本研究旨在探討台北市、台北縣、桃園縣、宜蘭市、基隆市幼兒園品牌領導與幼兒園品牌權益之內涵與運用現況之探討；並分析不同背景變項幼兒園品牌領導策略與幼兒園品牌權益之差異、相關與預測情形。 首先採取文獻探究，作為研究架構之依據；再以北區五縣市幼兒園組織人員共319位為研究對象，利用自編之「幼兒園品牌領導策略與幼兒園品牌權益」為研究工具，進行問卷調查；問卷所得資料以SPSS12.0中文版統計軟體，運用描述統計、獨立樣本T考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析、及內容分析等方法進行分析討論。根據研究結果及分析後歸納之研究結論如下： ㄧ、幼兒園品牌領導運用程度的得分為中程度，並以「組織的結構與流程」向度最高，而「品牌架構」向度得分最低 二、幼兒園品牌權益的成效得分為中高程度，並以「品牌忠誠度」向度得分最高，以「品牌知名度」向度得分最低 三、幼兒園組織人員背景變項中，服務年資、園所性質、園所類型、園所規模在在幼兒園品牌領導策略運用程度上達顯著水準，但年齡、教育程度、擔任職 務、園所區域、園所歷史未達顯著差異 四、幼兒園組織人員背景變項中，年齡、服務年資、園所性質、園所類型、園所規模在幼兒園品牌權益的差異達顯著水準，但教育程度、擔任職務、園所區 域上未達顯著差異 五、幼兒園品牌領導策略得分高分組者，在幼兒園品牌權益得分顯著優於中、低分組；幼兒園品牌領導策略得分中分組者，在幼兒園品牌權益得分顯著優於 於低分組 六、幼兒園品牌領導策略與幼兒園品牌權益間呈顯著正相關 七、幼兒園品牌領導策略對幼兒園品牌權益具有正向預測作用，且以品牌識別最具有預測力 最後根據研究結果提出建議，以提供幼兒園領導者與經營團隊、教育行政單位與未來研究之參考。

網際網路普及背後孕育著龐大商機，但電子商務仍然面臨商業競爭與來自消費者的挑戰。研究者認為引進品牌權益的概念，協助電子商務經營者建立強勢網路品牌，是一可行辦法。回顧文獻，發現過去顧客基礎品牌權益研究多半為行銷者導向，較少重視消費者個別差異。為了更進一步區分消費者的差異，研究者欲藉由使用與滿足理論對媒體使用動機的研究成果，來瞭解消費者在不同的使用動機下其重視的網路品牌權益構面。本研究以Aaker(1996)提出的品牌權益為基礎，並使用網路消費者為研究對象，建構顧客基礎的網路品牌權益構面。也一併瞭解消費者個別差異，作為電子商務經營者在發展電子商務時的重要參考依據。 本研究分四階段進行。第一階段為定義何謂網路品牌；第二階段透過焦點團體，發展出顧客基礎的網路品牌權益內涵；第三，透過第一、二階段的成果，進行網路品牌權益問卷編製與大樣本施測，確立顧客基礎的網路品牌權益構面。第四階段使用典型相關分析，以瞭解不同使用動機下的消費者，是否重視不同網路品牌權益概念。網路品牌權益量表透過線上調查，收集358份有效問卷。研究結果指出，網路品牌權益可分作五大構面，分別為網站管理（包含營運方式與互動關係）、品牌忠誠（包含使用偏好與使用習慣組成）、品牌聯想、自我表達及知覺品質，因素負荷量達52.77%；量表共33題，信度.905(p<0.01)，效標關連效度達.512(p<0.01)。本研究亦發現在不同網路使用動機之下，消費者重視的網路品牌權益不同；在資訊蒐集與娛樂動機下，消費者重視網路品牌的網站管理與知覺品質；在人際與娛樂動機下，則重視知覺品質與自我表達。 最後則對電子商務業者提出品牌經營參考，及未來學術發展方向。 關鍵字：品牌、網路品牌權益、顧客基礎、使用與滿足。 / Despite the universal availability of the Internet and the immense business opportunities generated e-commerce, e-commerce itself is confronted by endless business competition and consumer mistrust. How should e-commerce managers react to these competition and challenges? This research proposes that the introduction of the brand equity concept is viable in helping e-commerce managers establish strong online brands, yet existing literature on customer-based brand equity are mostly marketer oriented rather than customer oriented, thus not much weight is given to individual consumer differences. We use mass media theory “uses and gratification” theory to understand if customer have different internet use motivation will cause them prefer different online brand equity. We use online consumer as research participant, and build customer-based online brand equity construct, describe individual differences as our results. E-commerce managers can utilize as important reference when developing their business affairs. This research is conducted in four stages: the first stage is intended for understanding consumers’ definition of online brands; the second stage develops preliminary customer-based online brand equity constructs via focus groups; the third stage develops customer-based brand equity constructs by designing and testing a survey based on the results of the first two stages using large samples; and the fourth stage uses canonical analysis to find out whether customer have different internet use motivation will cause them prefer different online brand equity. We collected 358 validate questionnaires. Findings indicate that online brand equity can be divided into five dimensions: web site management, brand loyalty, brand associations, self expressions, and perceived quality. Totaling 33 items, factor loading 52.77%, with 0.905 in reliability and 0.512 (p<0.01) in criteria-related validity. When conusumer’s internet use motivation is search information and entertainment, the online brand equity construct they will prefer is web site managemet and perceived quality. But when conusumer’s internet use motivation is interpersonal and entertainment, the online brand equity construct they will prefer is perceived quality and self expressions. According results above, we propsed some recommdations for e-commerce managers and scholars. Keywords: Brand, Online brand equity, Customer-based, Uses and gratification

