Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The Congo Crisis of the early 1960s served as a satellite conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Scholars have argued about U.S. motivations and interests involved in the Congo Crisis. The major division between scholars is between those who contend the United States acted for national security reasons and those scholars who argue the United States desired to establish a neocolonial regime to protect economic interests pertaining to vast Congolese mineral wealth. The argument of this thesis is that the United States policy in the Congo between 1960 and 1965 focused on installing a friendly regime in the Congo in order to protect its national security interests. This argument lends to the introduction of a new term to classify U.S. actions: pseudocolonialism. The previous term, neocolonialism, denotes a negative connotation based on economic greed and does not satisfactorily explain the motivations of the United States. By examining the value to the United States of Congolese uranium and cobalt as well as Congolese geographic location, the singular explanation of economic greed is weakened.

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En la práctica jurídica contemporánea es usual que muchas discusiones giren en torno a elementos tales como "derechos fundamentales", "bienes constitucionalmente protegidos", "valores superiores" y otros aspectos sustantivos, normalmente de rango constitucional. Asimismo, la distinción entre "principios" y "reglas", o conceptos como el de "ponderación", han pasado en las últimas décadas a formar parte del bagaje teórico básico de los juristas. En esta obra se intenta ofrecer un análisis riguroso de los conflictos entre principios constitucionales, de la ponderación y de la posibilidad de obtener una única respuesta correcta en todo caso, y se intenta mostrar cómo desde el positivismo jurídico y la filosofía analítica puede darse perfecta cuenta de estas cuestiones, señalando además cómo algunas afirmaciones ampliamente compartidas sobre los principios y la ponderación deberían ser abandonadas o cuanto menos matizadas, y que en esencia las situaciones de conflicto entre principios son muy similares, tanto en su estructura como en su modo de resolución, a las antinomias entre reglas. / In the contemporary legal practice, there are very often discussions related with legal elements labelled as “fundamental rights”, “constitutionally protected goods”, “superior values” and other substantive aspects, usually of a constitutional level. Also, the distinction between “legal principles” and “legal rules”, or concepts such as “weighing and balancing” have become in recent years some of the most basic theoretical tools of legal scholars and jurists. This work tries to offer a rigorous analysis about the conflicts between constitutional principles, weighing and balancing and the possibility of a single correct answer, and tries to give account of these matters from the scope of legal positivism and analytic philosophy. Some of the conclusions are that some deeply shared claims about legal principles and weighing and balancing should be abandoned or at least qualified, and that, in sum, conflicts between rules and conflicts between principles are very similar, both in their structure and in the procedures or mechanisms for solving them.

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--US Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. / Cover title. AD-A463 835. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60). Electronic version available on the Public STINET.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1996. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-328).

<p>Studien behandlar, genom en kvalitativ ansats, de uttryck lärare har kring konflikter i arbetslag som en möjlighet respektive ett hinder i förhållande till lärarrollen. Vidare är studiens mål att skapa förståelse för konflikternas betydelse för lärarrollen. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes individuellt med verksamma lärare inom årskurserna 3-6, vilka representerar tre skilda skolor inom samma kommun.</p><p> </p><p>Under lärarutbildningen har området konflikter främst behandlats ur ett elevperspektiv. Genom att vistas inom skolans värld har dock studiens författare uppmärksammat att konflikter även är vanligt förekommande bland lärare, där effekterna på olika sätt påverkat yrkesutövningen. I sammanhanget bildades ett intresse kring området, med utgångspunkt i huruvida konflikter verkar som en möjlighet, respektive ett hinder för lärarrollen.</p><p> </p><p>Resultatet av studien visar att konflikter i arbetslag uttrycks både som en möjlighet, respektive ett hinder, för lärarrollen. Konflikternas hanterande beskrivs vidare som avgörande för huruvida de betraktas. Lärarens erfarenhet, inställning och kunskap kring konflikter i arbetslag betonas som en central del för konflikternas utfall. Lärarna uttrycker konflikter i arbetslag främst som en negativ företeelse för lärarrollen. Svårigheter som kan uppstå avser samarbete, bristande engagemang, lärarens hälsa samt avstannande i lärarrollens utveckling. I sammanhanget visar studiens resultat dock även på möjligheter i samband med konflikter i arbetslaget som berör ökad kreativitet, ett mer framgångsrikt samarbete samt ett förbättrat utvecklingsarbete.</p> / <p>The study describes, through a qualitative method, the expressions teachers have about conflicts in work groups as a possibility or an obstacle for the teacher role. Furthermore the study aims to give an understanding of the consequence of conflicts for the teacher role. Qualitative interviews were individually conducted with teachers from three different schools teaching children aged between 10-12.</p><p> </p><p>The concept of conflict has during the teacher education mainly discussed through a student perspective. By being in school, the study authors noted that conflicts are also common among teachers, where the effects on various affected professional. In this context, formed an interest around the area, on the basis of whether the conflicts appears as a possibility, and an obstacle to the teacher role.</p><p> </p><p>The result of the study shows that conflicts in teacher teams are described as a possibility, respectively an obstacle in the role as teacher. The managing of a conflict is described as decisive in how the conflicts are considered. The teachers' experience, attitude and knowledge of conflicts in working groups are essential for the results of the conflicts. The teachers express conflicts in working groups mainly as a negative occurrence for the teacher role. Difficulties that can appear concerns cooperation, deficient commitment, the teacher's health and deficient development. In the context the study's results also show the possibilities gained from a conflict in a working group, it encourages increased creativity, improved cooperation and a more successful development work.</p>

