This study contributes to the understanding of how humanitarian and development non-governmental organizations function and how they improve their work efficiency in order to be able to fulfil their goals. The thesis focus lays on the reorganization of the Swedish Red Cross and especially their new management project Framtid2020. The project’s purpose is to change the structure of the organization and hopefully make the organization more united. The thesis is using a qualitative method with 7 semi-structured interviews and two different theoretical perspectives to be able to analyze the finding as broad as possible. The interviewees are 7 different people, with different perspectives, experience and thoughts of the project. The findings from the interviews are best to summarize as hope for the Framtid2020 but also a fair for feeling overthrown and not represented. Framtid2020 is the greatest change done to the Swedish Red Cross since the creation of the organization. The core action of the project is the merging of groups. The merge is a change from decentralization to centralization, all of the Red Cross groups in the same municipality becomes one large centered controlled group. For the case of Växjö, 12 groups will become one group with one board. The two theoretical perspective that the thesis is using is David Lewis theoretical tools of development NGO´s management and Stephen Cummings perspective of centralization and decentralization. The theoretical perspectives analyze what caused the need for a reorganization this large and the material from the interviews provides what the workers see as the cause. The research questions the thesis will answer is, how has the Red Cross functioned in Växjö before the new strategy was designed, why did the Red Cross decide to undergo major structural changes, what does the new strategy look like and how have the Red Cross workers responded to the new strategy.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur organisationskulturen ser ut inom Handelsbanken och Swedbank och att ta reda på hur detta i sin tur påverkar de anställda på dessa två banker. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsdesign där data insamlades genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats. Resultatet redovisas genom en identifiering av teman med utgångspunkt efter empirin. Resultat och slutsats: Under vår undersökning har vi kommit fram till att Handelsbanken, som är en decentraliserad organisation, har ett driv för personlig utveckling och främjar personligt engagemang i vardagligt arbete hos sina anställda. Detta är något som vi tydligt märkt när vi utfört våra intervjuer med personal från båda instituten. Swedbank beskrivs med mer fokus på enskilda specificerade arbetsuppgifter, har ett tydligt arbetssätt för anställda och riktar sig inte specifikt mot enskilda anställdas utveckling i företaget. Examensarbetets bidrag: Vårt arbete bidrar med en mer djupgående förståelse till hur skillnader hos dessa två stora aktörer i den svenska banksektorn ser ut, främst i termer av ledarskap, motivation och organisationskultur. Studien ger en inblick i hur de organisationskulturer som råder på dessa institut påverkar de anställda inom organisationen samt hur ledarskapet kan variera från en centraliserad till en decentraliserad organisation. Förslag till vidare forskning: Denna studie bidrar till forskning om organisationskultur och motivation, detta genom att undersöka skillnader i den dagliga verksamheten hos två av Sveriges största bankinstitut som erbjuder homogena produkter. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to examine the organizational culture within Handelsbanken and Swedbank and to determine how this, in turn, affects the employees at these two banks. Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative research design, where data was collected through eight semi-structured interviews. The study has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach. The results are presented through the identification of themes based on the empirical data. Results and Conclusions: During our investigation, we have found that Handelsbanken, being a decentralized organization, emphasizes personal development and encourages personal engagement in daily work among its employees. This is something that we have clearly noticed during our interviews with staff members from both institutes. Swedbank, on the other hand, is described as having a greater focus on individual specified tasks, with a clear working method for employees, but without a specific emphasis on individual employee development within the company. Contribution of the thesis: Our work contributes to a more in-depth understanding of how the differences between these two major players in the Swedish banking sector look, mainly in terms of leadership, motivation and organizational culture. Suggestions of the future Research: Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the differences between these two major players in the Swedish banking sector, regarding the leadership and motivation in two companies with different organizational cultures. The study provides insight into how the organizational cultures in these institutions affect the employees within the organization, as well as how leadership can vary from a centralized to a decentralized organization. Suggestions for future research: This study contributes to research on organizational culture and motivation by examining differences in the daily operations of two of Sweden's largest banking institutions that offer homogeneous products.

