A tese aprofunda-se na história do primeiro meio de transporte destinado à mobilidade pública e coletiva de passageiros que circulou sistematicamente pelas ruas de Santiago do Chile, além de ter sido o mais utilizado em tal cidade até a década de 1930. A análise proposta percorre uma perspectiva dialética que busca reconstruir a contribuição desse veículo para a modernização da capital chilena, reconhecendo-o, para tanto, como um artefato sócio-técnico produtor de mobilidade urbana, ao mesmo tempo que um produto emblemático das necessidades e expectativas introduzidas pelo ideário do progresso da sociedade chilena. O objetivo da tese é estudar a importância do bonde em três planos ou, melhor dito, fazendo três paradas em seu itinerário histórico: como artefato que articulou relações produtivas específicas; possibilitou a introdução de novas tecnologias para o movimento que modificariam as formas através das quais a população reconheceria a cidade; e facilitou a concepção e organização da circulação na imaginação urbana. / This thesis provides an in-depth history of the first mode of transportation intended for public and collective mobility of passengers that circulated systematically through the streets of Santiago de Chile. The tramway was the citys most used transit system until the 1930s. The proposed analysis adopts a dialectical perspective that aims to reconstruct the contribution of such vehicle to the modernization of the Chilean capital. For that purpose, the tram is conceived as a socio-technical artifact that produced urban mobility, and at the same time as an emblematic product of the needs and expectations the ideology of progress introduced into the Chilean society. The aim of the thesis is to study the importance of the tram in three levels or, rather, making three stops along its historical itinerary: as a device that articulated specific relations of production; made possible the introduction of new mobility technologies that modified the ways in which the population recognized the city; and facilitated the conception and organization of circulation in the urban imagination.

Den här studien undersöker hur heteronormativitet finns synligt i reality-TV. För att utröna hur detta framställs undersöks ett avsnitt av Bonde söker fru och ett av Tro, hopp och kärlek. Båda programmen är dejtingprogram som sändes hösten 2016. Studien utgår från queerteorin som ifrågasätter heteronormativiteten och hur den utövar makt över de som inte lever efter den normen. Metoden för studien är kritisk diskursanalys som används för att synliggöra vilka språkliga grepp som används för att konstruera heteronormativiteten och även för att synliggöra maktstrukturer. Syftet med studien är att avslöja strukturer som konstruerar normativa respektive avvikande kärleksrelationer. Studien identifierar fem olika teman som konstrueras kring kärleksförhållandet: Ett komplett liv, Den stora kärleken, Livet utan kärleksförhållande, Jag är redo och Det mätbara målet. De heteronormativa föreställningarna syns genom att kärleksförhållandet konstrueras som en problemlösare, kärleksförhållandet ses som den högst prioriterade relationen i de medverkandes liv, singelskapet medför ett utanförskap och en känsla av misslyckande samt att målet med kärleksrelationen är en långvarig relation med en önskan om reproduktion. Studien antyder också på att det även finns krav på när kärleksförhållandet bör inträffa i livet. / This study examines how heteronormativity is constructed in reality-TV. The study anylizes one episode of Bonde söker fru (the Swedish version of Farmer wants a wife) and one episode of the Swedish tv-show Tro, hopp och kärlek (Faith, hope and love). Both of them are dating programmes and were broadcasted during the fall of 2016. The study uses the queer theoretical framework which is questioning the heteronormativity and how it exercises power over the ones not living within the norm. The critical discourse analysis is implemented as both a method and theoretical framework. As a method the critical discourse analysis is used to show how the language constructs heteronormativity and helps the study to expose power structures. The purpose of the study is to expose structures that construct normative and abnormative love relationships. The study identifies five different themes that contributes to the perception of the love relationship: A complete life, The great love, Life without love relationship, I am ready and The measurable goal. The heteronormative ideas shows through the construction of the love relationship as a problem solver, the love relationship is the most prioritised relationship in participant’s lives, being single involves alienation and a feeling of failure as well as the goal of the love relationship is a longlasting relationship  with the desire of reproduction. The study also indicates that there is requirements on when in life the love relationship should occur.

