In today's competitive markets, a company’s competitive tools have gained greater importance. A company's brand has moved from being part of the company's marketing strategy, to a competitive tool that can be used to create and pass existing barriers. A seasonal company focuses its operations on a specific time period of the year and is generally inactive for the remainder of the year. Due to the seasonal company's limited annual timeframe, the study aims to investigate the link between the company and the brand's potential effects, as well as any barriers. The study is based on a case study design with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of the effects of the brand and the market's possible barriers for seasonal companies. The study follows an inductive approach with a qualitative research strategy. The survey is based on the case company Glassmagasinet in Visby. The study's theoretical framework defines and discusses established models and theories for brand building, barriers and seasonal companies. The empirical basis consists of a semi-structured interview with Glassmagasinets’ CEO, a focus group and an competitor study on seasonal companies that are active in the same industry. The study's theoretical framework and empirical evidence lead to the study's analysis and discussion part. Finally, the study's conclusion is presented together with proposals for further research. The study's conclusion indicates that internal barriers pose a threat to seasonal operations. The study lacks evidence to prove that seasonal companies have a greater need for the brand's effects than full-year-based companies. / På dagens konkurrensbaserade marknader har ett företags konkurrensverktyg utvecklats till att bli ett allt viktigare medel. Ett företags varumärke har övergått från att vara en del av företagets marknadsföringsstrategi till ett konkurrensverktyg som kan användas för att skapa och förbipassera existerande barriärer. Ett säsongsbaserat företag centrerar sin verksamhet till en specifik tidsperiod av året och är i allmänhet overksamma den resterande delen av året. Till följd av säsongsbaserade företagets begränsade årliga tidsram avser studien att undersöka kopplingen mellan företaget och varumärkets möjliga effekter, samt eventuella barriärer. Undersökningen utgår från en fallstudiedesign med syftet att utveckla en djupare förståelse för varumärkets effekter och marknadens möjliga barriärer för säsongsbaserade företag. Studien följer en abduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Undersökningen är baserad på fallföretaget Glassmagasinet i Visby. Studiens teoretiska ramverk definierar och diskuterar etablerade modeller och teorier för varumärkesbyggande, barriärer och säsongsbaserade företag. Det empiriska underlaget utgörs av en semistrukturerad intervju med Glassmagasinets VD, en fokusgrupp och en konkurrentstudie på säsongsbaserade företag som är verksamma inom samma bransch. Studiens teoretiska ramverk och empiriska underlag leder till studiens analys- och diskussionsdel. Avslutningsvis redovisas studiens slutsats tillsammans med förslag till vidare forskning. Studiens slutsats indikerar att interna barriärer utgör ett hot för säsongsbaserade verksamheter. Studien saknar underlag för att styrka att säsongsbaserade företag har ett större behov av varumärkets effekter än helårsbaserade företag.