運用代言人來為品牌進行代言已成為普遍的廣告行銷手法，在各種不同類型的代言人當中，又以「名人」做為代言人的現象最為普遍。由於名人本身具有鮮明特殊的形象與個性，又受到大眾的信任與喜愛，同時任何一舉一動都容易吸引媒體與社會的高度關注，因此，邀請名人為品牌代言，就可以輕易地利用其高知名度來獲取消費者的矚目，並以名人相關的豐富聯想來塑造品牌形象，更可以將消費者對於名人的喜好一併移轉到品牌身上。 本研究觀察了名人的代言現象，發現過去國內外學者的研究皆以「企業」觀點出發，探討企業應該如何挑選代言人以提升品牌權益，卻忽略了在名人為品牌進行代言的同時，名人的品牌權益也會因此正向提升或負向削弱。因此本研究以「名人」的角度出發，將名人視為一個品牌，探討名人擔任品牌代言人的過程中哪些因素將影響名人的品牌權益，希望提供企業挑選品牌代言人、以及名人面對代言邀約時的參考依據。 在研究設計方面，首先挑選台灣近十年來代言數量多、知名度高、而且較沒有明顯政治立場的名人，最後選擇蔡依林做為研究客體。研究採問卷調查法，以便利抽樣方式在台北市信義商圈發放紙本問卷、在台灣大學BBS討論區PTT上發放網路問卷，最後總共回收有效問卷共300份。 研究結果發現，名人形象與品牌形象的差異、名人與品牌間的關聯程度，以及名人代言品牌產品的知覺品質會影響消費者對於代言關係的認同感，進而影響名人的品牌權益。當名人形象與品牌形象越一致、名人與品牌的關聯程度越高、代言產品的知覺品質越佳時，消費者對於代言關係的認同感越高，而名人的品牌權益便因而提升。

Online brand communityn (OBC) innebar ett kraftfullt, och potentiellt värdeskapande, verktyg för företag. Det har dock visat sig att företag hade svårt att bemöta sina OBC:er. Det resulterade i att företag gick miste om de potentiella värden OBC:n hade. För att öka kunskapen kring värdeskapande och bemötande av OBC:er har Minecraft och Netflix respektive OBC:er undersökts med hjälp av netnografi. Studien undersökte hur interaktioner och aktiviteter bidrog till värdeskapande i form av ökat varumärkeskapital och ny innovation. Den belyste även hur OBC:er skiljde sig åt beroende på om OBC:erna var fokuserade på områden kring innovation kontra varumärkeskapital. Studien fann sju interaktionsmönster att analysera. Interaktionsmönstren visade på skillnader mellan OBC:erna utifrån deras fokus och förutsättningar. Studien kunde även beskriva hur sex av de sju interaktionerna var värdeskapande för företaget. / Online brand community (OBC) is intended to be a powerful, and potentially valuable, tool for businesses. However, the outcome has shown that companies have had difficulties responding to their OBC:s. It has resulted in companies missing the potential values that OBC offered. In order to increase knowledge about value creation and reception of the OBC:s a netnography of Minecraft and Netflix, respectively OBC has been conducted. The study examined how interactions and activities contributed to the creation of value by an increased brand equity and new innovation. It also highlighted how the OBC:s differed depending on whether the OBC:s were focused on the topics of innovation versus brand equity. The study found seven interaction patterns to analyse. The interaction patterns showed differences between the OBC:s ,based on their focus and conditions. The study could also describe how six of the seven interactions created value for the company.