This thesis is a study of the norms and values of political culture during the 15th century.  The political culture gives the struggle for power in the Kalmar Union in the 15th century its characteristics.  The aim of this study is to identify the political culture and how it contributed to the political polarisation and disagreement within the Kalmar Union during the reign of King Karl Knutsson (Bonde) 1448-1470 and Regent Sten Sture 1470-1503. The theoretic approach is based partly on Eva Österberg’s definition of political culture, but mainly the theory is based on Harald Gustafsson’s thoughts and identified eight arguments for legitimising power used in political correspondence during the 16th century. These arguments are examples of how someone could express themselves to legitimise their power. The method used in this study identifies what non-vocal structures and values that are expressed in the official material of legal documents including treaties and open letters to or from the common people. Firstly, the context of the document is identified and information like who wrote it, when and why, secondly the study analyses how the operators’ addresses and use titles to one another. Thirdly the study identifies words and phrases that express positive values for legitimation. The values that has been found have been analysed in comparison to the law in order to identify if the values could be found in the laws as well. To conclude the study found that there are differences in how the operators expresses themselves and the emotional connection to the situation, although non-vocal structures like norms enforce the operators to apply a certain amount of respect. The political culture and the diplomatic mission creates the standards used in addressing their opponent. Therefore the choices of words are important and the study identifies five larger values that comes to light, they are law and justice, unity, assurances, commitments and duties and good characteristics. All of these can be identified during the entire research period and supported by the values expressed in the law.

Submitted by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-08-20T15:48:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ PelosTrilhosBondes.pdf: 54790738 bytes, checksum: dc911457c3553fa7d5321668ee1f1b79 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-08-20T16:31:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ PelosTrilhosBondes.pdf: 54790738 bytes, checksum: dc911457c3553fa7d5321668ee1f1b79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-20T16:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ PelosTrilhosBondes.pdf: 54790738 bytes, checksum: dc911457c3553fa7d5321668ee1f1b79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / FIDESA - Fundação Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da Amazônia / UNAMA - Universidade da Amazônia / A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar as mudanças sociais e espaciais ocorridas em Belém, através dos bondes, no período de 1869 a 1947. Neste contexto, os carris surgem como símbolos de modernidade e locus privilegiado de observação de fenômenos sociais que se desenrolam cotidianamente, como as relações de gênero, de dominação e resistência, a territorialização do espaço urbano – em parte oriunda do processo de gentrificação – e as estratégias de legitimação de posse dos mesmos, os diversos graus de sociabilidade, as afetividades estabelecidas, os comportamentos sociais instituídos de maneira tácita ou determinados normas e/ou códigos de postura. Desta forma, objetivando a análise dos processos interativos que produzem o sentido “prático” da realidade o materialismo histórico é utilizado como principal suporte metodológico. Questões relativas à distinção entre grupos sociais, lutas de classificações e poder simbólico foram analisadas através de conceitos e categorias trabalhadas por Bourdieu. A sociologia processual de Norbert Elias também foi utilizada como viés interpretativo de fenômenos sociais, o que deu à pesquisa um caráter linear. A investigação deteve-se em eixos: a história da cidade, a história do cotidiano e a história dos bondes. Como meio de interpretação da história da cidade e do cotidiano utilizou-se a literatura, principalmente a regional, e os discursos oficiais – da Municipalidade, das empresas concessionárias, o discurso midiático e os relatos de memória. Conclui-se que os bondes alteraram as percepções do binômio espaço-tempo de seus usuários, reproduziram as diferenças existentes entre os grupos sociais, proporcionaram novas formas de sociabilidade, fomentaram o crescimento da cidade e promoveram a conexão entre os territórios de uma Belém gentrificada. / This investigation aims to analyze the spatial and social changes that happened in belém, through the tramway perspective, from 1869 to 1947. In this context, tramways appear as symbols of modernity and as locus where daily social phenomena could be observed, such as gender relations, social dominations and resistance, territorialization of