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucy de Lira Souza.pdf: 860126 bytes, checksum: 408fa55276e3ce2e9aa9f4e030033de9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-23 / The purpose of this study was to study the role and the importance of the point of sale (POS) in the process of brands management. By means of the analysis of models of brand management, the main sources that determine value to the brand have been identified and, from this analysis, it was developed an instrument for the evaluation of POS actions. Thus, in order to reach the goal proposed, a qualitative research was developed, where the POS actions that won the Popai Brasil 2006 Award were assessed, according to the evaluation instrument. The application of the instrument showed that some of the sources that generate equity, such as the brand knowledge and the associations to the brand, can be easily worked on in the supermarket stores. However, the quality noticed and the loyalty to the brand are more complex aspects to be operationalized in the POS actions. The theoretical study and the empirical verification showed that the POS has an impact function in the work of brands management. In spite of the commercial and short term aspect, the POS actions must be seen as a strategic element in the marketing composition. Therefore, given their relevance, it is important that the managers determine if the work of the brands in the POS is in accordance with the positioning and the image that the company intends to convey to its consumers / O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar o papel e a importância do ponto-de-venda (PDV) no processo de gestão de marcas. Por meio da análise de modelos de gestão de marca foram identificadas as principais fontes que determinam valor à marca e, a partir dessa análise, elaborou-se um instrumento para avaliação de ações de PDV. Assim, para atender o objetivo proposto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram avaliadas as ações de PDV vencedoras do Prêmio Popai Brasil 2006, conforme o instrumento de avaliação. A aplicação do instrumento mostrou que algumas das fontes geradoras de valor, como o conhecimento da marca e as associações à marca podem ser trabalhadas com facilidade nas lojas de supermercado. Todavia, a qualidade percebida e a lealdade à marca são mais complexas de serem operacionalizadas nas ações de PDV. O estudo teórico e a verificação empírica mostraram que o PDV tem uma função de impacto no trabalho de gestão de marcas. Apesar do aspecto comercial e de curto prazo, as ações de PDV precisam ser consideradas como um elemento estratégico no composto de marketing. Portanto, dada a sua relevância, é importante que os gestores verifiquem se o trabalho das marcas no PDV está de acordo com o posicionamento e a imagem que a empresa pretende transmitir aos seus consumidores

Dagens teknologiska utveckling har bidragit till vårt mediaintensiva samhälle som iallt större utsträckning har övergått till ett konsumtionssamhälle. Trots Sverigesrestriktioner gällande marknadsföring riktat till barn, står barn för stora delar avlandets konsumtion, vilket inte minst förstärkts genom internets utveckling. Dagensbarn är rikare än någon annan generation genom tiderna, vilket är något företag i daguppmärksammat vid utformandet av marknadsföring och produkter. Varumärken harfått en större betydelse på den konkurrenssatta marknaden, inte minst bland barn.Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera och fördjupa diskussionen kring barnskonsumtionsmönster i yngre åldrar. Uppsatsen belyser den varumärkesmedvetenhetsom råder i åldrarna 6-10, samt identifierar likheter respektive skillnader gällandebarns relation till klädmärken.Studiens huvudsakliga teorier är varumärkesvärde, visual literacy och grupptryck,vilka sammankopplas med den insamlade empirin för att svara på hur barns relationtill klädmärken ser ut. Ett företags varumärkesvärde förklaras genom en vedertagenmodell tillämpad på vuxna, som sedan utvecklas för att undersöka huruvida den kanappliceras på barn. Studien är av kvalitativ typ och grundas i ett tillvägagångssätt därteoretiskt och empiriskt material sammankopplats. Den empiriska insamlingenutfördes på en skola med elever från förskolan till årskurs fyra och bestod avgruppintervjuer, bilduppgifter och observationer.Barn i åldrarna 6-10 är mycket varumärkesmedvetna och varumärken påverkar dem idess vardag mer än vad de själva förstår. Deras medvetenhet samt