Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

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This research has as object of study the culture of environmental catastrophe. This is the analysis of the effects that disaster movies have on people, considering the social interactions between spectators of film narratives of environmental catastrophes, about fear and insecurity about the possibility of planetary extinction (partial or total). The research approach is based on social constructionism. The method of the research adopted was the relational of the descriptive-interpretative type. Eighty-one individuals aged between six and sixty-five years of different schooling and sex participated in this study. The group device is used, focusing on the emotions and feelings manifested in the film experiences with the disaster films (1992- 2015). The main instruments of data collection were informal conversations, field diary, direct observation and audio recording of interactions among participants. The film experience, in the reception and audience of catastrophic films, produces specific effects on the conduct of the participants. Five effects are highlighted: (a) generates emotional reaction; (b) produces conscious awareness; (c) elicits unilateral direct communication through physical contact; (d) produces empathic disposition; (e) generates, produces and elicits symbolic content. However, it was observed that not all the participants demonstrated typical reactions to the phenomenon of referential-emotive micronarration, namely, fright reaction, followed by speech acts, direct reflex physical contact with other participants and laughing reaction. It was noticed that the different reactions to the products of the film industry, in the case of catastrophes, explain the particularity and the singularity of practical social life, thus avoiding the universalist approach in which social actors do not reflect on what they do, when they do. On the other hand, the symbolic dimensions of cognition, when not properly situated in the course of the debate on the filmic experience, produce a reduction effect of the mental operations, elaborated by the agents themselves with respect to the disaster films. The circulation (or explicit indication) among research participants of the need for comment on two different discursive plans was perceived: (a) reactive plans (of sensory-perceptive sensitivity) aimed at activation and saturation, in which emotion and the feeling predominates; (b) action plans (active base) focused on the decision to engage and participate directly or indirectly in the search for involvement with issues pertaining to nature, man and the possibilities of extinction of life on the planet. We conclude that the fear and insecurity of planetary extinction (partial or total), conveyed by the disaster films brings to the center of the debate the emotions and the feelings as an in separate part of the environmental issues and the variety of behaviors observed in contemporary social practices. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a cultura da catástrofe ambiental. Trata-se da análise dos efeitos que os filmes-desastres exercem nas pessoas considerando as interações sociais ocorridas entre os espectadores de narrativas fílmicas de catástrofes ambientais, quanto ao medo e a insegurança ante as possibilidades de extinção planetária (parcial ou total). A abordagem da pesquisa respalda-se no construcionismo social. O método da pesquisa adotado foi o relacional do tipo descritivo-interpretativo. Participaram deste estudo oitenta e um indivíduos com idades entre seis e sessenta e cinco anos de diferentes escolaridade e sexo. Utilizou-se o dispositivo grupal, tendo como foco as emoções e sentimentos manifestados nas experiências fílmicas com os filmes-desastre (1992-2015). Os principais instrumentos de coleta de dados foram as conversas informais, diário de campo, observação direta e registro em áudio das interações ocorridas entre os participantes. Os resultados explicitam que os participantes demonstraram interagir de maneira ativa, não escapista, com os quadros ou cenas fílmicas, compostas com maior apelo da linguagem catastrófica. A experiência fílmica, na recepção e audiência de filmes-catástrofe, produz efeitos específicos sobre a conduta dos participantes. Destacam-se cinco efeitos: (a) gera reação emotiva; (b) produz percepção consciente; (c) elicia comunicação direta unilateral por contato físico; (d) produz disposição empática; (e) gera, produz e elicia conteúdo simbólico. No entanto, observou-se que nem todos os participantes demonstraram reações típicas ao fenômeno da micronarração referencial-emotiva, a saber, reação-susto, seguida de atos de fala, contato físico direto reflexo com outros participantes e reação-risível. Percebeu-se que as diferentes reações aos produtos da indústria cinematográfica, no caso dos filmes-catástrofes, explicitam a particularidade e a singularidade da vida social prática, evitando assim, a abordagem universalista, na qual os atores sociais não refletem sobre o que fazem, quando fazem. Por outro lado, as dimensões simbólicas da cognição, quando não devidamente situadas no decorrer do