urban space – partially generated by the gentrification process – the varying degrees of sociability and affectivities and social behaviors tacitly established, or imposed by posture codes. Thus, historical materialism is used as the main methodological support. Subjects like social distinction, social classification and symbolic power were analysed using Bourdieu´s concepts and categories. The processual sociology of Norbert Elias was also used to interpretate social phenomena, wich gave linearity to this investigation. The investigation has focused on three axes: the city´s history, the everyday life´s history, and tramway´s history. As a mean of interpreting the city´s history and daily life, the literature was used, regional mainly, and official reports from the city and tram companies, the media discourse and memory stories. We concluded that tramways changed their user´s perception of space and time, reproduced social group´s differences, provided new forms of sociability, fostered the growth of the city and connected the territories of a gentrified city. / UNAMA - Universidade da Amazônia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielLPM_Pag1_ate_pag97.pdf: 4839877 bytes, checksum: 3d5fe7174441bcbf90a4b28c1edf1c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to S?o Jos? do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Fl?vio Villa?a and Roberto Lobato Corr?a references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group Hist?ria da Cidade, do Territ?rio e do Urbanismo . / A estrada de ferro, a partir de 1870, se torna uma reivindica??o recorrente nos discursos da imprensa e das elites pol?ticas, devido ao isolamento geogr?fico de Natal. A implanta??o das duas vias f?rreas que atendiam a capital a Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, posteriormente encampada pela Great Western Railway Company, e a Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte tiveram implica??es em seu ambiente urbano. Enquanto que as estruturas ferrovi?rias se consolidavam no ?mbito da cidade, outros mecanismos de transporte eram instalados durante a primeira d?cada do s?culo XX, como as linhas de bonde, que tamb?m se deslocavam por trilhos. Levando em conta essas quest?es, pode-se perguntar: como as ferrovias e os bondes suas demandas, caminhos e edifica??es influenciaram na organiza??o interna de Natal? Trabalhamos com a hip?tese geral de que a influ?ncia das redes t?cnicas compostas pelos bondes e pelas estradas de ferro sobre o espa?o intraurbano de Natal se deu de forma diversificada, ora consolidando aspectos s?cioespaciais de algumas ?reas, ora promovendo a ocupa??o de outras. O impacto sobre o territ?rio da cidade tamb?m se d? de maneira diversificada entre os edif?cios/complexos ferrovi?rios e os caminhos. A diferente escala existente entre o trem e o bonde velocidade, tamanho, n?vel de ru?do, fluxo, entre outros tamb?m ocasiona reflexos distintos no ambiente urbano. O objetivo principal deste trabalho ? o de compreender o papel das redes t?cnicas de circula??o na estrutura??o do espa?o intra-urbano, de forma a contribuir ? historiografia urbana que trata do assunto. O universo de estudo abrangido ? a cidade de Natal. J? o recorte temporal adotado, entre 1881 e 1937, marca temporalmente a trajet?ria das vias f?rreas e dos bondes no Rio Grande do Norte: em 1881 ? inaugurado o primeiro trecho de vias f?rreas no estado de Natal a S?o Jos? de Mipibu , bem como, o complexo ferrovi?rio na Pra?a da Rep?blica futura Augusto Severo , o ano de 1937 corresponde ao per?odo eminente do decl?nio dos bondes como sistema de transporte p?blico em Natal. Nesse per?odo, d?cada de 1930, as ferrovias e os bondes, apesar de estruturas consolidadas, passavam a enfrentar de maneira mais intensa a concorr?ncia oferecida pelos ve?culos automotores. O referencial te?rico adotado se baseia, sobretudo, nos conceitos e an?lises de autores como Fl?vio Villa?a e Roberto Lobato Corr?a refer?ncias para as concep??es de estrutura urbana , localiza??o , acessibilidade , entre outras e Gabriel Dupuy base para o entendimento da quest?o das redes t?cnicas urbanas . Essas refer?ncias revelam o conflito entre as realidades que comp?em o universo urbano interesses e valores , o que ? um fator determinante na estrutura??o do espa?o intra-urbano. As fontes utilizadas foram de duas naturezas distintas: prim?rias, tanto peri?dicos de ?poca, como mensagens e relat?rios oficiais de governo; e secund?rias, referentes ? revis?o bibliogr?fica realizada sobre os autores que tratam do tema em estudo. Tamb?m s?o utilizadas pelo estudo v?rias fontes iconogr?ficas, presentes no Grupo de Estudo Hist?ria da Cidade e do Urbanismo (HCUrb/DARQ) e levantadas a partir das pesquisas de campo realizadas