förmåga attåterkalla varumärken från minnet, både muntligt och bildligt, ökar i takt med att barnblir äldre. Visual literacy spelar en betydande roll i barns relation till varumärken,vilket sker på ett emotionellt plan. Föräldrar påverkar barns relation till varumärkenoch då främst genom en rationell synvinkel. Endast de äldre barnen diskuterarklädinköp utifrån pris, vilket tyder på att de ser sig själva som konsumenter.Majoriteten barn bestämmer själva vad de tar på sig, men det är betydligt färre sombestämmer vad som ska inhandlas eller i vilken affär det ska göras. Dock påverkar deflesta barn klädinköp. Barn tycker unikhet och bekvämlighet, gällande klädval ärviktigt, men indirekt kan vi genomskåda att varumärken stärker den socialatillhörigheten hos barn och att bli socialt accepterad är en viktig del i barns liv.The technological developments of today have in many ways contributed to themedia-intensive society of ours, emphasizing consumption habits. Despite Sweden’sadvertisement restrictions concerning children, they contribute to large parts of thecountry’s consumption, which is particularly enhanced by the expansion of Internet.Children today are better off than previous generations, which companies today takeadvantage of when customizing marketing activities as well as designing products.Branded products are increasingly of greater importance, since the market place ismore competitive than ever, especially among children.The purpose of this study is to identify and develop the discussion concerning youngchildren’s relationship with brands. The aim is to highlight brand awareness amongchildren aged 6-10, as well as to identify similarities and differences in children’srelationship to brands.The main theories, which the study is based upon, are: brand equity, visual literacyand peer pressure, which are all engaged with empirical data, to further explainchildren’s relationship to brands. A company’s brand equity is explained using anadult-based model, which then is modified, attempting to explain whether or not it canbe applied on children. It is an qualitative study incorporating theoretical andempirical data. The empirical data was collected at a primary school and consisted ofinterviews, observations, as well as imagery exercises.Children aged 6-10 are very brand conscious and more affected by brands than theyrealize. Children’s awareness and ability to recall brand names from memory,verbally and figuratively, increase as children get older. Visual literacy plays asignificant role in the child’s relationship to brands, which is mainly of emotionalmanner. Parents influence the children’s relationship to brands, primarily through arational point of view. Only the older children discuss purchase of clothing based onprice, suggesting that they see themselves as consumers. Most children decidethemselves what to wear, but a lot fewer decide what and where to purchase clothing.All though, nearly all children influence the purchasing decision. Children consideruniqueness and comfort as important elements of clothing, but simultaneously we candistinguish that brands strengthens children’s social affiliation, and to be sociallyaccepted is an important part of children’s life. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

品牌在現今激烈的環境變動中，已成為企業最穩固的長期競爭優勢之一，而能充分利用公司品牌資產的前提，就是要瞭解公司品牌權益的絕對價值。衡量品牌權益的衡量方式十分多樣化，有公司財務面、消費者知覺面以及消費者行為面的衡量等。方式雖多，但卻缺乏一個全面性的消費者基礎品牌權益衡量方式。因此，本研究最主要的研究動機與目的，即是建立一個以消費者面為基礎，而能以絕對數字呈現於公司報表的品牌權益衡量架構與模式。 本研究整合了許多學者對品牌權益的看法後，將品牌權益的來源與構面區分為六大構面－公司投入面、消費者知覺面、態度面、消費者行為面、結果面與其他專屬品牌資產。在品牌權益的衡量方式方面，則可區分為間接法與直接法兩大類，間接法可進一步分為質化方式與量化方式，而直接法則可區分為相對法與絕對法兩種，各構面依照這些衡量方式來取得資料與數據後，可建立本研究的品牌權益衡量模式。最後，再以品牌權益的效果來驗證品牌權益衡量模式之效度如何。 本研究決定衡量之標的品牌為黑松、宏□、泰山與台灣大哥大，先以專家意見調查法的方式，詢問43位專家學者，對於各構面形成品牌權益之相對重要性的看法，以決定各構面的權重。之後再透過實驗設計的方式，取得各構面品牌評價與價格溢酬間的轉換關係，以作為品牌評價轉換為金額數字之用。最後，以大台北地區的一般消費者為受測母體，進行各品牌的消費者問卷發放工作，以取得各品牌的消費者品牌評價。問卷採便利抽樣的方式，共發出960份問卷，回收819份，回收率85.31％，有效樣本則為794份。 