debate sobre a experiência fílmica, produzem efeito redutor das operações mentais, elaboradas pelos próprios agentes a respeito dos filmes-desastre. Percebeu-se a circulação (ou indicação explícita), entre participantes da pesquisa, da necessidade de comentários em dois diferentes planos discursivos: (a) planos reativos (de sensibilidade sensório-perceptiva) voltados à ativação e a saturação, nos quais a emoção e o sentimento predominam; (b) planos de ação (de base ativa) voltados à decisão de engajamento e participação direta ou indireta na busca de envolvimento com as questões pertinentes à natureza, ao homem e as possibilidades de extinção da vida no planeta. Concluímos que o medo e a insegurança de extinção planetária (parcial ou total), veiculados pelos filmesdesastre traz ao centro do debate as emoções e os sentimentos como parte indissociada das questões ambientais e da variedade de comportamentos observados nas práticas sociais contemporâneas. / São Cristóvão, SE

Orientador: Maria Suely Kofes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_SuzanedeAlencar_M.pdf: 4109616 bytes, checksum: 0662160c4ec5d38e8dc1eb096936a322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem dramática sobre o evento radiológico do Césio-137. O evento, desencadeado na cidade de Goiânia no ano 1987, não se encerra com o fim da contaminação radiológica e se estende a um processo judicial, médico-científico e narrativo de identificação e reconhecimento de novas vítimas. A produção da etnografia é acompanhada por um exercício de experimentação teórico-conceitual em torno das noções de drama e evento. Para compreender os processos pelos quais o evento é configurado como um drama, analiso narrativas como romances, artes plásticas, fotografias, jornais, documentários, filmes, bibliografia acadêmica e relatos provocados pela pesquisa de campo. As narrativas politizam o discurso de vitimização e a experiência de sofrimento. A forma dramática de narrativas e símbolos canaliza emoções e promove o engajamento emocional dos sujeitos no processo. Além de agenciar a relação entre narrativa e evento, o drama revelou-se como um espaço político que instrumentaliza o modelo narrativo e a linguagem do sofrimento para incitar o reconhecimento das vítimas. O drama ocupa um lugar central na dinâmica do evento radiológico ao estender seus limites, modular sua intensidade e atualizá-lo a cada nova narrativa. A etnografia, enquanto uma narrativa sobre o evento, incorpora e atualiza o drama como marco da análise e da descrição do tema e é também absorvida no processo dramático. / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem dramática sobre o evento radiológico do Césio-137. O evento, desencadeado na cidade de Goiânia no ano 1987, não se encerra com o fim da contaminação radiológica e se estende a um processo judicial, médico-científico e narrativo de identificação e reconhecimento de novas vítimas. A produção da etnografia é acompanhada por um exercício de experimentação teórico-conceitual em torno das noções de drama e evento. Para compreender os processos pelos quais o evento é configurado como um drama, analiso narrativas como romances, artes plásticas, fotografias, jornais, documentários, filmes, bibliografia acadêmica e relatos provocados pela pesquisa de campo. As narrativas politizam o discurso de vitimização e a experiência de sofrimento. A forma dramática de narrativas e símbolos canaliza emoções e promove o engajamento emocional dos sujeitos no processo. Além de agenciar a relação entre narrativa e evento, o drama revelou-se como um espaço político que instrumentaliza o modelo narrativo e a linguagem do sofrimento para incitar o reconhecimento das vítimas. O drama ocupa um lugar central na dinâmica do evento radiológico ao estender seus limites, modular sua intensidade e atualizá-lo a cada nova narrativa. A etnografia, enquanto uma narrativa sobre o evento, incorpora e atualiza o drama como marco da análise e da descrição do tema e é também absorvida no processo dramático / Abstract: This research presents a dramatic approach to the Cesium-137 Radiological Event. The event, which started on Goiania in 1987, did not stop with the end of radiological contamination and continues in a judicial, scientific and narrative process of identification and recognition of new victims. The ethnography's output follows a theoretical experiment with the notions of drama and event. In order to better understand the pattern of this event, I analyzed narratives such as romances, arts, photographs, news, documentaries, films, academic bibliography and stories that emerged from the research field. I argue that the narratives politicize the discourses of victimization and the suffering experience. The dramatic form of narratives and symbols concentrates on emotions and promotes the emotional commitment of the subjects on the trial. The drama articulates the relationship between the narratives and the event and creates a tactful space that arouses the recognition of victims through the narrative form and the suffering language. The drama occupies a central place on the dynamics of radiological event, as it extends its limits, inflects its intensity and updates the event. As a