The term sustainable agriculture may be formulated, but not yet practically integrated in agriculture. This thesis investigates the organic farmers´ ideas and experiences of what they consider sustainable or not sustainable in agriculture. Using unstructured phone interviews and "walk-alongs" with KRAV-farmers in Kristianstad, I have sought to understand their ideas and experiences, inspired by the phenomenological approach. The thesis communicates the experiences of organic farmers of sustainable agriculture based on an explicit role as stewards of the same. How come they express themselves and act the way they do? Why are these issues important and how do they relate to each other? The result, using the three dimensions of economical, ecological and social sustainability, is presented. How farmers experience profitability, eco-awareness and influence in their stewardship are important. The overlapping areas for sustainability describe the need of fair terms in socioeconomic terms. Agroecologically, the stewards need to experience the work to be practically feasible, both financially and ecologically. Socioecologically, their stewardship becomes more acceptable within an eco-aware market, which adds to their individual creation of meaning. Even though there are ideas and experiences of what sustainable agriculture includes, this does not necessarily mean that this is what the farmers find in their work. In the eyes of these farmers, their experiences need to be more just, feasible and acceptable for sustainability. How farmers continue to handle complex choices in agriculture for economic, ecological and social sustainability is interesting; not only for the farmers themselves, but also in a societal perspective for long-term domestic food security. What they see as sustainable depends on the choices of other stakeholders and how the farmers themselves formulate goals and purpose with regard to their own farming. They argue that one thing leads to another, which the thesis gives plenty of practical examples of. The thesis should be seen as a normative contribution to the public debate about what is sustainable, listening to the voices of organic farmers.

SAMPAIO, Jorge Henrique Maia. Para não perder o bonde: Fortaleza e o transporte da light nos anos 1913-1947. 2010. 140 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-ce, 2010. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-27T12:38:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_JHMSampaio.pdf: 1601896 bytes, checksum: 29dd8f85977b5f1a2bf6e25e0d2bd030 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-27T13:02:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_JHMSampaio.pdf: 1601896 bytes, checksum: 29dd8f85977b5f1a2bf6e25e0d2bd030 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-27T13:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_JHMSampaio.pdf: 1601896 bytes, checksum: 29dd8f85977b5f1a2bf6e25e0d2bd030 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho consiste em analisar historicamente o bonde em Fortaleza no período entre 1913 e 1947, pondo em relevo as relações que os habitantes estabeleciam com a cidade em face da presença desses equipamentos modernos; observando o uso que as diferentes classes sociais faziam do espaço urbano, sobretudo a partir da chegada do bonde, iniciado no ano de 1913, pela companhia inglesa Ceará Tramway Light, e encampado pelo poder público local em 1947. Nesses anos, o bonde foi muito mais do que uma simples máquina, representava a existência do moderno na capital e se constituía em espaço de convivência entre as diferentes classes sociais. Durante esse período, houve um crescimento acentuado da população e, após os anos 1930, os equipamentos urbanos não acompanharam o novo ritmo da cidade. A pesquisa também apresenta como o sistema de transporte define os espaços urbanos, a configuração de bairros e as disputas por locais próximos ao centro. Com uma série de irregularidades, paralisações, dificuldades na circulação, o bonde alterou o cotidiano dos habitantes de Fortaleza na percepção da velocidade, do espaço, do tempo e, principalmente, no caminhar pela urbe.

The study of early cross-linguistic diplomatic epistolography was first introduced in Brownlees' (2012) comparative study of Italian and English personal newsletters. Given the field’s young age and the strong need for both further research and the retrieving of new, untranscribed and unanalysed data, the present study set out to help move this field forward by examining, at both a textual superstructure and semantic macrostructural level, two sets of unchartered diplomatic newsletters which representatives at foreign courts despatched back to their respective home countries. The first set of original manuscripts comprises periodical newsletters which Baron Christer Bonde, the Swedish ambassador-extraordinary to England, wrote to Charles X, King of Sweden, between 1655-6, whereas the second set consists of letters sent in 1680 by John Robinson, England’s chargé d’affaires in Sweden, to Sir Leoline Jenkins, Secretary of State for the Northern Department of England. The analysis has shown that whereas the textual superstructures of the two diplomats’ correspondences remain similarly robust, the instantiating semantic macrostructures display not only stylistic and compositional, but also narrative, variation.