將轉換成之金額數字，以所決定之各構面權重做加權平均，即可得出每位受訪者的品牌權益值，若再乘上台灣地區的人口數以及樣本中曾使用過該品牌的消費者佔總樣本數的比例，則可得出各品牌在台灣地區的品牌權益值。本研究所衡量出之各品牌品牌權益值分別為黑松沙士新台幣43,566,588，宏□手機2,400,190,204，宏□電腦52,058,415,322，泰山八寶粥138,093,624，泰山仙草蜜73,377,189，泰山沙拉油-44,428,954，台灣大哥大則為2,812,789,507。 本研究將公司投入面與結果面列為驗證之用後發現，公司投入面與品牌權益無較明顯的關係，其可能原因是與各品牌的產品特性密切有關，但還是可以觀察出公司投入面與品牌評價間的正向關係。而就結果面來看，投資報酬率與股價在某種程度上是可以反應品牌權益的，而且其與品牌權益間的關係較市場佔有率為緊密。產品價格與品牌權益間在本研究中所呈現出之正面相關性之意義則值得存疑，不宜擴大解釋，需要以更多的品牌做進一步驗證方可確定兩者間的關係。 透過本研究品牌權益衡量模式之建立，除了能使品牌授權與公司購併的品牌價值有公平計算依據外，更能讓公司的品牌經理有明確的品牌權益數據。對於公司的財務面而言，公司的會計原則在無形資產之商譽部分亦得以做正確的調整。在未來WTO叩關後，面臨即將產生的購併風潮，亦可讓國內公司瞭解本身品牌所具有的價值，不致因忽略了消費者心中的品牌價值而受到低估，蒙受損失。 / Nowadays, having a brand has become the most stable long-term competitive advantage of business in our dynamic and intensively fluctuated environment. The premise for taking advantage of brand equity is the necessity to understand its absolute value for a company. There exist many diversified methods to measure brand equity, including the measurements from the dimensions of company finance, consumer perception, consumer behavior and so forth. But despite the many methods available, there lacks an integrated and comprehensive consumer-based model to measure brand equity. Thus, the major motive and aim of this paper is to build a consumer-based measuring model, in order to provide the absolute number presented in financial statements. This research has integrated many opinions of scholars in regard to dividing the sources and dimensions of brand equity. Six major dimensions are: company input, consumer perception, consumer attitude, consumer behavior, company output, and other brand assets. Additionally, through various measuring methods, such as indirect and direct methods and their subcategories, this model can be further developed. In this study, Heysong, Acer, Taishan, and Taiwan Cellular were selected to be the four brands for measurement. The first step was to obtain the weights of every dimension by consulting with 43 professionals. The next step was determining the relation of brand evaluation and price premium through the experiment of price premium. For the last step, the questionnaire of brand evaluation was used to survey the grades of every measured brand in the Greater Taipei Area. By adapting the convenient sampling method, 960 questionnaires were sent out. 819 responses were received. The response rate was 85.31%; 794 samples are effective. The brand equity of every consumer can be obtained by using the weighted average method for calculating the weight obtained and proceeding with the dollar amount which has been transformed because of the relation between brand evaluation and price premium. Moreover, if brand equity is multiplied by the number of people in Taiwan, and the ratio of those who have ever used the product of the brand in the total samples, the total brand equity of the brand in Taiwan is obtained. The measured outcomes of this research show that Heysong Sarsaparilla-NT. to be 43566588, Acer Cellular-NT. 2400190204, Acer Computer-NT. 52058415322, Taishan Mixed Congee-NT. 138093624, Taishan Honey Herbal Jelly-NT. 73377189, Taishan Soybean Salad Oil-NT. -44428954, and Taiwan Cellular-NT. 2812789507. This research uses the company input and output to test the measured outcomes. The result displays no obvious relationship between company input and brand equity. The possible reason may be related to the nature of the product. However, this research still finds that there exists a positive correlation between brand evaluation and company input. From the aspect of company output, return on investment and stock price can reflect the brand equity to some degree, and their relationship with brand equity is closer than that of brand equity with market share. Through the establishment of this model, in the future, substantial contributions can be brought to business accounting, brand managers, brand licensing, and M&A from the intrusion of WTO.