Problemformulering: Idag råder en negativ trend gällande antalet åskådare för en majoritet av organisationerna inomprofessionell ishockey i Sverige. Då publiken utgör en viktig del i ett matchevenemang, både ekonomiskt och upplevelsemässigt, är detta en problematisk utveckling. Tidigare forskning visar att den del av publiken som besöker ett matchevenemang 1-3 gånger per säsong är en fördelaktig grupp att påverka för att öka dess konsumtion. Däremot har den tidigare forskningen primärt studerat besökare inom professionell idrott i generella termer alternativt fokuserat på hängivna fans samt haft en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi. Syfte och frågeställningar: Studiens syfte är att djupare förstå de sporadiska besökarna och undersöka hur varumärket kan användas för att påverka dem till att gå oftare.• Vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumtionen lyfts fram av sporadiska besökare?• Hur kan kunskapen om de identifierade faktorerna användas för att få den sporadiska besökaren att gå oftare utifrån ett varumärkesperspektiv? Metod: Med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en deduktiv ansats med induktiva inslag har denna studie genomfört tolv semistrukurerade intervjuer. Respondenterna i denna studie är besökare av fallorganisationens ishockeymatcher och går på 1-3 matchevenemang per säsong. Resultat: Denna studie har uppmärksammat ett antal faktorer som genom varumärket kan påverka den sporadiska besökarens konsumtion. Studien har identifierat stämning som ett konsumtionsmotiv hos en grupp av sporadiska besökare samt att studien funnit olika varianter av det socialamotivet och preferenser av matchresultatets karaktär. Vidare har studien funnit att en grupp sporadiska besökare har en hög kunskapsnivå gällande ishockey och till sist har studien ävenfunnit djupare beskrivningar av verklighetsflykt och underhållning vilka även de är faktorer som påverkar sporadiska besökares konsumtion. Forskningsbidrag: Denna studie ger detaljerade beskrivningar av sporadiska besökares konsumtionsbeteende och varumärkesassociationer inom professionell idrott. Vidare bidrar studien med kompletterande indikationer av faktorer som påverkar de sporadiska besökarnas konsumtionsfrekvens av matchevenemang. / Problem definition: Today there is a negative trend regarding the number of spectators among a majority of the organizations within professional ice hockey in Sweden. This is a problematic development since the spectators play an important part for the event of the games, both financially and experientially. Previous research shows that the customer segment which visits one to three games per season is a favorable group when it comes to increasing their consumption. Though, previous research has fore most studied spectators in general terms or have had the devoted fansas main focus. Furthermore, the previous research has primarily been quantitative regarding its research strategy. Aim and research questions: The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of low frequent spectators and understand how the brand can be used in order to influence them to go more often.• Which factors, which influence the consumption, is described by the the low frequent spectators?• How can the knowledge of these identified factors be used in order to influence the low frequent spectator to visit more often from a brand perspective? Methodology: With a qualitative research strategy and a deductive, with element of inductive, research approach, this study has completed twelve semi-structured interviews. The respondents are spectators of ice hockey games of the organization which this study have studied and who visits 1-3 games per season. Results: A number of factors which can influence the low frequent spectators’ consumption through the brand have been noticed through this study. The atmosphere has been identified as a consumption motive among a group of low frequent spectators and the study has also found different versions of the social motive as well as preferences for the nature of the games results. Furthermore, the study has found a group of low frequent spectators which has a high level of knowledge about ice hockey. Finally, the study has also found deeper descriptions of escape and entertainment which also are factors which influence the consumption among a group of low frequent spectators within professional sports. Research grants: This study provides detailed descriptions of low frequent spectators’ consumer behavior and brand associations within professional sports. Furthermore, the study provides additional indications of factors which affect the low frequent spectators’ consumption regarding games.

