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Cette thèse porte sur les discours relatifs à l’allaitement maternel dans les forums de discussion sur Internet. L’enjeu est d’aborder les pratiques discursives des participants au regard des discours d’experts en la matière, qu’ils soient d’ordre institutionnels, relèvent de l’édition ou de la presse grand public de vulgarisation de la puériculture, ou d’associations de promotion de l’allaitement maternel. Nous avons choisi comme approche pour cette démarche une construction conceptuelle empruntée à Antonio Negri et Michael Hardt, l’aliénation autonome. Pouvant être définie comme le processus supposant autant l’interaction de chacun des membres de la société au travers d’appareils disciplinaires, certes plus diffus et plus nombreux que dans la société de contrôle, mais bien existants et actifs, que la conformation individuelle de chacun au discours social dominant, cette construction conceptuelle, appliquée aux discours relatifs à l’allaitement maternel, permet de mettre en évidence les rapports entre le discours des experts et celui des internautes sur les forums de discussion. La première partie est consacrée à un examen des travaux à la fois sur l’allaitement maternel et sur Internet et à l’élaboration de ce cadre théorique centré sur le concept d’aliénation autonome. La seconde partie est une analyse des discours relatifs à l’allaitement maternel, tels qu’on peut les trouver dans l’édition, la presse spécialisée, les publications institutionnelles et celles des associations de promotion de l’allaitement maternel, afin de dégager les différentes thématiques de ce discours. Elles servent de référentiel pour l’analyse du discours des internautes dans la troisième partie. Cette analyse a été réalisée conjointement à partir des données fournies par le logiciel d’analyse lexicométrique « Pistes » et grâce à la méthode d’analyse de contenu. Reprenant les thèmes et arguments du discours dominant sur l’allaitement maternel, interprétant les réalités auxquelles ils sont confrontés en fonction des éléments discursifs qui leur sont ainsi fournis, les internautes incarnent ici le concept d’aliénation autonome. Mais à travers certaines résistances qui parviennent à s’exprimer contre la « doxa de l’allaitement maternel », ils illustrent aussi une autre conceptualisation d’Antonio Negri et de Michael Hardt : celle de « multitude ». / This thesis concerns the discourses about breast feeding in the Internet chat rooms. The aim is to focus on the discursive practices of the participants from the expert discourses viewpoint. The concerned discourses can be institutional ones, publishing ones, from baby care popularization popular press or from associations promoting breast feeding. We chose to approach the point with a conceptual construction borrowed to Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt : the autonomous alienation. This conceptual construction that can be defined as a process with the interaction of each society member through disciplinary apparatus that are - it is true -more diffuse and numerous than in the control society but real and active, as well as the individual conformation of each one to the prevailing social discourse, applied to breast feeding discourse allows to put into relieve the links between the expert discourses and the one of net surfers in chat rooms. The first part is dedicated not only to an exam of the works on breast feeding on the Internet but also to the elaboration of the theorical frame focused on the autonomous alienation concept. The second part is an analysis of the breast feeding discourses that we can find in publishing business, specialized newspapers, institutional publications and the publications of associations promoting breast feeding. The goal is to put into relieve the different themes that will be used as references for the discourse analysis of net surfers in the third part. This analysis is based on data from the word count analysis software called “Pistes” and also owing to the content analysis method.If we look at the themes and arguments of the main discourse about breast feeding that interprets the realities they are confronted to, according to the discursive elements that are given to them, net surfers represent here the autonomous alienation concept. But through some resistances that can be expressed against the “breast feeding doxa”, they also represent another conceptualization of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt : the “multitude” one.