本研究基於文獻探討發現品牌權益內涵看法分歧，且缺乏理論背景。因此以交易成本理論為基礎，提出一具基礎理論(Microfundation)的交易成本觀點之顧客基礎品牌權益模型。說明消費者購買產品時，是處於Williamson所稱的市場失靈情況，除了要考慮商品的實際售價外，另外必須對市場不完全下產生的交易成本納入考量。品牌可視為一種能夠降低消費者購買產品時產生之交易成本的機制。而品牌權益來自於顧客對不同品牌認知交易成本差異而反應於財務上的價值。 交易成本的高低取決於資訊搜尋成本、道德危機成本、遲滯成本；當顧客面對某品牌所投注的資訊搜集成本及購買後面對的道德危機成本相對其他品牌愈少，交易成本即愈低。若顧客與品牌間產生之資產專屬性愈高，則其被遲滯的程度愈大，欲轉換至其他品牌的轉換成本愈大，相對於其他品牌而言，繼續使用資產專屬性較高的品牌，顧客所須付出的成本較低。綜合資訊收集成本、道德危機成本與遲滯成本形成顧客面對的交易成本。顧客知覺交易成本高的品牌，品牌權益較低。反之顧客知覺交易成本相對較低的品牌，則反應出較高的品牌權益。 研究發現品牌策略的典範移轉情形大致為創造品牌知識、至品牌信任、再到品牌依賴。品牌知識由品牌形象及品牌知名度構成；品牌信任則由消費者知覺品牌的品質、創新、關懷三者所組成；品牌依賴則由消費者對產品實體利益、品牌心理認同、與社會規範形成。籍由對品牌知識、信任、依賴的建立可以減少消費者的交易成本，增加品牌權益。 本研究並由品牌權益理論發展與模型建構，輔以文獻整理與佐證，發展了19項品牌權益內涵的命題，且就行銷組合、市場與競爭情況、次要聯想、消費者面等因素，探討對品牌權益的影響。 最後提出對理論與實務的涵意，對學術界，本研究統整了複雜且眾多的品牌權益構面，有助於了解品牌權益的意義及內涵全貌，並可作為品牌權益研究的基礎。對實務界，建議行銷人員應減少消費者購買產品所產生的交易成本，增加品牌權益。透過思考品牌權益發生的根本原因，可以清楚的掌握品牌權益建立的重心。另從品牌管理重心的演變觀之，追求品牌依賴是可見的趨勢。因此本研究對企業界有極大的幫助，可以建立起行銷人員品牌權益管理的架構。 目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機 2 第三節 研究問題與目的 4 第四節 研究架構 8 第二章 品牌權益與交易成本理論之文獻探討 12 第一節 品牌權益 13 一、品牌權益的定義 13 二、品牌權益研究的發展 21 三、品牌權益的構面 26 第二節 交易成本理論 40 一、交易成本簡介 40 二、交易與交易成本 42 三、交易成本的主要內涵 43 四、投機主義的介紹 49 五、交易的特性 51 節三節 文獻探討評論 54 第三章 交易成本理論觀點之品牌權益模型 56 第一節 品牌權益模型 56 第二節 交易成本與品牌權益 62 第四章 品牌權益內涵之探討 69 第一節 品牌知識與資訊成本 70 第二節 品牌信任與道德危機成本 75 第三節 品牌依賴與遲滯成本 81 第四節 品牌權益內涵比較 92 一、與Keller 架構之比較 92 一、與Aaker 架構之比較 92 第五章 影響品牌權益內涵相關因素之探討 95 第一節 行銷組合策略對品牌權益的影響 95 一、產品策略 95 二、價格策略 96 三、通路策略 96 四、促銷組合策略 97 第二節 市場與競爭情況 98 一、競爭品牌數目 98 二、產品間的品質差異程度 99 節三節 次要聯想對品牌權益的影響 99 第四節 消費者因素對品牌權益的影響 100 第六章 結論與建議 105 第一節 研究結論 105 一、品牌權益理論發展與模型建構 105 二、品牌權益內涵命題發展 106 第二節 理論與實務涵意 110 一、對學術界的涵意 110 二、對實務界的涵意 110 第三節 研究限制 113 第四節 後續研究建議 114 參考文獻 117 一、中文部份 117 二、英文部份 120 表次 表2-1 品牌權益定義彙整 19 表2-2 品牌權益分涵分類彙整表 39 表4-1 交易成本觀點下品牌權益命題彙整 88 表6-1 品牌權益內涵命題發展結果 107 圖次 圖 1-1 本研究架構圖 11 圖 2-1 Aaker之品牌權益架構 30 圖 2-2 Keller之品牌權益架構 33 圖 2-3 Magajan、Rao & Srivastava 之品牌權益架構 35 圖 2-4 組織失靈架構 46 圖 3-1 品牌權益內涵與交易成本關係圖 58 圖 3-2 交易成本理論觀點之品牌權益模型 61 圖 3-3 交易成本與品牌權益之關係 62 圖 4-1 顧客基礎品牌權益內涵 69 圖 2-4 本研究品牌權益模式與Aaker、Keller 架構之比較 94 圖 5-1 品牌在不同消費者決策階段扮演之角色 101