Bakgrund: Då ett företags logotyp är kopplad till dess varumärkesvärde kan en förändring av en sådan ha en påverkan på det uppfattade varumärkesvärdet. Därför är det av intresse att undersöka huruvida det uppfattade varumärkesvärdet skiljer sig åt för en logotyp som genomgått en liten förändring jämfört med en logotyp som genomgått en stor. Det vore då även aktuellt att utreda vad som är viktigt vid sådana förändringar. Syfte: Att besvara frågeställningen och genom detta generera ett kunskapsbidrag till redan existerande forskning kring varumärkesvärde, logotyper och logotypförändringar. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom kvantitativ metod. Enkätinsamlingen för studien genererade totalt 305 svar. Det vetenskapliga förhållningssättet för studien är positivistiskt och den har en deduktiv forskningsansats. Bearbetningen och analysen av insamlad data har gjorts med hjälp av programmen Excel och SPSS. Slutsats: Varumärkesvärdet utifrån en logotyp uppfattas som mer positivt hos de respondenter som exponerats för en stor förändring jämfört med en liten. Hur pass engagerade konsumenterna är i varumärket är avgörande för hur väl förändringen tas emot. Även färgvalet är viktigt. Slutligen kräver en logotypförändring mycket reklam och marknadsföring för att den ska ha ett positivt resultat, oavsett engagemang och tidigare uppfattning av varumärkesvärdet. / Background: As a business’ logotype is connected to its brand equity, a change of thelogotype may affect the perceived brand equity. Therefore it is interesting to study whether the perceived brand equity differs for a logotype that has gone through a small change compared to a logotype that has gone through a large change. It is also interesting to evaluate which elements that are important when doing these types of changes. Purpose: To answer the research question and through this generate a contribution of knowledge to already existing research concerning brand equity, logotypes and logotype changes. Method: The study has been made using quantitative research method. In total, 305 answers were collected. The scientific approach is positivistic and it has a deductive research approach. To process the data, the programs Excel and SPSS have been used. Conclusions: Brand equity affected by a logotype is perceived as more positive by the respondents that have been exposed to a large change compared to a small. The respondents’ engagement to the brand is crucial for how well the change is being received. The choice of colour is also important. Finally, a logo change requires a lot of advertising and marketing activities to have a positive effect, regardless of level of engagement and earlier perception of the brand equity.

De manière générale, la qualité d’un circuit de distribution peut-elle influencer le capital d’une marque ?C’est la principale question que nous traitons dans cette recherche. De nombreuses recherches ont étépubliées sur les déterminants du capital marque. Cependant, peu de choses ont été dites sur le rôle de ladistribution. De plus, une grande partie des recherches ont considéré l’image du point de vente comme unconcept global ou unidimensionnel. Or, la majorité des recherches affirme que l’image du point de vente estun construit multidimensionnel.Le but de cette recherche est d’étudier la relation entre la qualité de la distribution et le capital de la marquequi y est référencée. Nous développons un modèle qui met en relation les dimensions du magasin (l’imageprix, la variété de l’assortiment, la qualité de MDD, la qualité des produits, la qualité de service etl’accessibilité du magasin) et le capital marque, mesuré à l’aide des constantes qui, sont considéréescomme la mesure de l’utilité incrémentale de la marque. Nous utilisons les variables de contrôle telles que lacatégorie de produits. Nous élaborons un modèle factoriel dynamique en utilisant les données de panel sur4500 ménages, 12 magasins appartenant à de chaines différentes en France sur une période de cinq ans etdemi (2004-2009). Les résultats montrent que les effets de l’image du magasin sur le capital marque varientselon l’enseigne, le format de magasin, les catégories de produits, les marques et les caractéristiques desconsommateurs.D’un point de vue théorique, cette recherche permet d’identifier les dimensions les plus pertinentes del’image d’un point de vente ainsi que leurs conditions d’efficacité. D’un point de vue méthodologique, nousutilisons un modèle factoriel dynamique qui n’a pas encore été utilisé sur la mesure du capital marque. D’unpoint de vue managérial, cette recherche permettra aux responsables de marques de mieux apprécierl’influence d’un magasin sur la valeur de leurs marques. / Does a store format quality can generally influence brand equity? This is the main question we address inthis research. Numerous studies have been published on brand equity drivers. However, little has been saidabout the role of distribution. In addition, much research has conceptualized store image as a global or onedimensionalconcept. However, according to the research majority, store image is a multidimensionalconstruct.The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between distribution quality and brand equity.We develop a model that connects store image dimensions (price image, assortment variety, private labelquality, product quality, service quality, and location) and brand equity, measured thanks to the interceptswhich are considered as a brand incremental utility measure. The model controls for the variables such asthe product category. We adopt a dynamic factor model using panel data on 4500 households, 12 storesbelonging to different chains in France over a period of five years and a half (2004-2009). The results showthat store image effects on the brand equity depend on the store name, store format, product categories,brands and consumer characteristics.From a theoretical perspective, this research identifies the most relevant store image dimensions as well astheir efficiency conditions. From a methodological point of view, we use a dynamic factor model that has notyet been used on brand equity measurement. From a managerial standpoint, this research may help brandmanagers to better assess the store impact on their brands value.