narrative of the event, the ethnography incorporates and brings up to date the drama as an analysis landmark and the description of the theme as it is absorbed by a dramatic process. / Abstract: This research presents a dramatic approach to the Cesium-137 Radiological Event. The event, which started on Goiania in 1987, did not stop with the end of radiological contamination and continues in a judicial, scientific and narrative process of identification and recognition of new victims. The ethnography's output follows a theoretical experiment with the notions of drama and event. In order to better understand the pattern of this event, I analyzed narratives such as romances, arts, photographs, news, documentaries, films, academic bibliography and stories that emerged from the research field. I argue that the narratives politicize the discourses of victimization and the suffering experience. The dramatic form of narratives and symbols concentrates on emotions and promotes the emotional commitment of the subjects on the trial. The drama articulates the relationship between the narratives and the event and creates a tactful space that arouses the recognition of victims through the narrative form and the suffering language. The drama occupies a central place on the dynamics of radiological event, as it extends its limits, inflects its intensity and updates the event. As a narrative of the event, the ethnography incorporates and brings up to date the drama as an analysis landmark and the description of the theme as it is absorbed by a dramatic process / Mestrado / Mestre em Antropologia Social

A presente dissertação de mestrado pretende analisar como o escritor alemão W.G. Sebald (1944-2001) enxerga a história, a memória e a ficção nos seus quatro livros em prosa. As narrativas desse autor lançam mão do procedimento de colecionar diversas pistas e fragmentos do passado, que surgem por meio de encontros com pessoas, imagens, objetos, paisagens e lugares da memória - algo que nos remete ao historiador arqueólogo-colecionador que Walter Benjamin dizia ser necessário para enxergar o passado de um modo crítico. Dividido em três capítulos, que tratam do deslocamento como modo de pensar, da elaboração da memória e da história em Sebald, esse trabalho buscou verificar relações entre a história e a literatura, tomando a obra singular desse autor como exemplo de que a ficção é uma ferramenta essencial para se apreender o passado. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze how German writer W.G. Sebald (1944-2001) talks about History, Memory and Fiction in his four prose books. The narratives of this author act by collecting several trails and fragments from the past through encounters with people, images, objects landscapes and places of memory - something that recall us of the historian who should be like an archeologist or a collector that Walter Benjamin thought necessary to understand and think critically about the ruins of History. Divided by three chapters - about the displacement as a way of thinking, the elaboration of memory and about History in literary narratives - this work has tried to deal with the connections between History and Literature by taking the singular work of a writer as an example that fiction makes it possible to have a different relationship with the past.

Les travaux présentés s’inscrivent dans le cadre des études menées par la Caisse centrale de réassurance (CCR) pour modéliser les événements catastrophes naturelles et en particulier le péril sécheresse. La sécheresse est le nom utilisé couramment pour désigner les dommages aux bâtiments causés par le phénomène de retrait-gonflement des argiles. Les recherches effectuées sont en lien avec un modèle d’estimation du coût annuel d’un événement sécheresse conçu en interne à CCR. Celui-ci croise des données assurantielles et des données d’humidité du sol pour estimer le coût d’un événement survenu. CCR souhaite faire évoluer ce modèle vers une version probabiliste qui consiste à concevoir un générateur d’événements fictifs, non nécessairement survenus mais possibles d’un point de vue physique. Ce générateur doit permettre notamment d’estimer la distribution de probabilité du coût d’une sécheresse potentielle. Afin de concevoir un générateur d’événements fictifs pour le modèle sécheresse de CCR, nous avons étudié puis mis en oeuvre différents outils mathématiques permettant de modéliser la dépendance de variables aléatoires spatio-temporelles. La méthode choisie consiste à étudier et modéliser séparément la dépendance spatiale et la dépendance temporelle. Pour modéliser la dépendance temporelle, les modèles retenus sont des modèles classiques utilisés pour les séries temporelles. Nous décomposons les séries temporelles des observations en identifiant tendance et saisonnalité puis en ajustant un modèle autorégressif aux résidus. Pour modéliser la dépendance spatiale, notre choix s’est porté sur le krigeage et sur la théorie des copules. Les copules permettent de générer du bruit spatial pour ensuite lui appliquer les modèles de séries temporelles univariées. Le krigeage nous sert à interpoler spatialement les données générées dans le cas où une sélection de sites a été