Background. Blockchain technologies are one of the most relevant examples of computer science today. Blockchain technologies have a lot of both existing and theoretical applications. Given the speed of development of this sub-industry, the standards by which it will operate are far from ideal and there are regrettably few peer-reviewed scientific articles on this topic. Therefore, there will be links to current security standards in the industry and to the results of various events to identify and test vulnerabilities in these algorithms, as well as links to real cases and articles on the theory of algorithmization. This work will explore and test several technologies and standards in terms of information security concepts and risk assessment, as well as the use of blockchain, including smart contract technology using the example of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and decentralized finance, in the application, and the risks associated with it. This paper explores the question of how secure is the current level of NFT technologies and decentralized finance, in particular what problems of Accessibility and Integrity do exist in Blockchain Projects? It is proposed to answer this question by studying cases of recent years, as well as checking the performance of some exploits, some of which have been around for a couple of years and are still an urgent problem. In this work, a blockchain application is a part of a blockchain project that is the implementation of blockchain technology in practice, together with the architecture, depending on the purpose of the project, such a combination is called a blockchain project.Objectives. The purpose of this work is to study the security of the practical implementation of blockchain projects, using the example of decentralized finance, smart contracts in the Ethereum blockchain, since they are the most common. Particular attention is paid to the centralized approach to the use of blockchain technology in practice on the example of the Ethereum blockchain anddecentralized finance.Methods. Methods include multivocal literature review, Proof of Concept evidence-based approach using several vulnerabilities as an example, as well as a review of current case studies of blockchain projects in the period from 2020 to 2022.Results. The result of this work is the answer to research questions, namely the found correlation of the use of a centralized approach to the implementation of blockchain projects in practice and the vulnerabilities found associated with this approach. Based on the results of the work done, it was concluded that the current level of security of blockchain technologies working with smart contracts is unsatisfactory given the number of unresolved problems regarding the current capitalization of the industry / <p>Defence was held online</p>

The current study investigated vowel quality in Miami Cuban Spanish, looking specifically at the influence of English on the Spanish vowel system. The vowel production of eleven Miami Cubans from three generations is investigated. Subjects include six males and five females. Three different elicitation instruments were used. The first was a brief sociolinguistic interview, the second was a story that the participants were asked to read aloud. Carrier words were embedded into the story in order to obtain multiple samples of both stressed and unstressed vowels. For the third instrument, subjects were asked to read a list of words with careful attention to their pronunciation. The reading list contained the same words that were embedded in the story of the first task. These three instruments were repeated in both Spanish and in English in order to investigate possible English influence in the Spanish vowel system of these bilinguals.

[pt] Cada vez mais, a função compras tem adquirido uma importância estratégica dentro das organizações que buscam alcançar vantagem competitiva perante seus concorrentes. Como consequência, observa-se uma tendência por parte delas em estabelecer estratégias de aquisição que conjugam os benefícios do modelo centralizado e descentralizado de compras. Na literatura acadêmica, muitos autores sugerem a combinação desses modelos de aquisição no intuito de explorar os benefícios dos dois sistemas, além de mitigar as desvantagens de ambos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como propósito avaliar os impactos na adoção de um modelo híbrido de compras, a partir do estudo de caso sobre a sistemática de aquisição de gêneros alimentícios no âmbito da Marinha do Brasil. Segundo as Normas para Execução do Abastecimento (SGM-201), tais materiais constituem-se nos itens de símbolo de jurisdição M cujas aquisições são centralizadas pelo Centro de Obtenção da Marinha no Rio de Janeiro; pelos Centros de Intendência ou unidades designadas da área. Dentro dessa estrutura de compras, voltada para aquisição deste material, identifica-se um interessante potencial no tocante a obtenção de economias de escala, bem como uma maior flexibilidade e autonomia por parte das Organizações Militares Consumidoras. Com base nos resultados obtidos decorrentes de entrevistas e dos questionários encaminhados às Unidades Militares, pode-se avaliar o impacto de um sistema de compras híbrido sobre elas e a possibilidade de aperfeiçoamento das normas internas vigentes da Força. Adicionalmente, será sugerido o aprimoramento das listas de gêneros utilizadas. / [en] Increasingly, the purchasing function has acquired a strategic importance within organizations that are seeking to achieve competitive advantage over their competitors. As a result, there is a tendency on their part to set acquisition strategies that combine the benefits of centralized and decentralized models of purchasing. In the academic literature, several authors suggest using a combination of acquisition models in order to exploit the benefits of both systems and to mitigate the disadvantages of both. In this context, the present study aims to assess the impact of the adoption of a hybrid model of purchasing utilizing the case study of the purchase system of foodstuffs employed by the Brazilian Navy. According to the Rules for Implementation of Supply (SGM-201), such materials are considered category symbol M items, whose purchases are centralized by the Navy Aquisition Center in Rio de Janeiro; by the Supply centers or designated area units. Within this purchasing structure, focusing on the acquisition of this material, one identifies an interesting potential in relation to obtaining economies of scale, as well as greater flexibility and autonomy by the Consumers Military Organizations. Based on the results arising from interviews and questionnaires sent to military units, one can evaluate the impact of a hybrid purchasing system on them and the possibility of improving the internal rules of the Force. In addition, the improvement of the foodstuffs lists will be suggested.