PAIVA, Geórgia Maria Feitosa e. A influência da terceira parte na mudança de footing em chats educacionais. 2013. 304f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-09T11:29:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_gmfpaiva.pdf: 2433837 bytes, checksum: 0cf11c0135edeb23f847ac9aeb70618b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-09T14:45:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_gmfpaiva.pdf: 2433837 bytes, checksum: 0cf11c0135edeb23f847ac9aeb70618b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-09T14:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_gmfpaiva.pdf: 2433837 bytes, checksum: 0cf11c0135edeb23f847ac9aeb70618b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This research aims at analyzing what extent and under what circumstances the presence of third part influences or interferes with the educational virtual chats through changes in participants’ footing in these chats and linguistic politeness that they invest in turning points.Our work in this dissertation seeks to achieve this relationship which, in our view, seems inseparable for understanding social relations. Therefore, as the basis of our studies we take Goffman (1967, 1981), Brown; Levinson (1987, 1978), Leech (1983, 2005), and more recently, investigations by Paiva; Rodrigues-Junior (2008), Paiva (2004) and Pereira (2009). To achieve the research’s aims, we had the collaboration of students and teachers from Sociolinguistics, Linguistics and Textual Reading and Production of Academic Texts disciplines, offered in the Portuguese Literature course at the Federal University of Ceará. The participants answered a questionnaire that aimed to understand their habits and affinities with educational virtual chat tools. After crossing and tabling the information provided in the questionnaires and analyzing fifteen chats, we found that the figure of the content teacher does not only act as a third part or zone of influence, but also he/she interferes in some instances to the changing in participants of the interaction’s footing. The most significant type of footing change is in the format of production, in which tutors and students demonstrate that in the presence of the third part, they seek to be more impeller than sponsors or authors. Also, in the presence of the third part, students avoid inserting frames of long duration. Regarding the change of footing for participation structure, the presence of the third part seems to have conditioned the momentary exclusion of the tutor interaction during its presence, which in turn, excluded students, even in this moment of interaction. These results demonstrate that the internal motion to social interactions (footing) held in virtual educational chats is very sensitive to the presence of higher-ranking member, and it can even extend during its absence. With this investigation, we can conclude that the choice of certain politeness strategies, such as use group and identity markers, include listener and speaker in the same activity, nominalize, hold off yourself from the author and add formality, hold off yourself from pronouns such as I and you assist in establishing and changing footings by the participants because they demonstrate the level of engagement undertaken, signaling to which moments the observer interferes with the projection of their faces. / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar até que ponto e sob quais circunstâncias a presença da terceira parte influencia ou interfere nos chats educacionais virtuais por meio das mudanças de footing dos participantes desses chats e da polidez linguística que eles investem em momentos de mudança. Para tanto, tomamos como base os estudos de Goffman (1967; 1981), Brown; Levinson (1978; 1987), Leech (1983; 2005), e as investigações de Paiva (2004), Paiva; Rodrigues-Junior (2008) e Pereira (2009). Para a realização da pesquisa, contamos com a colaboração dos alunos e dos professores das disciplinas Sociolinguística, Linguística Textual e Leitura e Produção de Textos Acadêmicos, ofertadas no curso de graduação Letras-Português da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Cada participante respondeu a um questionário com questões que visaram compreender seus hábitos e afinidades com a ferramenta chat educacional virtual. Depois de tabular e cruzar as informações presentes nos questionários, e de analisar quinze chats, verificamos que a figura do professor conteudista não somente atua como terceira parte ou zona de influência como também chega a interferir na mudança de footing dos participantes da interação. O tipo de mudança de footing mais significativo é o de formato de produção, no qual foi possível observar que na presença da terceira parte tutores e alunos procuram ser mais animadores do que responsáveis ou autores. Também na presença da terceira parte, os alunos evitaram inserir frames de longa duração. Com relação à mudança de footing por estrutura de participação, a presença da terceira parte parece ter condicionado a exclusão momentânea do tutor na interação durante a sua presença, que, por sua vez, excluiu alunos, neste mesmo momento interacional. Estes resultados demonstram que o movimento interno às interações sociais (footing) realizadas em chats educacionais virtuais é bastante sensível à presença de membro hierarquicamente superior, podendo inclusive se prolongar na sua ausência. Com esta investigação, concluímos que a escolha de determinadas estratégias de polidez como use marcadores de identidade e grupo, inclua ouvinte e falante na mesma atividade, nominalize, distancie-se do ator e adicione formalidade; distancie-se dos pronomes eu e você auxiliam no estabelecimento e na mudança de footings pelos participantes, pois demonstram o nível de engajamento empreendido, sinalizando em quais momentos o observador interfere na projeção de suas faces.

