Several factors are attributed to its etiology and contribute to increased rates of perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Currently there are few studies of these newborns, especially about their growth. Objectives: To analyze the growth pattern of late preterm infants from birth to six months of corrected age. Methods: This cohort study included 64 RNPT-T, in four major hospitals in Cuiabá, between January and September 2013 and followed until 6 months corrected age. Data were collected at birth, at 40 weeks, 3 and 6 months corrected age. Correlation analyzes between anthropometric parameters mid- arm circumference (MAC) and triceps skinfold (TS) on the basis of anthropometric indices MAC / HC (head circumference), weight / length (W / L) and body mass index (BMI) were performed multiple linear regression. Results: At birth, 81.3 % were classified as appropriate for gestational age, with the average weight of 2343.80 ± 430.50 g. All newborns had a continuous growth in the six months corrected age for the values of weight, length and head circumference (HC). The average value of TS values of MAC / HC and BMI showed no difference at 6 months of corrected age. All correlation coefficients (r) of the TS and MAC parameters in relation to anthropometric indices showed statistically significant, with the highest values for MAC versus MAC / HC and W / L and lower for MAC versus BMI. At the end of the TS model of multiple linear regression, the MAC / HC contributed significantly to predict the deposition of fat at birth, at 40 weeks and at 3 months\' corrected age (33.8 %, 46.07 % and 18.08 % respectively); at 6 months was the best predictor of the ratio W/ L (10.45%). The best predictor for the MAC was the MAC / HC, which remained in the model with values of 73.71 % at all evaluated times. Conclusion: The parameters weight, length, head circumference and arm - circumference and the ratio W / L increased in the four times of measurement, while the TS and MUAC / HC relations and BMI did not change from the first to the second quarter and MAC / HC was the best predictor of subcutaneous fat deposit triceps (TS) and fat and muscle (MAC) mass

Durante a vida intrauterina, o desenvolvimento do embrião e do feto é suscetível a mudanças ambientais que podem alterar o fenótipo do indivíduo na vida pós-natal. Eventos que ocorrem durante períodos críticos de rápida divisão celular, nos quais são formados os diversos órgãos e tecidos, podem alterar a estrutura e função de sistemas orgânicos gerando consequências precoces (baixo peso ao nascimento) e tardias (doenças na vida adulta). Os protocolos experimentais da maior parte dos estudos sobre a programação fetal reduz o tamanho da ninhada logo após o nascimento. Essa abordagem dificulta a interpretação e reprodutibilidade dos resultados observados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a pressão sanguínea, o metabolismo de carboidratos e gasto energético em proles adultas é influenciado pelo tamanho da ninhada. Ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com ração padrão ad libitum e foram acasaladas com ratos machos com 12 semanas de idade. Após o nascimento, a prole foi dividida em três grupos: tamanho da ninhada sem redução (Gc), proles reduzido a oito filhotes (G8) e proles reduzidos a quatro filhotes (G4). Ao fim de 12 semanas de idade, o peso corporal, pressão arterial, consumo de ração, glicemia, insulina, colesterol e triacilgliceróis, massa de tecido adiposo marrom, índice de adiposidade, massa renal e cardíaca foram determinados. O peso corporal, índice de adiposidade, glicemia, nível de insulina e índice HOMA foram maiores em machos e fêmeas no grupo G4 do que nos grupos G8 e Gc. No entanto, o consumo de ração foi menor no grupo G4. A pressão arterial foi maior no grupo Gc em machos e fêmeas. Em resumo, a redução do tamanho da ninhada está relacionada com a obesidade, resistência à insulina e possíveis alterações no gasto energético na prole adulta / During intrauterine life, the developing fetus is susceptible to environmental changes that can alter the phenotype of the individual in postnatal life. This phenomenon is called fetal programming. Events that occur during critical periods of rapid cell division may alter the structure and function of organ systems, resulting in consequences both early (low birth weight) and late (diseases in adulthood) in life. The experimental protocols of most of the studies on fetal programming involve a reduction in litter size soon after birth. This approach hampers the interpretation and reproducibility of the observed results. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and energy expenditure in adult offspring are influenced by litter size. Female Wistar rats were fed standard rat chow ad libitum and were mated with male rats at 12 weeks of age. After birth, the offspring were divided into three groups: unchanged litter size (GU), culled to eight neonates (G8) and culled to four neonates (G4). At 12 weeks of age, the body weight; blood pressure; food intake; glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels; brown adipose tissue mass; adiposity index; renal mass; and cardiac mass were determined. The body weight, adiposity index, glucose level, insulin level and HOMA index were higher in males and females in the G4 group than in the G8 and GU groups. However, food consumption was lower in G4 males. The blood pressure was higher in the GU group. In summary, a small litter size is related to obesity, possible alterations in energy expenditure and insulin resistance in adult offspring