In modern computer networks log messages produced on different devices throughout the network is collected and analyzed. The data from these log messages gives the network administrators an overview of the networks operation, allows them to detect problems with the network and block security breaches. In this thesis several different centralized log management systems are analyzed and evaluated to see if they match the requirements for security, performance and cost which was established. These requirements are designed to meet the stakeholder’s requirements of log management and allow for scaling along with the growth of their network. To prove that the selected system meets the requirements, a small-scale implementation of the system will be created as a “proof of concept”. The conclusion reached was that the best solution for the centralized log management system was the ELK Stack system which is based upon the three open source software Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana. In the small-scale implementation of the ELK Stack system it was shown that it meets all the requirements placed on the system. The goal of this thesis is to help develop a greater understanding of some well-known centralized log management systems and why the usage of them is important for computer networks. This will be done by describing, comparing and evaluating some of the functionalities of the selected centralized log management systems. This thesis will also be able to provide people and entities with guidance and recommendations for the choice and implementation of a centralized log management system. / I moderna datornätverk så produceras loggar på olika enheter i nätverket för att sedan samlas in och analyseras. Den data som finns i dessa loggar hjälper nätverksadministratörerna att få en överblick av hur nätverket fungerar, tillåter dem att upptäcka problem i nätverket samt blockera säkerhetshål. I detta projekt så analyseras flertalet relevanta system för centraliserad loggning utifrån de krav för säkerhet, prestanda och kostnad som är uppsatta. Dessa krav är uppsatta för att möta intressentens krav på loghantering och även tillåta för skalning jämsides med tillväxten av deras nätverk. För att bevisa att det valda systemet även fyller de uppsatta kraven så upprättades även en småskalig implementation av det valda systemet som ett ”proof of concept”. Slutsatsen som drogs var att det bästa centraliserade loggningssystemet utifrån de krav som ställs var ELK Stack som är baserat på tre olika mjukvarusystem med öppen källkod som heter Elasticsearch, Logstash och Kibana. I den småskaliga implementationen av detta system så påvisades även att det valda loggningssystemet uppnår samtliga krav som ställdes på systemet. Målet med detta projekt är att hjälpa till att utveckla kunskapen kring några välkända system för centraliserad loggning och varför användning av dessa är av stor betydelse för datornätverk. Detta kommer att göras genom att beskriva, jämföra och utvärdera de utvalda systemen för centraliserad loggning. Projektet kan även att hjälpa personer och organisationer med vägledning och rekommendationer inför val och implementation av ett centraliserat loggningssystem.

Digitalization has led to a higher speed of product development and increased competition on the market. This has impacted how firms organize and manage innovation activities, where firms need to have certain abilities to quickly respond to the external environment in order to stay competitive in dynamic markets. As obtaining innovation capabilities internally require large amount of R&amp;D expenditures, there are several strategies a firm can pursue in order to innovate more efficiently; such as pursuing an Open Innovation landscape, and investing in strategic alliances. However, as these strategies come with additional challenges and costs, focus has instead been turned to the internal environment, and collaborating more effectively internally for innovation purposes has received new light in recent research. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the underlying structures and mechanisms of intra-organizational collaboration for innovation. Previous research on internal collaboration for innovation have investigated the formal and informal structures for knowledge sharing and joint problem solving. In this stream of research, there has been both consistent and mixed results on the enablers of collaboration. Firstly, previous research is consistent with the importance of trust and social interactions for informal collaboration. However, there exists mixed results on the impact of centralization on collaboration. Therefore, this thesis aimed to shed a new light on this topic, and answer the research question: What are the enabling factors for formal and informal collaboration? In an attempt to answer the research question, a qualitative study consisting of 13 interviews with innovation practitioners and corporate executives in the organizational setting of an IT-service company was conducted. The interviews aimed at providing insights on how collaboration for innovation across units and individuals was carried out, and were carefully recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The findings revealed both support for previous theory as well as provided with new insights, stating that centralized decision making, managers’ self-interest and a clear mandate enables formal collaboration; while decentralized decision making, social connections, employees’ mindset and geographical proximity enables informal collaboration. Particularly important for enabling informal collaboration is the possibility for social interactions between employees, their level of organizational awareness and their mutual trust. Furthermore, the results highlighted the presence of interdependencies