Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-08-12T17:00:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_LUCIA_DARSIE_FRAGA_COMPLETO.pdf: 1527956 bytes, checksum: 2fd9e6f5ff94d5f52dbc2151d7e42f2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T17:00:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_LUCIA_DARSIE_FRAGA_COMPLETO.pdf: 1527956 bytes, checksum: 2fd9e6f5ff94d5f52dbc2151d7e42f2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has worldwide distribution in different habitats, high behavioral plasticity, and large genetic and morphological variation. In Brazil, T. truncatus occurs from north to south, yet studies of population structure of the species in the country are still restricted to certain locations. There is also a proposal based on the morphology of the existence of another species, T. gephyreus, in the southern part of the distribution, in partial sympatry with T. truncatus. The goal of this study is to assess the levels of genetic variability and population structure of the species along the Brazilian coast and also compare the results with previous morphological identification. A total of 110 samples were analyzed in six areas of occurrence on the coast of Brazil, as well as specimens from French Guiana and Arquip?lago de S?o Pedro e S?o Paulo (ASPSP). After analyzing the mtDNA control region and seven microsatellite loci, we found significant population structure of the species in the two markers. The results indicate the existence of three geographically distinct genetic groups: ASPSP (comprising samples from ASPSP and the French Guiana), Northeast (from states of Par?, Cear?, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia) and Campos and Santos Basins (from BC/BS, the states of Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo and Santa Catarina). Haplotype diversity and allelic richness of these groups were high as well as their genetic structure. Samples from the RS state comprise some individuals with high likelihood to be part of the BC/BS group and others to the Northeast group. However, several individuals comprise a much differentiated genetic group in microsatellites and with mtDNA haplotypes from a unique clade, most of them identified as T. gephyreus. Combining these results with previous studies, we conclude that the bottlenose dolphin from the southwest Atlantic Ocean consists of at least four management units: i) ASPSP; ii) Northeast; iii) BC/BS (that seems to extends at least to RS); and iv) Bah?a San Antonio, Argentina. Finally, from SC state to Uruguay it seems to exists a distinct genetic entity that is not the canonical T. truncatus, but sympatric to it, and that is associated with the T. gephyreus morphology, but the picture is not clear enough to propose a formal taxonomic decision. / O golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) tem distribui??o mundial em diferentes habitats, alta plasticidade comportamental e grande varia??o gen?tica e morfol?gica. No Brasil, T. truncatus ocorre de norte a sul, contudo os estudos de estrutura??o populacional da esp?cie no pa?s ainda s?o restritos a algumas localidades. Existe tamb?m a proposta baseada na morfologia da exist?ncia de outra esp?cie, T. gephyreus, ao sul da distribui??o, em simpatria parcial com T. truncatus. O objetivo deste estudo ? avaliar os n?veis de variabilidade gen?tica e estrutura populacional da esp?cie ao longo da costa brasileira al?m da compara??o parcial com a identifica??o morfol?gica. Para isso foram analisadas 110 amostras em seis ?reas de ocorr?ncia na costa do Brasil, al?m de esp?cimes da Guiana Francesa e do Arquip?lago de S?o Pedro e S?o Paulo (ASPSP). Ap?s a an?lise da regi?o controladora do DNAmt e de sete loci de microssat?lites, n?s encontramos estrutura??o populacional significativa da esp?cie nos dois marcadores. Esses resultados apontaram a exist?ncia de tr?s grupos gen?ticos geograficamente distintos: ASPSP (ASPSP mais Guiana Francesa), Nordeste (estados do Par?, Cear?, Rio Grande do Norte e Bahia) e Bacias de Campos e de Santos (BC/BS, estados do Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo e Santa Catarina). A diversidade haplot?pica e a riqueza al?lica destes grupos foram altas assim como o grau de estrutura??o gen?tica entre eles. J? no RS existem alguns indiv?duos com alta probabilidade de pertencerem ao grupo BC/BS, e outros ao grupo Nordeste, al?m de v?rios indiv?duos que compreendem um grupo gen?tico muito diferenciado nos microssat?lites e com hapl?tipos do DNAmt em um clado exclusivo, a maior parte deles identificados como T. gephyreus. Combinando estes resultados com outros estudos parciais, conclu?mos que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa do sudoeste do Oceano Atl?ntico ? composto por, pelo menos, quatro unidades de manejo distintas geograficamente: i) ASPSP; ii) Nordeste; iii) BC/BS (que parece se estender at? pelo menos o RS); e iv) Bah?a San Antonio, Argentina. Por fim, possivelmente a partir de SC at? o Uruguai, parece existir tamb?m uma entidade gen?tica distinta, que n?o ? o T. truncatus can?nico, mas aparentemente simp?trica com este, e que est? claramente associada ? morfologia descrita como T. gephyreus, embora alguns aspectos desse quadro ainda n?o estejam claros o suficiente para que se tome uma decis?o taxon?mica formal.