effectuée pour diminuer la dimension spatiale du problème. L’exploitation du générateur, pour laquelle nous donnons quelques résultats, va servir à CCR pour ses politiques de provisionnement et de tarification, et s’intègre également dans l’estimation de la charge deux-centennale liée aux catastrophes naturelles dans le cadre de la directive européenne Solvabilité II. / This work was performed at CCR, a French reinsurance company, within the studies that are conducted to model natural disasters, and particularly the drought hazard. Drought is the word used to denote the shrink-swell clay phenomenon that damages individual houses. These researches are related to an internal model that estimates the annual cost of a drought. This model crosses insurance data and soil moisture data to evaluate the cost of a occured event. CCR wants this model to be improved towards a probabilistic version by conceiving a generator of drought events that have to be realistic, although they are fictive. This generator will allow the estimation of the probability distribution of the drought cost. In order to conceive a fictive event generator for CCR’s drought model, mathematical tools have been used to model dependence between spatio-temporal random variables. The chosen method consists of studying and modeling separately spatial dependence and temporal dependence. Temporal dependence is modelized with time series models such as classical decomposition and autoregressive processes. Spatial dependence is modelized with kriging and copula theory. Spatial random noise is generated with a copula and then time series models are applied to rebuild original process. Kriging is used when generated data need to be interpolated, for example when data are generated only on a subset of the main grid. Results of the generator exploitation are given. They will be used by CCR for provisionning and pricing. These results will also be used for the estimation of the two-hundred-year cost of natural disasters within the new European Solvency II Directive.

La reconstruction post-catastrophe est apparue relativement récemment dans la littérature scientifique des risques. On a longtemps fait, en France et dans les pays développés, comme si les sommes d’argent drainées par le processus d’indemnisation et par la solidarité étaient suffisantes pour reconstruire efficacement. Pourtant, la récurrence des catastrophes, parfois sur les mêmes territoires, interroge l’efficacité des logiques préventives. Notre approche de la reconstruction est systémique et vise l’analyse des interactions entre risques, sociétés et territoires. L’étude des phases du processus de reconstruction par le biais d’un retour d’expérience à moyen et long terme permet d’en dégager des règles, et de définir de « bonnes et mauvaises pratiques » au regard des objectifs de la réduction des risques et du développement durable. Le manque d’anticipation, les nombreuses incertitudes qui pèsent sur les acteurs et l’urgence dans laquelle sont prises les décisions conduisent dans de nombreux cas à une persistance des risques et au creusement des écarts sociaux. Lorsqu’une éthique préventive est intégrée dans le processus, elle reste ponctuelle et marginale, la règle étant la reproduction des systèmes socio-spatiaux préexistants. Le processus de reconstruction n’a pas pour point de départ un « état zéro », il est soumis à des contraintes territoriales et politiques, et doit permettre d’apporter une réponse adaptée aux besoins des communautés sinistrées. Ainsi, pour faire de la reconstruction post-catastrophe une opportunité préventive, un effort d'anticipation est nécessaire – bien que nécessairement limité – il doit être accompagné d’une planification ex post. / The post-disaster reconstruction has emerged relatively recently in the hazards’ scientific literature. It has long been, in France and in developed countries, as if the amounts of money drained by the compensation process and solidarity were sufficient to recover efficiently. However the recurrence of disasters, sometimes in the same territories, questioned the effectiveness of preventive logic. Our approach of the reconstruction is systemic and aims at analyzing the interactions between risk, societies and territories. The study of the reconstruction process periods through a medium and long-term feedback allows to define the operating rules, and to define "good and bad practices" regarding the objectives of risk reduction and sustainable development. The lack of anticipation, the several uncertainties and the emergency in which the decisions are taken are leading, in many cases, to risk persistence and to increase the social gaps. When preventive ethics is integrated into the process remains punctual and marginal, the rule being the reproduction of existing socio-spatial systems. The reconstruction process does not start from a "zero state", it is subject to territorial and political constraints, and must lead to make an appropriate response to the needs of affected communities. Thus, in order to make the post-disaster reconstruction a preventive opportunity, an anticipatory effort is needed - though necessarily limited - it must be accompanied by an ex post planning.