between the enabling factors, and provided with a new insight on the impact of centralization by clarifying when and how centralization is an enabler of collaboration, and where firms benefit from decentralized decision making instead. The results indicate that centralized decision making enables collaboration on a strategic “macro” level, and decentralized decision making enables collaboration on a “micro” level. / Digitaliseringen har både lett till ökad produktutvecklingshastighet och ökad konkurrens. För att kunna anpassa sig till förändringar på marknaden och fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga, måste bolag besitta vissa färdigheter och förutsättningar för att innovera. Då interna innovationsaktiviteter kräver kostsamma resurser, finns det ett antal strategier för att istället bygga på sig kompetenser genom externa samarbeten, såsom öppen innovation och strategiska partnerskap. Däremot kommer dessa med egna utmaningar och kostnader, vilket på senare tid har lett till ett nytt fokus på den interna miljön, och ett nytt ljus riktats mot forskning inom internt samarbete för innovation. Denna studie ämnar därför att utforska de underliggande strukturerna och mekanismerna bakom intern kollaboration för innovation. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet har tittat på de formella och informella strukturerna för intern kunskapsdelning och gemensam problemlösning för innovation. Här har tidigare forskning varit entydig i att sociala interaktioner och tillit är viktigt för informell kollaboration, däremot har påverkan av centralisering visat motsägelsefulla resultat. Därför ämnar denna studie i att svara på forskningsfrågan: Vilka faktorer möjliggör formell och informell kollaboration? I syfte att svara på frågan har en kvalitativ studie bestående av 13 intervjuer med innovatörer och bolagschefer på en IT-tjänstfirma utförts. Intervjuerna ämnade ge insikt på hur kollaboration för innovation över avdelning-, och individnivå skedde, varvid de spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades enligt ett antal metoder. Resultaten delvis bekräftade tidigare forskning, och delvis bidrog med ett antal nya insikter, genom att peka på att centraliserad beslutsfattande, ledares egenintresse och tydliga mandat möjliggör för formell kollaboration; och decentraliserat beslutsfattande, sociala kontakter, medarbetares tankesätt och geografisk närhet möjliggör informell kollaboration. Viktigt specifikt för informell kollaboration var möjligheten för sociala interaktioner och ömsesidig tillit mellan medarbetare, samt nivån på deras kunskap om organisationen. Ytterligare upptäcktes en växelverkan mellan olika möjliggörande faktorer för formell och informell kollaboration, samt en ny insikt om när, hur, och var nivån av centralisering gör nytta för kollaboration. De empiriska resultaten pekade på att centraliserade beslut möjliggör på en strategisk, “makro”-nivå, medan decentraliserade beslut möjliggör på en lägre, “mikro”-nivå.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology that can revolutionize the healthcare industry in terms of customization. Various studies and ongoing practice have proved the potential of AM in clinical use as enormous. However, to reach a routine level of adoption of AM in patients’ care, there are various things to consider. The purpose of the thesis is to reveal the key factors that will affect the hospital adoption of AM in different Swedish regions. The literature revealed the advantages and disadvantages of different manufacturing systems for hospital AM use and the main benefits and challenges in the different clinical applications of AM. Four exploratory case studies were carried out to identify the key factors in terms of AM hospital adoption, which have a comparative design. The four case studies are four different regions with different levels regarding AM hospital use. Purposive sampling was applied to choose the interested regions, while snowball sampling was used for selecting interview participants. The findings were analyzed via thematic analysis. Results show that key factors will mostly have both pushing and pulling effects regarding AM hospital use. Key factors were divided into the themes of Implementation, Management and Behavior. Aspects falling under Management are mentioned the most frequently in the interviews, suggesting that these factors play an important role in the adoption of AM. Theme Behavior is not previously found in the literature on AM in clinical use. Close communication among different levels and cross disciplines will positively affect the adoption of AM, as it will improve the AM awareness rate and result in more clinical champions. Concluded that a centralized AM adoption faces numerous factors which should be properly evaluated before the initiation. Apart from having an economic model to prove the business possibility, a top-down strategy to build an intensive AM information exchange will lead to a better and smooth adoption in healthcare.

本研究以普丁於2012年後所提出之「傳統價值」──東正教、愛國主義與中央集權為出發，在其談話與文件為基礎上，以文獻分析法分析自2000年以後普丁執政以來之傳統價值意涵。並以歷史研究方法分析，其所提出的傳統價值在俄羅斯歷史上的意義與形成模式，以及在俄羅斯歷史上的作用，並藉此比較傳統價值在普丁執政期間的復甦現象，以及探討其意欲復甦傳統價值的原因、目的與政策執行。 / This study focuses on the emphasis on traditional balues by Vladimir Putin since 2012. Various documents including speeches by Putin since he first took presidency in 2000 are analyzed to decode the true meaning of what the Russian leader considers as the traditional values of Russia. The study explores the evolutions of Orthodoxy, patriotism and government centralization in the history of Russia, compares them with the modern definition of traditional values today, and by analyzing how Putin proactively formulates his policies to resurrect these traditional values, the study attempts to explain the reason and intention of Putin’s such policies.