民國八十年，臺灣躍升為世界第十二大出口國，但自創的國際品牌仍是寥寥無幾，除是MIT形象不佳的影響外，廠商長期以OEM方式為人作嫁，缺乏市場掌握、行銷經驗也是原因所在，近年台灣 OEM訂單流失，廠商紛紛尋求產品升級與自創品牌。本研究試圖了解臺灣地區已自創品牌廠商的經驗，以提供給有心業者做為參考的依據。經過品牌相關文獻的回顧及廠商專訪後，建立理論架構並以問卷調察的方式，收集到35家臺灣地區有自創品牌外銷國際市場實績廠商的資料，試圖了解 MIT形象、政府輔助、公司資源、行銷策略對公司創造品牌競爭力的影響，並由品牌競爭力來解釋品牌績效的產生，由於產品類別的不同，整個關係的呈現也應會有所差異，所以視為干擾變數來處理。重要結論： 1.廠商所認知到的國外消費者/採購 人員對MIT形象的看法不同，與廠商對政府輔助活動參與程度，並不影響品牌競爭力的高低，但公司越具有各項資源時，品牌競爭力會越高。 2.不同目標市場的選擇與市場競爭地位，在品牌競爭力上的表現無顯著差異。較重視品牌命名的廠商，品牌競爭力較高。利用電子媒體廣告或平面廣告是有助於品牌競爭力的增加。使用國內外貿易商通路系統的廠商，品牌競爭力的表現較差。廠商在研發與宣傳上的投入程度與品牌競爭力間有正向趨勢 。 3.高品牌競爭力廠商在單位毛利、品牌忠誠度、媒體主動報導、政府單位肯定上的表現是高過低品牌競爭力廠商，因此品牌競爭力是可以解釋品牌績效的高低。 4.在消費品廠商方面，公司資源的多寡、電子媒體廣告及平面廣告的使用程度均與品牌競爭力的有正向的關係，而品牌競爭力高的消費品廠商，在品牌忠誠度與政府評價的表現上均較佳。在工業品廠商方面，公司資源的多寡、使用專門代理商的程度會對品牌競爭力的增加有正面影響，而高品牌競爭力的工業品廠商在品牌忠誠度、媒體主動報導及政府評價上的成績是高於低品牌競爭力廠商。 5.MIT 形象的好壞、政府輔助活動的參與程度，公司資源的多寡、行銷策略的運用，均會影響公司品牌競爭力的高低。就整體樣本、消費品廠商為分析基礎時，發現各解釋變數的影響程度不同，其中以公司資源的多寡與品牌命名決策的正面影響程度較大。但在以工業品做分析基礎時，發現各解釋變數的係數均不顯著，可能是工業品的品牌競爭力模式非為本研究之理論架構，或工業品更該著重的是產品競爭力而非品牌競爭力。

自1955年Ray Kroc創立麥當勞以來，以經營家庭市場為麥當勞的基礎，並且藉由與家庭顧客的互動培養長期牢固的忠誠度，台灣麥當勞自1984年成立以來，深耕台灣家庭市場，創下許多餐飲業的首創，不但打下市佔率，也打下消費者心佔率，成為父母及小孩的第一選擇。 由於麥當勞全球迅速擴張導致單店營業獲利下降，因此麥當勞重新思考品牌重整，將品牌溝通重心轉向年輕族群，全球品牌再造計畫”我就喜歡”於2003年底全球同步展開，顧客群重心的調整加上大環境反速食的浪潮，考驗對家庭市場的經營方式及應變能力。 本研究以實務個案分析，採用質化研究，針對台灣麥當勞高階主管經營家庭市場經驗訪談，輔以理論之架構，予以逐項分析比較及歸納。家庭市場的交換價值影響母品牌的資產，母品牌的經營策略改變也影響家庭市場長久建立的資產，其研究目的有二：第一、期了解麥當勞運用家庭市場行銷方案（Family Program)，建立家庭市場地位並且將資產累積回饋母品牌。第二、研究麥當勞品牌策略轉向影響到經營多年的家庭市場，麥當勞該採取的因應策略。 麥當勞在強化家庭市場行銷活動4C的同時，也增加了母品牌強化4C的機會，轉嫁成為母品牌的資產；當策略焦點轉移，資源重新配置，品牌的4C將不完全是由家庭市場行銷活動4C來建立或維繫，也影響到家庭市場行銷活動傳遞產品及服務本身的4C，因此回頭檢視家庭市場行銷活動的4C時，發現家庭市場行銷活動4C出現一些缺口，而這些缺口，反而又回頭影響了母品牌的4C。 因此，在思考品牌的4C時必須採取根本解，而非症狀解，此外，當核心能力作焦點轉移時，需要重新思考或調整原有核心能力的續航力及基盤事業，最後，如何運用競爭優勢與社會利益共享，創造社會影響力，發揮最大共存效益。 / Since Ray Kroc built up McDonald’s in 1955, Family has been the core foundation of McDonald’s business. McDonald’s has established true loyalty with family customers by engaging and interacting with them at every touch point. McDonald’s Taiwan was established in 1984. Since then, it has been cultivating the family market to become the first choice of parents and kids. It occupies not only the top position of market share but also mindshare. Because of the rapid expansion of McDonald’s business worldwide, McDonald’s is confronting the first ever decrease of unit store profit. In reaction to this downturn, McDonald’s decided to slow expansion speed and take a step back to re-think and re-position its’ brand. McDonald’s launched the “i’m lovin’ it” brand campaign