Submitted by PPGE PPGE (pgedu@ufba.br) on 2016-03-08T13:56:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana.pdf: 3297732 bytes, checksum: 2643a409518ba26d8c044c9c4e224449 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2016-03-09T16:45:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana.pdf: 3297732 bytes, checksum: 2643a409518ba26d8c044c9c4e224449 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T16:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana.pdf: 3297732 bytes, checksum: 2643a409518ba26d8c044c9c4e224449 (MD5) / Esta tese focalizou, especialmente, a análise da aprendizagem colaborativa apoiada pelas interfaces chat e conferência no ambiente de aprendizagem do Curso de Formação de Tutores em EAD, ofertado pelo USP/UFBA. Foram investigadas as características da Aprendizagem Colaborativa Mediada pela Tecnologia, ACMT, e as variáveis que favoreceram, ou limitaram, a aprendizagem colaborativa no contexto avaliado. Este problema de pesquisa relacionou-se à investigação dos aspectos pedagógicos e tecnológicos implicados na aprendizagem colaborativa mediada pela conferência e chat. A investigação esteve atrelada à uma perspectiva integradora da pedagogia à tecnologia, rompendo com as abordagens tecnicistas que enfatizam apenas os componentes tecnológicos em ambientes de aprendizagem na internet. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a tecnologia da conferência propiciou uma colaboração quantitativamente e qualitativamente distinta daquela propiciada pela tecnologia do chat. As interfaces analisadas influenciaram as atividades pedagógicas e foram selecionadas para serem utilizadas de acordo com o que podiam oferecer a partir da adequação aos objetivos pedagógicos propostos pelo Curso. / ABSTRACT This thesis emphasized, especially, the analysis of the collaborative learning for the interfaces chat and conference in the environment of learning in the Course of Formation of Tutors in EAD, presented by USP/UFBA. The characteristics of the Collaborative Learning Supported by Computer, CSCL, and the elements that favored, or limited it were analysed in the case studied. This research problem was linked to the investigation of the pedagogic and technological aspects implicated in the learning collaborative mediated by the conference and chat. The investigation was attached to a integrated perspective of the pedagogy to the technology, breaking up the behaviorist’s approaches that just emphasize the technological components in learning environments in the internet. The results allowed to conclude that the technology of the conference propitiated a collaboration quantitatively and qualitatively different from that supported by the technology of the chat. These analysed interfaces influenced the pedagogic activities and they were selected to be used in agreement with the pedagogic’s objectives proposed in the Course.

Chat communication has been investigated within the frames of 5thD (Fifth Dimension). The study is based in field-material from two chat sessions, between children in Ronneby-Barcelona and Ronneby-Denver. During the chats there was plenty of interaction between children and, assistants, which is illustrated with the help of patterns of communication. The analysis of the data shows that chat is more than an interaction between two persons, it even connects two social settings. The thesis also deals with the question of how to create meaningful chat, since this did not occur in an entirely satisfactory way during the above-mentioned chats.