Le nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, originaire des Etats-Unis, est responsable de dépérissements massifs dans les forêts de pin des pays où il a été introduit. Il utilise comme vecteur un insecte du genre Monochamus, notamment M. galloprovincialis en Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir des informations concernant les capacités de dispersion de ce coléoptère afin de mieux prédire le risque d'invasion. A l'aide d'expériences en manège de vol, nous avons montré que les adultes émergents, encore immatures, sont déjà en mesure de maintenir des vols soutenus. Ils peuvent parcourir une distance d'environ 500m par jour et les capacités de vol augmentent avec la prise de poids pendant la phase de maturation sexuelle. Il n'existe pas de compromis d'allocation de l'énergie entre fonctions de dispersion et de reproduction pendant cette période et nous proposons de qualifier ces insectes de "income breeder" et "capital disperser". A l'état mature M. galloprovincialis est capable de voler un total de 16 km, avec des vols individuels d'environ1 km; ces performances augmentent avec l'âge et le poids des insectes. Le maintien des capacités de vol tout au long de la vie adulte de M. galloprovincialis conduit à proposer que les distances potentiellement parcourues dépendent surtout de la longévité de l'insecte. Dans une expérience d'élevage en conditions contrôlées nous avons montré que la vie adulte dure au moins 4 mois, augmentant quand les fluctuations thermiques sont atténuées. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la gestion de B. xylophilus en Europe puisqu'ils démontrent que la méthode d'éradication par coupe rase sur un rayon de 500m est probablement inopérante. / The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to the USA, is responsible of the pine wilt disease, causing large economic losses in the pine forests of all countries where it has been introduced. It uses as vector an insect of the genus Monochamus, e.g. M.galloprovincialis in Europe The objective of this thesis is to provide information about the dispersalabilities of, this beetle in order to better predict the spread rate of the PWN. Using flight mill experiments, we showed that immature adult beetles were able to fly since their emergence. The meanflight performance was ca. 500m per day, increasing with weight gain during the maturation period.There was no trade-offs in energy allocation between reproduction and dispersion. We therefore suggest that M. galloprovincialis is both "income breeder" and "capital disperser". Mature beetles were able to fly a total of 16km on average during their lifetime, with individual flights of ca. 1km. Flight performances increased with age and body weight, being equal for males and females. Because flight capacity remained constant across time, we suggested that the total distance potentially covered by beetles was mainly driven by their longevity. In a rearing experiment under controlled conditions we estimated the adult lifespan at 4 months. It was reduced under temperature regime with higheryearly thermal fluctuations. These results have important implications for the management of the PWN since they demonstrate that precautionary clear-cuts of 500m radius are likely to be ineffective in eradicating the disease.

Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att utveckla en begreppslig och teoretiserande förståelse för villkor och möjligheter i överviktiga personers handlingsliv. Med utgångspunkt i intervjuer med femton feta svenskar har slutpunkten för studien kommit att bli en artikulering av processer och subprocesser inom viktordningen. Viktordningen är ett system som ordnar alla horisontellt, som underviktiga, normalviktiga eller överviktiga. Den ordnar oss även vertikalt, genom att över - och underordna oss beroende på vilken viktkategori vi tillhör. Det innebär att vissa gynnas medan andra missgynnas. Att feta är en grupp som i den västerländska kulturen tenderar att både underordnas, förtryckas och missgynnas har humanistiskt och samhällsvetenskapligt orienterad fetmaforskning visat. Den forskningen, såväl som fetas redogörelser för sina liv, vittnar också om det viktordnande systemet. Genom att teoretisera kring viktordningen vill jag öka förståelsen för hur underordandet, förtrycket och missgynnande av feta är möjligt. Viktordningen är således inte i sig ett system för underordning av feta. De som dominerar är själva i vissa avseenden dominerade. Underordandet är snarare en effekt sprungna ur det viktordnande systemet. Viktordningen inkluderar mer än det som uppmärksammas i den här studien. Den teoretiserande framställningen behandlar fyra processer samt viktiga subprocesser och element i viktordningen: viktordnandets betingelser, viktiggörande, inordnande viktgörande och oviktiggörande. Viktordnande betingelser behandlar de kulturella och sociala förutsättningar som möjliggör viktordningens existens. Dessa betingelser gör att vikten blir viktig mer allmänt och för alla. I de övriga processerna är det fetas position och roll i viktordningen som är i fokus. Viktiggörande, belyser olika sätt varigenom feta människor kan kommer att uppleva och uppfatta sin övervikt som något negativt viktigt i sina liv. Inordnande viktgörande behandlar de sociala och kulturella medel som är ämnade att göra den feta smal (-are). Dessa tenderar också att göra vikten negativt viktig för feta. De tre första processerna behandlar syftets första del, det vill säga fetas villkor. Syftets andra del, möjligheterna, lyfts fram i den fjärde och sista processen, oviktiggöranden. Oviktiggörande kan enkelt beskrivas som viktiggörandets motkrafter, och refererar till hur feta kan göra sin övervikt mindre viktig. / The purpose of this thesis is to develop a conceptual and theorizing understanding of circumstances and possibilities in fat people’s lives. Starting in interviews with fifteen fat Swedes, this research finally ended up as an articulation of processes and sub-processes within the weight order. The weight order is a system that orders all of us horizontally as underweight, normal weight or overweight. It also orders us vertically as super- or subordered depending on which weight category we belong to. This means that some are favoured while others are unfairly treated. The fact that fat people in Western cultures tend to be sub-ordered, oppressed and unfairly treated because of their body sizes and weights has already been shown in previous research, and this study does not treat that issue to any great extent. Instead it focuses on the ordering system that is evident in fat people’s statements and in previous research about fatness and overweight within the humanities and social sciences. By theorizing around weight order I wish to broaden the understanding of how subordination, oppression and unfair treatment of fat people are possible. The weight order is not a system for subordination of fat people. Those who dominate are also in some sense dominated. Subordination is rather an effect driven by the weight-ordered system. The weight order is a more inclusive conception than has been presented in this study. The theoretical treaties examine four processes, sub-processes and elements within the weight order. These include weight-ordering conditions, weightification, subsuming weightdoing, and downplaying weightification. Weight-ordering conditions deal with cultural and social circumstances that make the weight order possible. These conditions are processes that no one can fully escape. In the other processes it is only fat people’s positions and roles within the weight order that is in focus. Weightification consists of the processes that make body weight important in people’s lives. In this work weightification highlights different forms that make fat people experience and understand their overweight as negatively important in their lives. Subsuming weight-doings deals with social and cultural means that are intended to make fat people thin (-er). These also tend to make the  body weight negative for fat people. The three first processes treat the first part of the aim, fat people’s conditions. The second part of the aim, possibilities, is dealt with in the fourth and last process, downplaying weightification. Downplaying weightification can simply be described as including the opposite forces to weightification, and deals with how fat people can make their overweight less important.