How can the suitability of a clay to act as a barrier to the flow of a specified fluid be determined? This question is directly related to the different mechanical and chemical stresses to which a clay barrier will be exposed. In spite of these mechanical and chemical stresses it must be guaranteed that the clay will fulfil its barrier function during the entire required containment period. This required technical life could be very long in engineering terms: 100-10000 years. During this period the clay barrier can neither be repaired nor maintained. Therefore it must be known which chemical or physical reactions will occur and how these reactions will influence the geomechanical properties of the clay. Because there was no standard approach to test the suitability of natural clays as barrier on the long-term, this had to be developed. Based on literature it was shown that the reactions between clays and fluids could be decomposed in reactions on the particle level, the interlayer level and the TOT/TO level of clay minerals: - Micrometer: Reactions on the particle level are the most frequent, the fastest to accomplish (instantaneous when leachate arrives) and have the least impact on the geomechanical properties of clays. It was shown that the double layer theory presents a valuable framework to analyse the changes in geomechanical properties upon clay-leachate contact. The properties of the fluid that are taken into account are the concentration of cations and the relative dielectric constant. Other processes on the particle level not captured by the double layer theory are e.g. the dissolution of calcitic cement and the oxidation of pyrites. The acids produced by the latter process influence reactions on the lower interlayer and TOT/TO level as well. It was shown that the natural clays possess themselves a rich variety of cations. These concentrations must be included in the analysis. New tools developed on the particle level were: - Integration of the chemical composition of the natural fluid contained in the clay in further analyses. - The discretisation of clay samples into a discontinuous but homogeneous assembly of discrete clay particles (finite element mesh) with the use of information from petrographical studies of thin sections and oedometer tests. - The implementation of a constitutive law into a numerical code to simulate the interparticle distance to interparticle fluid chemistry and mechanical stress. - Nanometer: Reactions on the interlayer level include clay mineral alteration processes. To link these processes to geomechanical properties, the clay mineral sample preparation was modified to include all clay minerals and not only the fraction smaller than two micrometers. Next a method was developed to link clay mineralogy to geomechanical properties (equivalent basal spacing). New tools developed on the interlayer level were: - The equivalent basal spacing (EBS) - Relation between the equivalent basal spacing and the liquid limit With these tools a link can be made between the clay mineralogy and geomechanical properties. Leachate - clay interactions can be analysed as well as other processes like the mixing of clays and the reactions of clays upon heating etc. - Ångström: Reactions on the TO/TOT level include the disintegration of TO arrangements, which will result in a complete destruction of a clay mineral. Of all three levels considered, changes on the TO/TOT level will cause the greatest change in geomechanical properties. Fortunately the processes on this TOT/TO level take a long history of subsequent physical and chemical reactions (hundreds to thousands of years in situ). Because changes on this level fail to be reproduced in the laboratory one must rely on natural analogues. New tools developed on the TO/TOT level were: - The link between the clay leached in the laboratory to natural analogues using thin sections and XRD diffraction analysis. Examples are shown that the aforementioned approach can be applied in any geomechanical problem involving clays.