Les atomes de Rydberg sont des états très excités, dans lesquels un électron est placé sur une orbite éloignée du noyau. Leur grand dipôle électrique les rend très sensibles à leur environnement électromagnétique. En utilisant des champs microondes et radiofréquences, nous préparons des états quantiques non-classiques spécialement conçus pour exploiter au mieux cette sensibilité et mesurer des champs électriques et magnétiques avec une grande précision. Dans la première partie, nous préparons des états chats de Schrödinger, superpositions d'orbitales de polarisabilités très différentes, qui nous permettent de mesurer de petites variations du champ électrique statique avec une sensibilité bien supérieure à la limite quantique standard et proche de la limite Heisenberg fondamentale. Nous atteignons une sensibilité par atome de 30mV/m pour un temps d'interrogation de 200ns, faisant de notre système l'un des électromètres les plus sensibles à ce jour. Nous implémentons ensuite des manipulations plus complexes de l'atome. Grâce à une technique d'écho de spin qui exploite la richesse de la multiplicité Rydberg, nous mesurons les corrélations temporelles du champ électrique avec une bande passante de l'ordre du MHz. Dans la partie finale, nous préparons une superposition quantique de deux états circulaires de nombres quantiques magnétiques opposés. Cet état très non-classique correspond à un électron tournant à la fois dans des directions opposées sur la même orbite. La grande différence de moment magnétique entre les deux composantes de la superposition, de l'ordre de 100muB, ouvre la voie à la mesure de petites variations du champ magnétique avec une grande bande passante. / Rydberg atoms are highly excited states, in which the electron is orbiting far from the nucleus. Their large electric dipole makes them very sensitive to their electromagnetic environment. Using a combination of microwave and radio-frequency fields, we engineer non-classical quantum states specifically designed to exploit at best this sensitivity for electric and magnetic field metrology. In the first part, we prepare non-classical states, similar to Schrödinger cat states, superpositions of two orbitals with very different polarizabilities, that allow us to measure small variations of the static electric field with a sensitivity well beyond the standard quantum limit and close to the fundamental Heisenberg limit. We reach a single atom sensitivity of 30mV/m for a 200ns interrogation time. It makes our system one of the most sensitive electrometers to date. We then implement more complex manipulations of the atom. Using a spin-echo technique taking advantage of the full extent of the Rydberg manifold, we perform a correlation function measurement of the electric field with a MHz bandwidth.In the final part, we prepare a quantum superposition of two circular states with opposite magnetic quantum numbers. It corresponds to an electron rotating at the same time in opposite directions on the same orbit, a rather non-classical situation. The huge difference of magnetic moment between the two components of the superposition, in the order of 100muB, opens the way to the measurement of small variations of the magnetic field with a high bandwidth.

Il n'y a pas de limite fondamentale à une mesure classique : la position d'une aiguille sur un cadran peut être déterminée avec une incertitude arbitrairement faible. Au contraire, dans le monde quantique, la précision de toute mesure est limitée par le bruit quantique. Lorsque l'aiguille de mesure devient un système mésoscopique, tel un moment cinétique J qui évoluerait sur le cadran sphérique d'une sphère de Bloch, les fluctuations quantiques affectant les états cohérents conduisent alors à une incertitude de mesure en 1/√J appelée limite quantique standard. La métrologie quantique consiste à préparer l'aiguille dans un état quantique qui permet de dépasser cette limite et d'atteindre la précision ultime fondamentale, dite limite de Heisenberg, qui évolue en 1/J. Nous proposons et réalisons une approche innovante fondée sur la mesure de la phase relative d'une superposition d'états mésoscopiques du type Chat de Schrödinger. En utilisant un champ radiofréquence polarisé, nous avons en effet pu préparer un atome de Rydberg dans une superposition quantique du moment cinétique décrivant l'électron, dont la sensibilité au champ électrique approche la limite de Heisenberg. Cette méthode a permis la réalisation d'un électromètre à un seul atome mesurant de faibles champs de l'ordre du mV/cm en quelques dizaines de nanosecondes. La grande sensibilité de ces méthodes de mesure de champ résolue en temps et en espace ouvre la voie à de nombreuses applications. / There is no fundamental limit to the precision of a classical measurement. The position of a meter’s needle can be determined with an arbitrarily small uncertainty. In the quantum realm, fundamental fluctuations due to the Heisenberg principle limit the precision of any measurement. When the needle is replaced by a mesoscopic system, for instance a spin J evolving on a spherical dial, the Bloch sphere, the semi-classical spin coherent state quantum fluctuations lead to a measurement uncertainty scaling as 1/√J, the standard quantum limit (SQL). This is far from the ultimate Heisenberg limit (HL), which scales as 1/J. We present here an innovative approach, using interferometric measurements on mesoscopic Schrödinger-cat-like superpositions of Rydberg states to realize a single-atom electrometer measuring weak fields of the order of 1 mV/cm in a few tens of nanoseconds. The sensitivity of this method is beyond the SQL and we check that its uncertainty scales as the HL. The extreme sensitivity of this non-invasive space- and time-resolved field measurement could have many practical applications.