Le 10 janvier 2010, un séisme dévastateur a frappé Port-au-Prince, la capitale de la République d‘Haïti et de nombreux camps de déplacés se sont formés à travers la ville. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons la situation du logement dans cette métropole à la suite du séisme comme observatoire. Ce contexte nous aide à illustrer la pertinence d‘imputer aux acteurs non-étatiques de l‘humanitaire (ANÉH) des obligations juridiques en matière de droits humains qui seraient insubordonnées à celles imputées aux États. Cette démarche cherche à promouvoir le respect et la mise en oeuvre des droits économiques et sociaux des populations vivant dans les camps de déplacés. Nous avons ciblé trois dimensions transversales des droits humains et du droit au logement: le principe de non-discrimination, le droit à la participation et le droit à un recours effectif. Celles-ci sont utilisées pour évaluer les interventions des ANÉH. Ensuite, nous analysons le cadre juridique international des droits de la personne qui s‘appliquait en Haïti à la suite du séisme et nous expliquons dans quelle mesure ce cadre impose des obligations aux ANÉH. La présente étude de cas est alimentée par des entrevues réalisées sur le terrain avec des résidents de trois camps et des membres du personnel des ANÉH. Nos résultats exposent dans quelle mesure les besoins en matière de logement de ces populations sont pris ou non en considération par les ANÉH. Ultimement, nous démontrons la nécessité d‘instaurer un mécanisme de contrôle des ANÉH qui serait indépendant de l‘État où survient la catastrophe.

Thesis shows progression of catastrophic events and their influence on insurance market. Insurance and reinsurance are connected to conception of catastrophes and therefore it is necessary that this thesis firstly presents key features and classification of notion catastrophe itself. For understanding of the notion is important to differentiate between nature and manmade disasters. Next part summarizes large-scale events in 2008, significant events in the past and disasters in Czech Republic. Catastrophic events are analyzed from various angles, but the most important one seems to be insured losses volume. The core of the thesis is concerned with explanation of the disaster trend and its consequences. Key problem of disaster insurance is connected to the question, how to cover catastrophic losses for both, individuals and insurance companies.

Les catastrophes naturelles font régulièrement la une des actualités en France. Ces événements climatiques extrêmes remettent en question toute la chaîne de gestion des risques naturels car ils sont considérés comme résultant certes d’un phénomène météorologique d’une ampleur extraordinaire mais aussi surtout de dysfonctionnements graves dans la protection des populations face aux éléments naturels, et notamment lors de l’alerte. Ce moment-clé, qui détermine une grande partie de l’événement, reste malgré, les progrès réalisés par les organismes de prévision des phénomènes climatiques, difficile à maîtriser car il repose essentiellement sur des initiatives individuelles et pose le problème de la responsabilité des gestionnaires face à des comportements majoritairement non planifiés et qui peuvent accentuer la crise. L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la réactivité de la population lors d’une catastrophe et de montrer quelles sont les particularités de la sociabilité événementielle, phénomène microsocial à la fois temporaire et fortement tourné vers autrui. Le terrain d’étude est la basse vallée du Rhône et ses inondations entre 1755 et 2003. Le recours à l’approche historique se justifie par la volonté de mettre en évidence des permanences dans les comportements humains face aux catastrophes et par la nécessité d’illustrer le concept actuel de culture du risque. Les données empiriques sont des archives et des entretiens auprès d’acteurs de catastrophe. Ces données ont été exploitées avec des méthodes classiques d’analyse de contenu et des méthodes statistiques (statistiques textuelles avec Alceste© et étude des réseaux sociaux par les graphes avec R©). / Natural disasters have regularly been in the news in France. These extreme weather events call into question the entire chain of natural hazard management because they are regarded as resulting from a meteorological phenomenon of extraordinary magnitude, but also especially serious malfunctions in the protection of populations against natural elements, especially during the alert . This key moment, which determines much of the event, remains difficult to control despite the progress made by agencies to forecast weather. Indeed, it is essentially based on individual initiatives and raises the question of accountability of managers towards unplanned actions, the latter may even exacerbate the crisis. This thesis’ objective is to study the reactivity of the population during a disaster and to show what is special about sociability event, phenomenon microsocial both temporary and strongly turned towards others. The study site is flooding in the lower Rhone Valley between 1755 and 2003. Using the historical approach is justified primarily by the desire to highlight the permanence in human behavior during disasters and then by the need to illustrate the present concept of risk culture. The empirical data consist of archive material and interviews with key players in disaster. These data were analyzed by standard methods of content analysis and statistical methods (textual data analysis with Alceste© and the study of social networks by the relational data with R©).