Cette thèse propose une évaluation des effets potentiels de l’Accord de partenariat économique (APE) entre l’Union européenne (UE) et l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur l’agriculture et les ménages sénégalais. En effet, après plus de 12 ans de discussions, la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) dans sa majorité a signé l’APE avec l’UE, le volet commercial de l’Accord de Cotonou. L’APE est ainsi devenu le nouveau cadre de coopération économique et commercial entre l’UE et le Sénégal avec l’établissement à terme d’une zone de de libre-échange réciproque entre l’UE et les pays ACP, cependant asymétrique et mettant ainsi fin au régime des conventions de Lomé, qui était basé sur les préférences commerciales non réciproques. Cette étude est basée sur le modèle d’équilibre général calculable (MEGC) uni-pays développé par Bouët et al (2001). Il s’agit à la base d’un modèle statique avec l’hypothèse de concurrence parfaite et non monétaire qui décrit une petite économie ouverte comme le Sénégal. En effet, le Sénégal est un pays en développement importateur net de produits alimentaires et très dépendant du commerce international notamment pour couvrir ses besoins alimentaires. Ce MEGC a été enrichi par l’introduction de l’approche théorique « Dual-Dual » élaborée par Stifel et Thorbecke (2003) pour tenir compte des spécificités de la plupart des économies africaines comme le Sénégal notamment un secteur informel très développé et la migration rural-urbain d’une part et d’autre part parce que la quasi-totalité des MEGC utilisés pour étudier l’économie sénégalaise n’intègre pas ces aspects structurels. De plus, pour bien prendre en compte l’APE dans nos simulations nous avons rajouté deux étages au niveau des exportations et des importations pour bien distinguer les origines/destinations CEDEAO et UE. Le modèle utilisé est calibré sur une matrice de comptabilité sociale (MCS) pour l’année 2006 construite dans le cadre de cette thèse. Pour appréhender les effets sur les ménages, trois enquêtes ménages ont été utilisées pour identifier 78 ménages représentatifs. Pour les données tarifaires, le nouveau tarif extérieur commun de la CEDEAO (TEC CEDEAO) en vigueur depuis le 1er janvier 2015 a été utilisé. Les résultats ont révélé que l’APE est une réforme commerciale qui n’offre pas des perspectives de gains réels pour le Sénégal car elle implique essentiellement une ouverture de l'économie sénégalaise aux seuls produits européens et n'améliore pas l'accès de l'économie sénégalaise aux économies du reste du monde. Sur le plan des analyses de bien-être, l’APE ne permet pas de réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités / This PHD thesis proposes an assessment of the potential effects of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and West Africa on Senegalese agriculture and households. Indeed, after 12 years of negotiations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in its majority signed the EPA with the EU, the trade component of the Cotonou Agreement. Thus, the EPA has become the new framework for economic and trade cooperation between the EU and Senegal. The objective to the end is the establishment of a reciprocal free trade area between the EU and ACP countries, however asymmetrical and putting an end to the Lome Agreement, which was based on non-reciprocal trade preferences. This study is based on the Single country computable general equilibrium model (CGE) developed by Bouët et al (2001). It is a static model with the assumption of perfect competition and non-monetary, which describes a small open economy such as Senegal. Indeed, Senegal is a net food-importer developing country and very dependent on international trade specially to cover its food needs. This CGE was enriched by the introduction of the "Dual-Dual" theoretical approach developed by Stifel and Thorbecke (2003) to reflect the specificities of most African economies like Senegal i.e. a large informal sector and migration rural-urban firstly and secondly because almost all the CGE models used to study the Senegalese economy does not incorporate these structural aspects. In addition, to better capture the EPA in our simulations we added two stages in exports and imports modelling to distinguish the origins / destinations ECOWAS and EU. The model is calibrated on a 2006 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) built as part of this thesis. To understand the effects on households, three household surveys were used to identify 78 representative households. For tariff data, the new ECOWAS Common External Tariff (ECOWAS CET) launched on January 1st 2015 was used. The results revealed that the EPA is a trade reform that offers no real earnings prospects for Senegal because it essentially implies openness of the Senegalese economy only to European products and does not improve the access of Senegalese economy to other economies of the World. In terms of welfare analysis, the EPA did not reduce poverty and inequality.