Η ενότητα αυτή αποτελεί μια συνοπτική επισκόπηση της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας. Πριν παρουσιαστούν περιληπτικά τα περιεχόμενα της εργασίας πρέπει να διατυπωθεί ο σκοπός της, ο οποίος συνίσταται στην εξακρίβωση των συσχετίσεων που υπάρχουν μεταξύ των διαφόρων μορφών επικοινωνίας και των 5 διαφορετικών μεθόδων διοίκησης συγκρούσεων στο ερευνητικό πεδίο της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης, καθώς και με την εφαρμογή συμμετοχικών διαδικασιών στην διοίκηση της σχολικής μονάδας. Συγκεκριμένα ο εντοπισμός των πιθανών σχέσεων που μπορεί να υπάρχουν μεταξύ της επίσημης ή ανεπίσημης επικοινωνίας μεταξύ συναδέλφων σχολικής μονάδας ή εκπαιδευτικών και διεύθυνσης σχολικής μονάδας και των πέντε μεθόδων διοίκησης συγκρούσεων, καθώς επίσης των σχέσεων της αποκέντρωσης ή της συγκέντρωσης εξουσίας στις διαδικασίες λήψης αποφάσεων με τις πέντε μεθόδους διοίκησης συγκρούσεων στο πλαίσιο της σχολικής μονάδας. Επίσης η παρούσα εργασία σκοπεύει να εξαντλήσει και να εμπλουτίσει την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία μέσα από τη θεματική και τα ευρήματά της. / The aim of this report is to ascertain the correlations between the diverse patterns of communication and the five (5) different methods of conflict management in the searching field of the secondary education and specifically between the educators and the school unit’s administration. What is studied particularly is the localization of the potential relations that might exist between the formal or informal communication among school unit’s colleagues or teachers and school unit’s administration and the five ways of conflicts management. The data for this survey was collected with questionnaires from secondary education’s educators and directors in various school units. Moreover this very study intends to use up and enrich the existing bibliography through its issues and findings.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4793.pdf: 2360577 bytes, checksum: b5c558b5a3d386e9d6c8b22573221087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The induced migration is a constitutive and persistent part of the Brazilian state strategies in the Amazon occupation process and, particularly, in the Acre occupation process as well. However, the incessant concentration of the means of production especially land and the local resistance movements apart has generated the expulsion of some groups to beyond the Brazilian border. These groups occupied the Bolivian side of the border as an alternative, even though precarious to keep their economical survival, without losing their social bond that links them to the acrian side. But to across the border between Acre and Bolívia was not the most painful experience of these groups, in terms of their identitary state as extractives, since these groups are confronted with a greater challenge that is their expulsion of the border as a means of national security and Bolivian sovereignty. With deadline to leave their homes, i.e., desterritorializate in a compulsory manner, these groups comprehend their nationality as a restrictive factor to production place in the Bolivian territory, and at the same time, they do not have any favorable factor to their reinsertion in the Brazilian territory, mainly in the Acre countryside. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is a sociological investigation about the trajectories and the subsequent socio-spatial vulnerabilization processes lived by the Brazilian peasants that nowadays occupy areas in the border between Bolívia and Acre. For this purpose, we present a sociological and qualitative research, whose procedures are the bibliography review about the politics of Amazon occupation, studies about the official data from multilateral organizations and Brazilian institutes involved with the topic, semistructured interviews and photo-documentation. The analysis of the results was divided in three parts, each one relative to one migratory movement: from Brazilian Northwest to Amazon (Trajectory 1); from Acre to Bolívia (Trajectory 2); and the return of the peasants to Brazil (Trajectory 3). Among the most important findings are the identification of regular regimes that affected the deterritorialization processes of the group, such as the lack of legitimacy of the right to ownership of land by peasants, and other unique traits, such as degradation resulting from identity tensions experienced in the bolivian context, which are being expelled. / A migração induzida é parte constitutiva e persistente das estratégias do Estado brasileiro no processo de ocupação da Amazônia e, particularmente, do Acre. Contudo, a concentração paulatina dos meios de produção - sobretudo da terra e à parte, os movimentos locais de resistência - engendrou o deslocamento de alguns grupos para além da fronteira brasileira. Estes passaram a ocupar o lado boliviano da fronteira como forma alternativa, porém precária, de manter a sobrevivência econômica sem perder os laços sociais que os vinculam, ainda, ao lado acreano. Contudo, atravessar a fronteira do Acre com a Bolívia não foi a mais dolorosa vivência de tais grupos, em termos de sua afirmação identitária no modo de vida extrativista, uma vez que os mesmos estão confrontados com um desafio ainda maior, que