Obesity prevalences are increasing in Sweden and the US. Obesity has many health consequences and health risks are associated with small increases in weight and marked obesity. Cross-sectional and panel surveys from northern Sweden and upstate NY provide the basis for furthering understanding of body mass index (BMI) development. BMI and weight change (+/-3%) were used to evaluate obesity and weight loss, maintenance, or gain. The 1989 prevalences of obesity were 9.6% and 21.3% in Sweden and the US; 1999 prevalences were 18.4% and 32.3%. Ten-year incidences (1989-1999) of overweight and obesity were 337/1000 and 120/1000 for Sweden and 336/1000 and 173/1000 for the US. Cross-sectional data suggest obesity is a problem of older age while panel data show that the young are gaining weight most rapidly. Individual changes in BMI have similar trends for Sweden and the US; the majority of adults are gaining weight. Older age, being a woman, higher BMI, and type 2 diabetes were associated with higher odds of weight non-gain. Younger age, being a man, being married and using snuff (snus) increased the odds of weight gain. The obese were 2-7 times more likely to report self-rated poor health. Healthy behaviours explain more of the person-to-person variability in BMI than do unhealthy behaviours or chronic diseases. Encouraging trends were found among Västerbotten Intervention Programme participants: a higher proportion of adults maintained weight in more recent survey years. The proportion of weight-gaining adults with identified health risk factors is smaller than those without risk factors. Frequently weight maintenance is felt to be important only for those identified as having a problem with weight or an obesity-related health condition. The largest proportion of those gaining weight are those with a normal BMI. Obesity prevention should target those usually considered low-risk (young, without cardiovascular risk factors, normal BMI).