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-13T20:11:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IraeTerraGuedesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1510808 bytes, checksum: 0011137daf1e49af2f1e54ff37255525 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-16T00:10:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IraeTerraGuedesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1510808 bytes, checksum: 0011137daf1e49af2f1e54ff37255525 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T00:10:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IraeTerraGuedesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1510808 bytes, checksum: 0011137daf1e49af2f1e54ff37255525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-27 / O Brasil possui uma das mais extensas ?reas jurisdicionais marinhas do planeta, com aproximadamente 8.000 km de litoral, ocorrendo no pa?s 50 esp?cies de mam?feros aqu?ticos, das quais 39 s?o cet?ceos. No Rio Grande do Norte essa diversidade ainda ? pouco conhecida, com dados de sua diversidade apenas por encalhes. A Costa Branca, litoral oeste do estado, possui um grande potencial econ?mico marinho. Tais atividades p?em em risco o conhecimento dessa diversidade, bem como influenciam diretamente o comportamento de cet?ceos com o tr?fego constante de embarca??es. Para caracterizar a diversidade e distribui??o, foram utilizados dados do monitoramento di?rio, na fase clara do dia (6h ?s 17h), entre Janeiro/2010 ? Dezembro/2012 a bordo de tr?s embarca??es envolvidas nas atividades de explora??o de petr?leo na regi?o. Enquanto para caracterizar os efeitos das embarca??es do comportamento foram utilizados os dados de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2012 do mesmo monitoramento. Quanto a diversidade, foram realizadas 296 avistagens de cet?ceos. Tursiops truncatus foi a esp?cie registrada em maior n?mero e em todas as classes de profundidades, seguida por, Sotalia guianensis, registrada at? 8m, ambas apresentaram distribui??o em todo ano, Megaptera novaeangliae entre julho e novembro em profundidades acima de 11m e evidenciando tamb?m um repovoamento da ?rea de reprodu??o, Stenella frontalis, Stenella atenuatta, Steno bredanensis e Stenella longirostris apresentaram uma ocorr?ncia irregular ao longo dos anos, refletido pelo baixo n?mero de registros. Os registros referentes a Balaenoptera musculus incrementaram os limites de distribui??o da esp?cie, que ainda se encontra com estoques baixos, em risco de extin??o, desde a ca?a baleeira, por?m n?o foram suficientes para representar um padr?o sazonal. Quanto a comportamento associado as embarca??es Sotalia guianensis foi registrado em grupos pequenos com rea??o de neutralidade e afastamento da embarca??o. Tursiops truncatus variou de 1 a 8 indiv?duos, com rea??o principal de aproxima??o. Megaptera novaeangliae apresentou-se com grupos de at? 3 animais adultos e um adulto acompanhado de filhote, com comportamento de neutralidade ou afastamento das embarca??es, principalmente quando filhote presente. Este estudo pioneiro na ?rea mostra que ? necess?rio manter os esfor?os de monitoramento para a??es mitigadoras de impactos, visto que h? altera??o comportamental nos indiv?duos mediante a presen?a de embarca??es, bem como para manuten??o e conhecimento de sua diversidade.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka den upplevda motivationen och arbetstillfredsställelsen hos förskolepersonal. Undersökningen genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt nio respondenter. Teorierna som användes var Warr´s vitaminmodell, Self - Determination Theory (SDT) samt subteorin Cognitive evaluation theory (CET). Resultatet visade att samtliga respondenter upplevde hög motivation kopplat till sitt arbete samt upplevde hög arbetstillfredsställelse. Majoriteten av respondenterna lyfte upp goda relationer med barn, föräldrar och kollegor som betydelsefulla för motivationen. Analysen visade att belöningar påverkade motivationen olika mycket, och den verbala belöningen var den belöning som majoriteten av respondenternas uttryckte vara deras främsta källa till motivation. Studien tydde vidare på att autonomi var viktigt för respondenternas upplevda arbetstillfredsställelse. Respondenterna uppgav att arbetstillfredsställelsen ökade när det fanns en högre grad av kontroll kopplat till arbetet. Studien visar även att det fanns en bra sammanhållning i organisationen, vilket kan vara en bidragande faktor till den höga motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse som rådde i organisationen när undersökningen genomfördes. Slutligen diskuterades det om den inre motivation som respondenterna uppvisade är så pass hög att respondenterna skulle kunna arbeta utan lön.