The 21st century can be defined as the fast paced information age wherein people establish another dimension to living; existing and interacting as multiple pseudopersonalities in cyberspace. The main aim of the study is to provide a description of a group of people known as 'Generation Xers', who develop cyberspace culture whilst interacting in chat-rooms. It is a two-fold process; firstly they create on-line 'pseudopersonalities' different from their off-line ‘normal’ personalities, and secondly they share unique values that characterise cyberspace culture globally. The research process starts at the microlevel where individuals interact with each other in chat-rooms. On the mesolevel unique interaction patterns develop in chat-rooms that differ from traditional face-to-face interaction patters. On the macrolevel, cyberspace culture and specific values develop that Generation Xers share on a global basis. During the research process quantitative and qualitative methods were combined in order to compliment the limitations imbedded in each methodology. Summarising relevant theories, on a microlevel the developmental process of pseudopersonalities is described by starting with its manifestation in the off-line world. The Johari-window and Roger's person-centred approach are used to describe the same process in the on-line world. On a mesolevel, differences between computer-mediated communication and face-to-face communication are discussed within the Cyber Psychology paradigm. On the macrolevel, the Internet experience is described by means of the Symbolic Action Theory. The All Media and Product Survey (AMPS) database forms the basis of the longitudinal, statistical profile of the South African Internet-user population. Currently Internet access figures remain low at around 7-8% of the total population. South African Generation Xers, aged 16-49, are the richer and more affluent part of South African society, living in major metropolitan areas, earning R12 000+. A qualitative content analysis of chat room behaviour in 384 chat-rooms sheds light on the dynamics behind their usage patterns. The .co.za-dictionary reflects the creative way in which .co.za-emotion and memory are expressed and negotiated. Pseudopersonalities that are at play in the borderless world of cyberspace continuously reflect issues, problems and struggles of everyday life in South Africa such as racial tension, political struggles and sexual interaction governed by the following cultural values: -- Respect -- An openness to the unknown -- Looking towards to the self (not governing bodies) for direction, resulting in; -- Liberty with responsibility towards the common good, the core of every society across the globe. Finally the applicability of the Internet chat-room as a psychological research tool is explored within the South African context. It seems that although an effective tool for international surveys on sensitive topics, the South African research market is not ready for this tool to be implemented. South African Generation Xers perceive themselves as part of a global cyberspace culture and any distinction between the virtual and the real, does not imply a privilege to either, but rather a connection between the two. In this digital era, cyberspace is an electronic reflection of the way people communicate, interact, share and live life. / Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

Approche hybride du traitement quantique de l'information La dualité onde-particule a conduit à deux façons d'encoder l'information quantique, les approches continues et discrètes. L'approche hybride a récemment émergé, et consiste à utiliser les concepts et boites à outils des deux approches, afin de venir à bout des limitations intrinsèques à chaque champ. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous allons dans une première partie utiliser des protocoles hybrides de façon à générer des états quantiques non-gaussiens de la lumière. A l'aide d'oscillateurs paramétriques optiques, et de détecteur de photons supraconducteurs, nous pouvons générer des photons uniques extrêmement purs très efficacement, ainsi que des états chats de Schrödinger, qui permettent d'encoder l'information en variables continues. Nous montrons également en quoi des opérations de variables continues peuvent aider cette génération. La méthode utilisée, basée sur la génération " d'états-noyaux " rend en outre ces états plus robustes à la décohérence. Dans une seconde partie, dans le contexte d'un réseau hétérogène, basé sur différents encodages, relier de façon quantique les deux mondes, nécessite l'existence d'intrication hybride de la lumière. Nous introduisons la notion d'intrication hybride, entre des états continus et discrets, et nous en montrons une première application qui est la génération à distance de bit quantique continu. Nous implémentons ainsi également une plateforme polyvalente permettant la génération d'états " micro-macro " intriqués. / In quantum information science and technology, two traditionally-separated ways of encoding information coexist -the continuous and the discrete approaches, resulting from the wave-particle duality of light. The first one is based on quadrature components, while the second one involves single photons. The recent optical hybrid approach aims at using both discrete and continuous concepts and toolboxes to overcome the intrinsic limitations of each field. In this PhD work, first, we use hybrid protocols in order to realize the quantum state engineering of various non-Gaussian states of light. Based on optical parametric oscillators and highly-efficient superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors, we demonstrate the realization of a high-brightness single-photon source and the quantum state engineering of large optical Schrödinger cat states, which can be used as a continuous-variable qubit. We show how continuous-variable operations such as squeezing can help in this generation. This method based on so-called core states also enables to generate cat states that are more robust to decoherence. Second, in the context of heterogeneous networks based on both encodings, bridging the two worlds by a quantum link requires hybrid entanglement of light. We introduce optical hybrid entanglement between qubits and qutrits of continuous and discrete types, and demonstrate as a first application the remote state preparation of continuous-variable qubits. Our experiment is also a versatile platform to study squeezing-induced micro-macro entanglement.