globally. Their brand communication focus shifted to Young Adults. Because of this shift and the growing anti-fast food trend, McDonald’s family marketing has faced its biggest challenge ever. This case study adopted qualitative research, interviewed top management in McDonald’s Taiwan and supported by theoretical structure to analyze this case. The exchanging value of family market influenced the equity of mother brand. Changing the position of the mother brand has also affected the value delivery of family market. The main objectives of this thesis are firstly to understand how McDonald’s has utilized family marketing to build equity of family market and be beneficial to the mother brand. Secondly, how the change of mother brand positioning affected the equity of family marketing building. Finally, what strategies McDonald’s should use to tackle these critical issues. While McDonald’s enhanced the 4C value of family marketing, it also added the 4C value of mother brand. 4C value of family market would transfer and become the equity of mother brand. However, when the brand focus changed, corporate had to re-allocate resources. At this point, the 4C value of mother brand was not totally constituted by 4C value of family market. That is to say, family marketing shared less resources and delivered less 4C value to family market. The incomplete 4C value of family marketing will go back to affect the 4C value of mother brand in the end. To manage a brand, marketers should resolve the root causes instead of just alleviating the symptoms. To deal with root causes, can corporate leave the side effects away. Besides, when corporate shifts the core competence to another area, they should re-consider resource allocation and migrate the core competence to better fit the new challenges. It is to secure the foundation of the business and sustainability of the corporation. Last but not the least, to incorporate social possibilities in corporate strategies will create the competitive advantage and have a positive impact on our society. Holding a shared vision with the society, working as a team with other partners, and elaborating the best synergy of human kind - that is how corporate social responsibilities will work in the future.