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Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion manufacturing of components is an additive manufacturing process that is complex and has widespread advantages for aerospace and many industrial processes. It reduces costs and has a larger powder particle size requirement. This gives the benefit of a higher mass deposition rate and thus faster production time compared to Laser-Powder Bed Fusion process. Powder bed manufacturing processes often lead to columnar grain structure formation along the build direction, resulting in components that have anisotropic physical and mechanical properties. This is a major problem that limits the applications of this technique. In order to promote equiaxed grains, as well as refine the columnar morphology and eliminate anisotropic properties, the roles of process conditions and presence of inoculants or heterogeneous nucleating sites are considered. In this study, the addition of titanium nitride inoculants is used to promote columnar to equiaxed grain transition in ferritic stainless steel with the use of melting strategies and variable process parameters. It has been found that the thermal gradient (G) to solidification rate (R) ratio (G/R ratio) controls grain morphology and texture: a low G/R ratio has been shown to promote the formation of equiaxed grains. The process conditions for this transition were investigated. The samples were analyzed after printing single line tracks in the Freemelt One machine, and thereafter studied with the aid of optical microscopy to ascertain the combination of machine parameters that results in a successful transition from columnar grains to equiaxed. The study concluded that there was an increase in the fraction of equiaxed grains under these conditions; a low thermal gradient, high scanning velocity and low area energy. Ultimately, further investigation will be needed to establish the exact process parameters that will promote the transition from columnar to equiaxed grains in ferritic stainless steel. The findings from this study can be used by future researchers to create solidification maps for this steel grade and assist industry to tailor specific textures in ferritic stainless steel to achieved desired microstructures and mechanical properties. / Electron  Beam  Powder  Bed  Fusion  (E-PBF)  tillverkning  av  komponenter  är en  additiv tillverkningsprocess  som  är  komplex  och  har  omfattande fördelar  för  flyg  och  många industriella processer. Det minskar kostnaderna och har ett större krav på pulverpartikelstorlek. Detta ger fördelen av en högre massavsättningshastighet och därmed snabbare produktionstid jämfört med Laser-Powder Bed Fusion-processen. Tillverkningsprocesser för pulverbädd leder ofta  till  att en kolumnformig  kornstruktur  bildas  längs  byggriktningen, vilket resulterar  i komponenter  som  har  anisotropa  fysikaliska  och mekaniska egenskaper.  Detta  är  ett  stort problem som begränsar tillämpningarna av denna teknik. För att främja likaxliga korn, samt förfina den kolumnära morfologin och eliminera anisotropa egenskaper, övervägs rollerna för processbetingelser och närvaron av ympmedel eller heterogena kärnbildningsställen. I denna studie  används  tillsatsen  av  inokulanter  av  titannitrid  för  att  främja  kolumnär  till  likaxlig kornövergång  i  ferritiskt rostfritt  stål  med  användning  av  smältstrategier  och  variabla processparametrar.  Det  har  visat  sig  att  förhållandet  mellan  termisk gradient  (G)  och stelningshastighet   (R)   (G/R-förhållande)   styr   kornmorfologi   och   textur:   ett   lågt   G/R- förhållande har visat sig främja bildningen av likaxliga korn. Processförhållandena för denna övergång undersöktes. Proverna analyserades efter att ha skrivit ut spår med en rad i Freemelt One-maskinen  och  studerades  därefter  med  hjälp  av  optisk mikroskopi  för  att  fastställa kombinationen   av   maskinparametrar   som   resulterar   i   en   framgångsrik   övergång   från kolumnära  korn till  likaxliga.  Studien  drog  slutsatsen  att  det  fanns  en  ökning  av andelen likaxliga korn under dessa förhållanden; en låg termisk gradient, hög avsökningshastighet och låg areaenergi. I slutändan kommer ytterligare undersökningar att behövas för att fastställa de exakta processparametrarna som kommer att främja övergången från kolumnära till likaxliga korn i ferritiskt rostfritt stål. Resultaten från denna studie kan användas av framtida forskare för att skapa stelningskartor för denna stålkvalitet och hjälpa industrin att skräddarsy specifika texturer i ferritiskt rostfritt stål för att uppnå önskade mikrostrukturer och mekaniska egenskaper.