é a sua expulsão da fronteira como política de segurança nacional e afirmação de soberania da parte da Bolívia. Com prazo para deixarem o local, isto é, desterritorializarem-se compulsoriamente, tais grupos veem sua nacionalidade como fator restritivo à produção do lugar no território boliviano, sem que seja um fator favorável à sua reinserção no lado brasileiro e, mais especificamente, no interior acreano. Diante de tal contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi uma investigação sociológica sobre as trajetórias, e os subsequentes processos de vulnerabilização sócio-espacial, vivenciados pelos camponeses brasileiros que atualmente ocupam áreas na faixa de fronteira boliviana, limítrofe com o Estado do Acre. Com esse intento, foi realizada uma pesquisa sociológica, de base qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos a revisão bibliográfica sobre as políticas de ocupação da Amazônia, estudos em torno dos registros oficiais de órgãos multilaterais e instituições brasileiras envolvidas com a temática, entrevistas semiestruturas e foto-documentação. Dos resultados obtidos, foram realizados recortes temporais tendo como base três subsequentes movimentos migratórios: do Nordeste brasileiro à Amazônia (Trajetória 1), do Acre para a Bolívia (Trajetória 2), e do retorno dos camponeses ao Brasil (Trajetória 3). Entre as conclusões mais importantes estão a identificação de regimes regulares que incidiram nos processos de desterritorialização do grupo, como a falta de legitimidade do direito à posse da terra pelos camponeses, e outros traços particulares, como a degradação identitária decorrente das tensões vividas no contexto boliviano, do qual estão sendo expulsos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A conservação dos ecossistemas e dos recursos ambientais neles inclusos é uma condição básica e essencial para o desenvolvimento sustentado de uma dada região. A degradação faz com que a possibilidade dele retornar ao seu estado original seja ínfima pois, sua dinâmica de restauração não seria a mesma do que antes foi sua colonização. A recuperação de áreas degradadas é dificultada devido à complexidade estrutural dos ecossistemas, exemplo das restingas ambientes sujeitos as condições bastante adversas (altas temperaturas, períodos de seca, vento constante, alta salinidade e escassez de nutrientes), por isso demandam de alta tecnologia para o desenvolvimento e produção de mudas, além de alto custo associado. O objetivo deste estudo é a criação de uma proposta para uso socioeconômico das áreas degradadas por plantios de cocos, em formações vegetais de restinga, município de Caravelas, e criar um modelo para que essas áreas sejam mais produtivas economicamente, a médio e longo prazo, a partir da geração de trabalho e renda e, conseqüentemente, inclusão social voltada para o uso sustentável de espécies nativas de restinga, através do extrativismo, considerando-se o potencial e a vocação natural do ecossistema de restinga. Nesse contexto, as categorias de análise desta tese basearam-se nos conflitos e vulnerabilidade socioambiental, etnobotânica, fitofisionomias, bens e serviços associados, tecnologia social, desenvolvimento local, gestão costeira, sustentabilidade ambiental e democrática, produtos florestais não madeiráveis e inclusão social. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados neste estudo foram apresentados em cada capítulo desta tese, estando inserido em pesquisas qualitativas (técnicas de observação participante e análise do discurso coletivo) associada aos levantamentos bibliográficos (dados secundários) e as pesquisas quantitativas, por entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados deste estudo subsidiaram a formação de uma rede interativa para implantação de empreendimentos sustentáveis no processo produtivo local, no que se refere à utilização de espécies nativas de restingas com reflorestamento de áreas degradadas por plantios de coco, para fins de geração de trabalho e renda com base no movimento de tecnologia social. / The conservation of ecosystems and environmental resources therein included is a basic and essential to the sustained development of a given region. The degradation causes the possibility of returning to its original state is very small because the dynamics of restoration would not be the same as it was before colonization. The restoration of degraded areas is difficult due to the structural complexity of ecosystems, example the restingas - environments subject very adverse conditions (high temperatures, drought, wind constant, high salinity and lack of nutrients), so demand for high-tech development and seedling production, and high cost associated. This study is the creation of a proposal to use socioeconomic areas degraded by coconut plantations, in restinga vegetation of Caravelas, Bahia, and create a model for these areas are more economically productive, medium and long time from the generation job and income and, consequently, inclusion toward the sustainable use of native species of restinga, through extraction, considering the potential and the natural vocation of the ecosystem. In this context, the categories of analysis of this thesis were based on conflicts and socio-environmental vulnerability, ethnobotany, vegetation types, goods and related services, social technology, local development, coastal management, environmental sustainability and democratic, non-timber forest products and social inclusion. The methodological procedures used in this study were presented in each chapter of this thesis, being inserted in qualitative research (techniques of participant observation and analysis of collective discourse) associated with literature surveys (secondary data) and quantitative research for semi-structured interviews. The results of this study supported the formation of an interactive network for implementation of sustainable developments in the local production process, as regards the use of native species of restingas with reforestation of degraded areas by planting coconut, for purposes of generating job and income based on the movement of social technology.