<p>Prompted by increased competition, universities around Sweden are beginning to recognize that marketing and branding are strategic key components. This recognition is of great importance for Umeå School of Business (USBE) given that it is often perceived as both geographically and psychologically distant for many prospective students. A committed brand management initiative by the management of USBE could therefore serve to strengthen the school’s competitive ability and increase its brand equity in the long run, making it more attractive to prospective students.</p><p>In order to create a foundation for this work, this study sets out to answer; what are the relevant brand equity dimensions of a business school, and what is the general perception(s) of them with regards to USBE? The study is limited to prospective and present students making it possible to interpret these relevant brand equity dimensions as determinant factors of school choice given that it is the most obvious use prospective students will make of them.</p><p>In the study, existing brand equity theories are used to construct a conceptual brand equity framework applicable to a business school’s brand and organization. A quantitative survey is then performed to collect empirical data from over 450 students at nine Swedish universities including USBE.</p><p>After performing a series of factor analyses on the empirical data, the study shows that the relevant brand equity dimensions for prospective business students are awareness and loyalty in addition to associations in the form of the Outcome & Prestige of the education, its Versatility, Performance, and Expertise as well as its ability to instigate Assurance.</p><p>The study also indicates that there are considerable differences between the general perception(s) of these dimensions with regards to USBE between USBE’s present students and prospective students – implying that strategic actions are necessary to correct for this. Toward the end of the study, the author therefore provides the management of USBE with brief suggestions of how these actions could be undertaken.</p>

<p>Under de senaste åren har barnklädesbranschen och dess aktörer upplevt en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan och utbud på marknaden. En högkonjunktur och en trend där förstföderskorna är äldre gör att barnfamiljerna har stabilare ekonomi. Konsumtionstrender visar även ett ökat fokus på familj och personlig identitet där småbarnsföräldrar gärna spenderar pengar på barnkläder. Dessa fenomen har bidragit till att det finns stora möjligheter för små barnklädesmärken att etablera sig på marknaden. En marknad där det även råder hård konkurrens och stora modejättarna drar stora fördelar då de kan konkurrera med pris. Andra aktörer är redan etablerade varumärken som inte alltid konkurrerar med pris men har ett stort försprång då de är välkända för målgruppen. Det ökade utbudet har lett till att föräldrarna får allt svårare att välja bland mångfalden och för små barnklädesmärken är det svårt att etablera sig utan ett redan starkt varumärke eller att konkurrera med låga priser. Nyetablerade barnklädesmärken måste ta tillvara på möjligheterna och finna alternativa vägar för att kunna konkurrera utan att bli en i mängden. Denna uppsats tar därför upp vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att ett litet nystartat barnklädesmärke ska kunna överleva på en konkurrensutsatt marknad.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en jämförande fallstudie för att analysera och utvärdera två små och ett stort barnklädesföretags marknadsföringsstrategier. Uppsatsskrivarna utgår ifrån att titta på tre barnklädesföretag vilka överlevt mer än två år i branschen. Undersökningen består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med de tre fallföretagen som är Tuss, Plastisock och Polarn O. Pyret. Intervjuerna redogör för företagens marknadsföringsstrategier vilket ger grunden för att analysera och utvärdera dessa. Undersökningen resulterade i att differentiering för att erbjuda någonting annat än det marknadsledarna gör är grundläggande för att små barnklädesmärken ska överleva.</p><p>Till grund för undersökningen ligger teorier och perspektiv som Relationsmarknadsföring, Involveringsteorin, Word of mouth, Differentieringsstrategier, Brand Equity, PR och Relationen till media samt Customer realtionship management.</p><p>Nyckelord i uppsatsen är; barnklädesbranschen, konkurrentutsatt marknad, relationsmarknadsföring, mervärdesskapande, marknadsföring, involvering och varumärke</p>

<p>This study examines how consumers perceive the overall quality and similarity/fit of the brand extensions (Nike camera, Nike socks, and Nike golf balls) in relation to the original brand (Nike athletic shoes) and how these perceptions influence their attitudes towards the extensions. The researcher proposes that the perceived overall quality of the brand extensions will be congruent to that of the original brand and that the attitude towards the brand extensions will be favourable only when there is a perceived similarity/fit between the brand extensions and the original brand. In order to get these insights, the study surveyed 147 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the University of the Western Cape across all faculties. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to access respondents. To collect data, qualitative and quantitative methods were employed using a questionnaire which consisted of open-ended and closed-ended questions in the form of free associations technique and 5-point Likert scales. The data gathered was analysed by means of descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient. The findings indicate two things. (1) respondents only perceived Nike socks&rsquo / overall quality to be congruent to the original brand, Nike athletic shoes. (2) respondents only perceived Nike socks to be strongly similar to the original brand, Nike athletic shoes.</p>