La prédation exercée par le Chat domestique (Felis silvestris catus) joue un rôle majeur dans la conservation de certaines espèces proies et la prévention de zoonoses. L'objectif de cette étude était d'identifier les facteurs de variation de cette prédation en milieu rural. L'étude a été conduite dans les Ardennes. La population étudiée comptait 143 individus, dont 44 % de chats de propriétaire (nourris ad libitum, 80 % stérilisés) et 56 % de chats de ferme (peu nourris, non stérilisés). Le DNA metabarcoding et le génotypage ont permis de détecter la fréquence d'apparition des aliments dans des fèces collectées sur le terrain et d'attribuer ces fèces à l'une ou l'autre des catégories de chats. Des individus ont été équipés de colliers GPS et d'accéléromètres tridimensionnels. L'éthogramme accélérométrique d'une séquence de chasse a été construit afin de pouvoir, à terme, relever les événements de prédation et de consommation des proies des individus équipés. Enfin, des variables associées à la prédation ont été mise en relation avec leur sociabilité envers les humains. Les chats ont essentiellement consommé des rongeurs et des aliments d'origine anthropique. En été, les chats de propriétaire chassaient aussi fréquemment que les chats de ferme, tandis qu'en hiver ils chassaient beaucoup moins souvent que ces derniers. Les chats de propriétaire ont de plus petits domaines vitaux que les chats de ferme. Les deux catégories de chats ont un rayon d'action restreint lorsque la pluviométrie est élevée et ont pour proies principales Microtus arvalis et Arvicola terrestris. Le degré de sociabilité des chats vis-à-vis des humains semble affecter leur succès de capture diurne de proies. / The predation exerted by the Domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) is of special concerns for conservation and prevention of zoonosis issues. This study aims to identify the factors of variation of the predation exerted by cats in a rural landscape. It has been conducted in the Ardennes region. The population studied was composed of 143 individuals, including 44% of house cats (fed ad libitum, 80% sterilized) and 56% of farm cats (poorly fed, not sterilized). DNA metabarcoding and genotyping technics allowed to detect occurrences of food items in field-collected feces and to attribute those feces to one or the other cat categories. Some individuals were equipped with a collar composed by a GPS unit and a tri-axial accelerometer device. The ethogram of a hunting sequence based on accelerometry was constructed to gather information concerning the occurrences of predation and the consumption of the preys by the equipped individuals. Finally, some variables associated to the predation were put in relation with the sociability of cats towards humans. The cats essentially consumed rodents and anthropogenic food. During the summer, the house cats were hunting as frequently as the farm cats, whereas during the winter they were hunting a lot less comparing to the farm cats. Both cat categories have smaller daily movement range during high rainfall periods and their main preys are Microtus arvalis and Arvicola terrestris. The sociability degree of the cats towards humans seems to affect their diurnal stalk success.