Problem Formulation: The clothing industry is characterised by fierce competition and booming growth. Since the start of the century, clothing consumption has increased tremendously. While consumers are demanding more clothes at cheaper prices, interest for sustainable sourced clothes is also on the rise, especially amongst the younger population. Thus, engaging in CSR could offer potential brand advantages for companies competing in the clothing industry. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explain the relationship between consumers’ perceptions of the organisational actions that are perceived as “doing good”, “avoiding bad” and “doing bad”, and Consumer-Based Brand Equity. Methodology: This thesis adopts a quantitative research method with questionnaires distributed physically at universities and shared in student Facebook-groups. The data collected from the questionnaire consists of 205 valid answers from students at Swedish universities. Findings/Conclusions: The findings based on multiple regression analyses on the results of the distributed questionnaire suggest that organisational actions that are perceived as “avoiding bad” can positively affect Consumer-Based Brand Equity. Furthermore, the findings did not support that engagement in activities that are perceived as “doing bad” is detrimental to Consumer-Based Brand Equity, nor that philanthropic activities that are perceived as “doing good” positively affect Consumer-Based Brand Equity.

Sustainability is increasing in importance nowadays and Sweden is one of the most sustainability- focused countries in the world. Environmental sustainability is considered to be a key factor for business growth and companies incorporate this aspect in their brand marketing strategies. The purpose of this study is to get a broader understanding of the field of environmental sustainability work in connection to brand equity in Sweden. The main contribution of this study derives from studying how companies work with environmental sustainability to improve brand equity from a company’s perspective in Sweden. A qualitative approach was chosen, which included semi- structured interviews with seven companies that operate in Sweden. This paper develops an analytical model in order to analyse the findings from the interviews. The findings suggest that companies can work with environmental sustainability to improve their brand equity in Sweden by using strategies and practices that fit the company. It is important to consider the local context of Sweden, the market demands and requirements of its stakeholders and adopt a holistic approach in order to improve brand equity. Companies can choose to incorporate environmental sustainability work as an add-on to their brand or base the core of the brand around their work.

O presente trabalho propõe um procedimento de valoração de marca a partir de uma modelagem por equações estruturais. Este estudo aponta inicialmente um modelo conceitual de valoração de marca baseado na linha comportamental, ou seja, nas percepções dos consumidores e não no valor monetário da marca. Para aplicação do procedimento proposto, foram escolhidas as marcas das operadoras de telefonia celular Vivo e Claro. A partir da modelagem por equações estruturais, ajustou-se o modelo teórico proposto a cada uma das marcas em questão. Com o modelo ajustado foi possível calcular não apenas o valor de marca para cada um dos consumidores, como todas as variáveis que o compõe. A possibilidade de se calcular o valor de marca para cada consumidor é extremamente inovadora, uma vez que nenhum dos modelos revistos na literatura científica aponta esta funcionalidade. Com a base de dados contendo o valor de marca para cada consumidor entrevistado, foi possível efetuar diversas análises estatísticas, que permitiram compreender de forma profunda quais variáveis mais impactam o valor das marcas, ou ainda quais são seus pontos fortes e fracos. Com isto, foi possível desenhar estratégias de marketing específicas para que cada uma das marcas aumente o seu valor. / The present study brings a procedure that measures brand equity using a structural equation modeling. This thesis proposes a conceptual model that measures brand equity based in a behaviorist approach, i.e., based on the consumers perception instead of monetary brand value. To apply this procedure two cellular phone operator brands were chosen: Vivo and Claro, and then, using structural equation modeling, it was possible to adjust the initial theory model to each brand. From the adjusted model it was possible to measure not only brand equity to each consumer, but all variables that are part of it. The possibility to measure brand equity to each consumer is extremely new, once no other models - reviewed in the scientific literature - pointed this feature. Using the database and the brand value to each interviewed consumer it was possible to make statistic analysis that allowed comprehending deeply which variables impact brand equity, or what are their strong and weak points. Then it was possible to make specific marketing strategies to each brand to increase their equity.