Les pouvoirs publics koweïtiens entendent créer un climat favorable aux investisseurs, en mettant l’accent notamment sur le partenariat entre public et privé. C’est ainsi qu’en 2008, le parlement koweitien a adopté la loi 7/2008 qui comporte une organisation générale des contrats de constructions, d’exploitation et de transfert (BOT). Le législateur a adopté par la suite la loi 116/2014 sur le partenariat qui reprend avec plus de détails les formes de coopération publique-privée. À cet effet, deux organes ont été créés : le Haut Comité et l’Autorité des projets, avec des compétences très étendues quant à la formation et à l’exécution du contrat BOT (appel d’offres, négociations, conclusion du contrat, sa durée, son financement, etc.). L’objectif de cette étude est de traiter, à partir de cette législation, la notion de contrat BOT que les spécialistes assimilent volontiers au terme de concession, ou à celui de délégation de service public. Dans cette perspective, il est nécessaire d’aborder le montage financier et la nature juridique du contrat BOT. La mise en œuvre du contrat BOT fait intervenir une diversité des parties contractantes (administration, partenaires privés, créditeurs, sociétés de construction, fournisseurs de matériels, investisseurs de capitaux, consommateurs utilisateurs des produits, etc.), cela rend la réalisation de ce type de contrat assez complexe. Cette complexité peut se poser de manière aiguë au Koweït, dans la mesure où le pays vient juste d’inaugurer cette procédure de passation de marché impliquant directement le public et le privéLe montage financier des contrats BOT, connu sous le nom de « projet de financement » repose presque totalement sur des acteurs privés. Dès lors, la question qui se pose est celle de la répartition des risques. À ce sujet, l’analyse cherche à comprendre pourquoi les risques liés au financement sont assumés essentiellement par l’opérateur privé, indirectement par la société de projet, et directement par le prêteur, en l’occurrence les banques. Reste que pour couvrir ces risques, le contrat BOT prévoit, au bénéfice des pourvoyeurs de fonds, un certain nombre de garanties portant aussi bien sur les actifs composant le projet (équipements, outillages, stocks, transmission de créances), que sur le projet lui-même (nantissement et hypothèques des actions de la société de projet, cession de revenus, substitution des banques au promoteur privé défaillant).La nature juridique du contrat BOT soulève deux interrogations majeures : la première est de savoir si ce type de contrat relève de droit administratif ou de droit civil. La seconde porte sur les litiges qui peuvent naître de ce type de contrat comportant un large éventail d’éléments d’extranéité (investissements extérieurs, transfert de technologie, etc.) et soumis à l’arbitrage international. À ce niveau, il convient de connaître le droit applicable : s’agit-il du droit interne ou droit international ? C’est à cet ensemble de questions que cette recherche tente d’apporter un début de réponse en prenant comme cadre de réflexion le contexte koweïtien. / The Public Authorities (Government) of Kuwait aim to create a favorable investor climate, with particular emphasis on public-private partnerships. Thus, in 2008, the Kuwaiti Parliament passed Law 7/2008, which includes a general organization of contracts of construction, exploitation and transfer (BOT) “Build, Operate and Transfer”. The legislator subsequently adopted the law 116/2014 on the partnership which repeats in more detail the forms of public-private cooperation. To this end, two bodies have been created: the High Committee and the Projects Authority, with extensive expertise in the training and execution of the BOT contract (call for tenders, negotiations, conclusion of the contract, its duration, financing, etc.). The objective of this study is to deal, from this legislation, with the concept of BOT contract that specialists readily assimilate to the term of concession, or that of public service delegation. In this perspective, it is necessary to address the financial arrangement and the legal nature of the BOT contract.The implementation of the BOT contract involves a diversity of contracting parties (administration, private partners, creditors, construction companies, equipment suppliers, capital investors, consumer users of products, etc.), which makes the implementation of this type of contract rather complex. This complexity can be seriously arisen in Kuwait, as the country has just inaugurated this procurement procedure directly involving the public and the private sector.The financial set-up of the BOT contracts, known as the "financing project", relies almost entirely on private actors. Therefore, the question that arises is that of the distribution of risks. In this regard, the analysis seeks to understand why financing risks are borne mainly by the private operator, indirectly by the project company, and directly by the lender, in this case the banks. However, to cover these risks, the BOT contract