Esta dissertação se dedica a uma comparação entre as interpretações da Revolução Francesa formuladas por dois autores e personagens políticos da França do século XIX: François Guizot (1787 1874) e Alexis de Tocqueville (1805 1859). Ambas as interpretações têm em comum o esforço intelectual de inscrever a Revolução Francesa na História de longo prazo da França e da Europa, em ruptura com a compreensão que tiveram da Revolução tanto revolucionários como contrarrevolucionários. Essa inscrição da Revolução na História implicava uma aceitação da sociedade pós-revolucionária como um produto irreversível de muitos séculos e não apenas de um ato isolado da vontade. O argumento desta dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar que, para além dessa aceitação da sociedade pós-revolucionária a qual manteve Guizot e Tocqueville à distância tanto do discurso contrarrevolucionário, com seu projeto de restaurar na França a antiga sociedade pré-revolucionária, como do discurso socialista, com seu projeto de continuar a Revolução Francesa para levar a humanidade a uma sociedade diferente da que saiu diretamente da Revolução , os dois autores estudados legaram para a posteridade duas atitudes divergentes ou mesmo opostas diante da Revolução Francesa: Guizot celebrou o papel da Revolução na História como uma vitória das classes médias sobre o poder absoluto e o privilégio, ao mesmo tempo em que criticou suas bandeiras explícitas, com destaque para a da soberania do povo; Tocqueville, ao contrário, lamentou a obra da Revolução Francesa como uma realização inconsciente da cultura política centralizadora do Antigo Regime, mas, em vez de criticar a doutrina da soberania do povo, procurou reformulá-la em novas bases, inspirado pelo modelo americano. Para o autor de O Antigo Regime e a Revolução, a crítica à Revolução Francesa deve passar, portanto, de suas doutrinas explícitas para seu caráter implícito. Para construir essa hipótese, a dissertação faz o seguinte percurso: no Capítulo 1, são contrapostas a filosofia da História de Guizot, baseada no conceito de civilização, e a filosofia da História de Tocqueville, baseada no conceito de democracia. No Capítulo 2, compara-se o lugar que cada autor atribuía à Revolução Francesa em uma História francesa e europeia lida a partir das relações entre centro político e liberdades locais. O Capítulo 3, por fim, compara a recepção de cada autor aos chamados princípios de 1789, com destaque para o princípio da soberania do povo. / This dissertation is dedicated to a comparison between the interpretations of the French Revolution made by two authors and political figures of nineteenth-century France: François Guizot (1787 1874) and Alexis de Tocqueville (1805 1859). Both interpretations have in common the intellectual effort to inscribe the Revolution in France and Europes long term History, breaking with the understanding that both revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries had about the Revolution. This inscription of the Revolution in History implied an acceptance of post-revolutionary society as an irreversible product of many centuries and not only of an isolated act of the will. As a result, Guizot and Tocqueville were critics both of the counterrevolutionaries, whose project was to restore in France the old pre-revolutionary society, and the socialists, whose project was to continue the French Revolution in order to lead humanity into a society deeply different from the one that emerged from the Revolution. Against this background, this dissertation aims at demonstrating that, beyond the acceptance of post-revolutionary society, Guizot and Tocqueville bequeathed to posterity two divergent or even opposite attitudes toward the French Revolution: Guizot celebrated the role played by the Revolution in History, as a victory of the middle classes against both absolute power and privilege, but at the same time he opposed its explicit flags, especially the sovereignty of the people; Tocqueville, on the other hand, deplored the Revolutions work as an unconscious realization of the centralizing political culture of the Ancient Regime, but, instead of criticizing the doctrine of popular sovereignty, he sought to reformulate it on new bases, inspired in the American model. According to the author of The Ancient Regime and the Revolution, thus, the criticism of the French Revolution should pass from its explicit doctrines to its implicit character. In order to build that hypothesis, this dissertation takes the following path: In Chapter 1, we will compare Guizots philosophy of History, based on the concept of civilization, with Tocquevilles philosophy of History, based on the concept of democracy. In Chapter 2, we will compare the place each author attributed to the French Revolution in French and European History, interpreted in the light of relations between political center and local freedoms. Chapter 3, lastly, compares each authors reception to what was called the principles of 1789, especially the sovereignty of the people.