Titre : Étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans la population québécoise adulte. Objectif : L’objectif principal des travaux effectués était l'étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans quatre groupes d’adultes qui ont participé à l’Enquête sociale et de santé 1998 (ESS 98). Méthodologie : Les microdonnées de l'ESS 98 ont été accédées en utilisant les services de l’Institut de la statistique du Québec. Les groupes étudiés étaient les hommes et les femmes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans ou 45 et 64 ans. Résultats : La pratique d’activités physiques reliées au transport et un niveau de scolarité plus élevé ont été associés à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les hommes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans. Une meilleure perception des habitudes alimentaires a aussi été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids dans la plupart des groupes à l’exception des femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans. Le niveau d’AP a été associé négativement à l’excès de poids uniquement chez les femmes plus âgées. Une meilleure perception de l’état de santé a été associée à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans et à plus de probabilités chez les hommes âgés entre 45 et 64 ans. Chez les hommes des deux groupes, le tabagisme a été associé à moins de probabilités de rapporter avoir un excès de poids. Chez les femmes, la consommation d’alcool a été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids. Dans tous les groupes, tenter présentement de perdre du poids a été associé à plus de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids. Les travaux effectués démontrent que ces déterminants du poids corporel ne sont pas nécessairement associés aux habitudes alimentaires et au niveau d’AP. Conclusion : Les déterminants psychosociaux associés à l’obésité divergent selon le sexe et l’âge. L’identification de ces associations illustre le besoin d’intégrer les spécificités de chacun de ces groupes dans les interventions populationnelles qui visent la problématique du poids corporel. / Title: Psychosocial correlates of body weight in the Quebec Adults Population. Objective: Within the variables available in the 1998 Social and Health survey, identify psycho-social correlates of body mass index (BMI) in the Quebec population. Method: Access to the Social Lifestyles and Health 1998 survey was done at the «Institut de la Statistique du Québec». Groups studied included the 25- to 44-years and the 45- to 64- years old men and women. Results: Higher number of physical activity (PA) related to transport and levels of education were associated with less odds of reporting an excess body weight only in the 25- to 44-years old men. Cigarette smoking was also associated with less odds of reporting an excess weight in both men groups. Regular practice of leisure time PA was associated with less odds of reporting an excess weight only in 45- to 64-years old women. In both women groups, more frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages decreased the odds of reporting an excess weight. Perceived eating habits were also associated with less odds of an excess weight in most groups except in the 25- to 44-yearsold women where the trend was not significant. Opposite associations were observed between perceived health and BMI. In the 45- to 64-year old men, better perceived health increased the odds of reporting an excess weight. On the opposite, the odds of reporting an excess weight decreased with better health in 25- to 44-years-old women. In all groups, currently trying to loose weight increased the odds of reporting an excess weight. Others analyses also indicate that those correlates are not always associated with eating habits and PA level as it would be expected. Conclusion: Many correlates differ between age-group and sex. The identification of these factors illustrates the need to adapt obesity related program toward specific sub-group within the general population.

L’eugénol permet d’induire une anesthésie chirurgicale chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis) sans causer de lésions chez des grosses grenouilles (90-140g). Le premier objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer la durée de l’anesthésie et d’évaluer la dépression du système nerveux central ainsi que les changements de saturation en oxygène et de fréquence cardiaque chez des petites (7.5 ± 2.1 g) et moyennes (29.2 ± 7.4 g) grenouilles Xenopus laevis en fonction du temps d’exposition à un bain d’eugénol de 350 µL/L. Suite à une immersion de 5 ou 10 minutes, la réponse au test à l’acide acétique, au réflexe de retrait et au réflexe de retournement était absente pendant 1 heure (petites grenouilles) et 0,5 heure (moyennes) et l’anesthésie chirurgicale durait au maximum 15 et 30 minutes chez les petites et moyennes grenouilles respectivement. La saturation en oxygène n’était pas affectée de façon significative, mais la fréquence cardiaque était diminuée jusqu’à 1 heure post-immersion dans les deux groupes. Le deuxième objectif était de déterminer la toxicité de l’eugénol chez des grenouilles de taille moyenne après une ou trois administrations à une dose anesthésique, avec ou sans période de récupération d’une semaine. Histologiquement, il y avait de l’apoptose tubulaire rénale et des membranes hyalines pulmonaires après une administration, et de la nécrose hépatique et des hémorragies dans les tissus adipeux après trois administrations. Ces résultats suggèrent que le poids corporel est un paramètre important à considérer lors de l’anesthésie de grenouilles Xenopus laevis par immersion dans l’eugénol. / Eugenol has been shown to induce surgical anesthesia in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) without causing lesions after a single administration in large frogs (90-140g). The first objective of this study was to determine the duration of anesthesia in small (7.5 ± 2.1 g) and medium (29.2 ± 7.4 g) Xenopus laevis frogs and evaluate CNS depression and changes in oxygen saturation and heart rate relative to exposure time in a eugenol bath (350 µL/L). After immersion for 5 or 10 minutes, no responses to the acetic acid test (AAT), withdrawal reflex, and righting reflex were seen for 1 h (small frogs) or 0.5 h (medium frogs), and small and medium frogs were under surgical anesthesia for a maximum of 15 and 30 minutes respectively. Oxygen saturation was not significantly affected by anesthesia, but heart rate was depressed for as long as 1 hour post-exposure in both groups of frogs. The second objective was to determine the toxicity of eugenol in medium frogs after one or three administrations at anesthetic doses, with or without a 1 week recovery period. Histopathology revealed renal tubular apoptosis and pulmonary hyaline membranes after 1 administration, as well as hepatic necrosis and adipose tissue hemorrhages after 3 administrations. These results suggest that body weight is an important parameter to consider when using a eugenol bath for anesthesia of Xenopus laevis frogs.

Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2003.