provides, for the benefit of fund providers, a number of guarantees covering both the project assets (equipment, tools, inventory, transfer of receivables) and the project itself (pledging and hypothecation of shares in the project company, transfer of income, substitution banks to the defaulting private promoter).The legal nature of the BOT contract raises two major questions: the first is whether this type of contract falls under administrative law or civil law. The second deals with disputes that may arise from this type of contract, which includes a wide range of foreign elements (outside investment, technology transfer, etc.) and is subject to international arbitration. At this level, one must know the applicable law: is it domestic law or international law? It is to this set of questions that this research tries to bring a beginning of answer by taking as a framework of reflection the Kuwaiti context.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 402507.pdf: 1091814 bytes, checksum: 6a25739d4ec8e40376ad8113b472df93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / A toninha, Pontoporia blainvillei, ? a esp?cie de pequeno cet?ceo mais amea?ada na Am?rica do Sul, devido ?s capturas acidentais em redes de pesca em toda sua distribui??o geogr?fica. Na costa do Brasil, a regi?o onde a esp?cie sofre os mais altos n?veis de mortalidade acidental ? o Rio Grande do Sul. A presente tese apresenta os resultados de tr?s trabalhos distintos relacionados a aspectos populacionais e da conserva??o da esp?cie: um estudo sobre a mortalidade causada pelas capturas acidentais em redes de pesca, uma estimativa de abund?ncia populacional, e um ensaio cr?tico sobre perspectivas de conserva??o, recomenda??es de pol?ticas p?blicas e medidas de manejo para a pesca. Com os objetivos de apresentar estimativas de mortalidade atualizadas, identificar ?pocas do ano, tipos e tamanho de rede de pesca e faixas de profundidades com maior risco de captura, foi realizado entre 2002 e 2004, no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, um estudo sobre as intera??es da pesca e a toninha. As comunidades de pesca de Torres e Tramanda? foram monitoradas durante 350 dias para sele??o das embarca??es colaboradoras, condu??o de entrevistas com pescadores e distribui??o dos cadernos de bordo e embarques acompanhando as opera??es de pesca. No total, foram coletados dados relativos a 823 opera??es de pesca realizadas pelas treze embarca??es monitoradas. Foram registradas as capturas acidentais de 99 toninhas em 74 eventos de captura. A mortalidade anual de toninhas foi extrapolada para as 31 embarca??es da pesca comercial costeira que atuam em Torres e Tramanda?, resultando em duas estimativas, dependendo do ?ndice empregado: 429 animais (IC 95%: 168 853) utilizando CPUE e 353 toninhas (IC 95%: 171 629) utilizando taxa de captura. Os resultados desse trabalho n?o apontam solu??es r?pidas e f?ceis para a mitiga??o das capturas acidentais da toninha atrav?s de restri??es de ?reas, artes e ?pocas de pesca. As capturas acidentais de toninhas ocorreram em profundidades variando de 9 a 40 m, havendo uma leve propens?o das capturas diminu?rem ? medida que a profundidade aumenta. N?o foram detectadas diferen?as significativas entre as redes de corvina e brota/pescada, as duas redes de espera mais empregadas na regi?o. O inverno ? a esta??o do ano com maior mortalidade relativa de toninhas. Apesar do not?vel aumento no esfor?o de pesca nos ?ltimos 15 anos, as taxas de capturas de toninhas se mantiveram praticamente inalteradas, refor?ando que a popula??o de toninhas do Rio Grande do Sul est? declinando em tamanho. A estimativa da abund?ncia para esp?cie tem sido sistematicamente recomendada como uma alta prioridade de pesquisa para a esp?cie. Os resultados de um segundo levantamento a?reo realizado em mar?o de 2004 no Rio Grande do Sul ? apresentado. Transectos lineares com padr?o de zig-zag foram seguidos desde a linha da costa at? uma dist?ncia m?dia de 24 km em dire??o ? mar aberto. A ?rea total monitorada compreendeu 13.341 km2. Abund?ncia foi estimada utilizando o programa Distance sampling assumindo g0 = 0.304. Durante 48 transectos e um esfor?o total de 1256.8 km, foram registradas 31 toninhas em 25 grupos. A densidade corrigida ? 0.51/toninhas/km2, resultando em uma estimativa de abund?ncia de 6.839 toninhas (95% CI = 3,709-12,594) para a ?rea coberta. A taxa de encontro para grupos de toninha ? de 0.02 grupos por cada km sobrevoado. A estimativa de abund?ncia apresentada aqui ? restrita apenas para a ?rea monitorada e extrapola??es para a distribui??o restante da esp?cie s?o fortemente desaconselhadas. Embora estudos de abund?ncia de toninha tenham mostrado progressos recentes, ainda h? muitos pontos a ser melhorados. Os aspectos cr?ticos s?o: (a) um valor de erro de percep??o deve ser estimado; (b) os par?metros influenciando o erro de disponibilidade devem ser melhorados; (c) tamanho amostral deve ser aumentado. O atual grau de conhecimento sobre a toninha e suas amea?as tem direcionado a pergunta de quando ter? in?cio alguma a??o concreta para a conserva??o da esp?cie? No entanto, a quest?o mais importante agora n?o ? quando, mas sim como o manejo deve ser implementado. Em minha opini?o, o problema das capturas acidentais da toninha requer um modelo de manejo adaptativo caracterizado por um monitoramento cont?nuo dos indicadores que aferem o progresso das medidas propostas. Quatro proposi??es de manejo para a pesca que exerce impacto sobre as popula??es de toninha s?o comentadas criticamente: o uso de alarmes ac?sticos em redes, a cria??o de ?reas marinhas protegidas, a redu??o do esfor?o de pesca, a modifica??o das redes de pesca. As seguintes recomenda??es relativas ? implementa??o de medidas de manejo s?o propostas e discutidas: (1) a??es de manejo n?o devem ser vistas como uma solu??o final; (2) o sucesso das a??es de manejo devem ser monitoradas a longo prazo; (3) a??es de manejo n?o devem ser invi?veis logisticamente para fiscaliza??o; (4) a??es de manejo devem contar com ampla dissemina??o de informa??o; (5) a??es de manejo devem contar com a concord?ncia e participa??o de parte das comunidades de pesca envolvidas; (6) a??es de manejo devem ter uma abrang?ncia nacional; (7) o impacto econ?mico das medidas de manejo deve ser previamente estudado; (8) a??es de manejo devem ser acompanhadas de pesquisa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 437736.pdf: 1457817 bytes, checksum: bdde27fe7d092198d722bf49a1924aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-15 / Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) is the only extant representative of the Pontoporiidae family. This species occurs along the Atlantic coast of South America from Itaunas, Espirito Santo in Brazil to Golfo Nuevo, Valdes Peninsula in Argentina. The most important threat to the species is the accidental by-catch that in some places reached the number of 1000 related events per year. In recent years an increasingly number of studies had revealed the existence of considerable genetic variation along the geographical distribution of P. blainvillei. In this study, looking to collaborate towards a better comprehension of such existing structure, we analyzed new molecular data, including the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA control region and 11 microsatellite loci from 253 individuals along the Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentine coast. For the mitochondrial DNA analysis, we added sequences previously deposited in GenBank, totalizing 512 sequences. Results obtained based on the two molecular markers revealed a clear differentiation of the species in three main groups: (1) Rio de Janeiro / Espirito Santo, (2) Sao Paulo and north of Santa Catarina, and (3) south of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina. The study also shows alarming estimates in reference to the effective size of some populations, mainly from Rio de Janeiro/Espirito Santo which will probably reflect on its conservation status. These results supports the definition of the four management areas (Franciscana Management Area - FMAs) previously suggested by Secchi and associates in 2003, and point out the importance of this definition to the conservation of the genetic diversity of the species. / A toninha, Pontoporia blainvillei ? o ?nico representante atual da fam?lia de odontocet?ceos Pontoporiidae. Esta esp?cie ocorre ao longo da costa atl?ntica da Am?rica do Sul, entre Ita?nas, Esp?rito Santo e o Golfo Nuevo, Pen?nsula Vald?s, Argentina. A principal amea?a ? esp?cie s?o as capturas acidentais em redes de pesca, que em algumas localidades chegaram a atingir o n?mero de 1000 capturas anuais. Nos ?ltimos anos, um n?mero crescente de estudos tem revelado a exist?ncia de varia??es gen?ticas consider?veis ao longo da distribui??o geogr?fica de P. blainvillei. Visando colaborar para uma melhor compreens?o dessa estrutura??o existente, novas informa??es moleculares foram analisadas, incluindo o sequenciamento da regi?o controladora do DNA mitocondrial e 11 loci de microssat?lites de 253 indiv?duos ao longo da costa brasileira, uruguaia e argentina. Para as an?lises do DNA mitocondrial foram incluidas sequ?ncias previamente depositadas no GenBank, totalizando 512 sequ?ncias. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos dois marcadores moleculares revelam uma clara diferencia??o da esp?cie em tr?s grupos principais: 1) Rio de Janeiro/Esp?rito Santo, 2) S?o Paulo/Paran? e norte de Santa Catarina, e 3) Sul de Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguai e Argentina. O estudo tamb?m apontou estimativas preocupantes no que se refere ao tamanho efetivo de algumas popula??es, em especial ? do Rio de Janeiro/Espirito Santo e consequentemente ao seu status de conserva??o. Os resultados corroboram a defini??o das quatro ?reas de manejo (Franciscana Management Areas FMAs) previamente sugeridas por Secchi e colaboradores em 2003, e ressaltam a import?ncia desta defini??o para a Conserva??o da diversidade gen?tica da esp?cie.