Quelle relation adulte / enfant est mise en œuvre par les maîtres de maternelle contemporains ? De 1986 à 2008, au niveau prescriptif, cette relation a été de plus en plus pensée à partir du modèle de la relation enseignant / élève. Mais quid des pratiques contemporaines ? C'est que cette thèse montre que d'autres modèles de la relation adulte / enfant ont émergé au cours de l'histoire de l'école maternelle : cinq figures de l'enfant, qui consistent en autant de manières de se représenter l'enfant, ont été distinguées. Plusieurs de ces figures de l'enfant sont critiques du rapport scolaire à l'enfant, défendant par exemple un rapport à l'enfant inspiré de la psychologie de l'enfant, ou encore un rapport d'inspiration maternelle à l'enfant. Une enquête sur les pratiques contemporaines a été menée, à partir d'entretiens, d'observations dans les classes, et d'une analyse de rapports d'inspection. Cette enquête a montré qu'en continuité avec le curriculum formel, le modèle relationnel scolaire jouit d'une légitimité bien plus grande que les autres rapports possibles à l'enfant, liés à d'autres figures de l'enfant. Cette thèse explore les conséquences pédagogiques de ce primat du rapport scolaire à l'enfant (importance de la contrainte de l'enfant, déclin de l'influence de l'éducation nouvelle, apprentissages précoces mettant à l'écart de la classe certains enfants), ainsi que ses conséquences affectives (logique disciplinaire dans certaines classes, perte de légitimité du rapport affectif à l'enfant, distanciation et froideur générales par rapport au corps enfantin). L'ensemble de ces éléments contribue à la recherche sur le statut de l'enfant dans la société contemporaine, c'est-à-dire à la sociologie de l'enfance. / Which relationship between adult and child is implemented by schoolmasters in french preschool ? From 1986 to 2008, in official texts, this relationship has been more and more thought out from the relationship model between a teacher and a pupil. But what about the contemporary practices ? As a matter of fact, this thesis shows that other adult / child relationship models have come out from french preschool history : five child figures, which consist in so many child representations, have been characterized. Several child figures are critical of school relationship to the child, standig up, fo instance, for a child relationship inspired by child psychology, or for a relationship based on maternel relationship to the child. A survey on contemporary practices has been conducted from interviews, observations in classrooms, and from an analysis of inspection reports. This survey has pointed out that, connecting with formal curriculum, the school relationship model enjoys a much more important legitimacy than any other possible relationships to the child, linked to other child figures. This thesis investigates pedagogical consequences of this child school relationship primacy (importance of the child compulsion, decline of Progressive Education influence, early learnings leaving some children aside of the class), it investigates as well affective consequences (diciplinary logics in some classrooms, loss of legitimacy of the affective relationship to the child, general detachment and coldness towards children's body). These elements as a whole contribute to the research on child status in the contemporary society, that is to say to childhood sociology.

De flesta barn som blir placerade utanför det egna hemmet lever i familjehem, varav många familjehemsföräldrar även har egna biologiska barn. Dessa barn osynliggörs av socialtjänsten, trots den vikt de tillskrivs i fostringsprocessen av ett placerat barn. Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur tidigare forskning har uppmärksammat familjehemsföräldrars biologiska barns uppväxt och på vilket sätt. Utifrån en systematisk, integrativ litteraturstudie har 15 artiklar valts ut och redogörs för i tematisk struktur varpå en analys har genomförts med hjälp av barndomssociologin som teoretisk ansats. Resultatet konstaterar att familjehemsföräldrars biologiska barn har en viktig roll i familjehemmet och är i många fall aktiva i behandlandet av det placerade barnet. Socialtjänsten bör förbereda familjehemsföräldrar och deras biologiska barn för de utmaningar, känslor och tankar biologiska barn kan erhålla när de agerar familjehem. / Most children that are placed in care are living in foster homes where many of the foster parents also have their own biological children. These biological children are found invisible by social services. The purpose of our study was to investigate how and to what extent previous research has drawn attention to foster carers own children. Based on a systematic, integrative literature study, 15 articles have been selected. We have analyzed these articles within the theoretical frame of childhood sociology. The results, states that the biological children have an important role in the foster care process and in the treatment process of the child being placed. The social services should prepare both parents and their children in the foster family for the challenges, feelings and thoughts that the biological children may possibly experience in the foster home care.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: . Adviser: Anne Haas Dyson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-245) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

This study focuses on children’s perception on free play in relation to their learning and how they perceive the presence of a pedagogue and its role in the play. To answer the study's research questions, we conducted a qualitative study in which interviews were used as a data collection method. A total of 17 children in grade 3 were interviewed. Results from the study show that play for children is mainly associated with something that they do in interaction with others. Play is something that they themselves get to decide and most importantly something that is fun. Furthermore, the study shows that children have a broad definition of what play can include in comparison with how adults define play. One example where children and adults have a difference in their definition is when it comes to drawing, where children can call that to play while adults might not. Another outcome of the study is that children don't play to learn, but rather because it’s fun and can see a learning situation as play. Most important learning situation in conjunction with play for the children is when rules and new games are introduced. Almost all associations that the children make about learning are thus linked to play. Furthermore, according to the interviewed children the play gives their life a meaning and is therefore something very important. Play is also, according to the children, of great value as a method to get new friends. Finally, the results from this study show that the children have double perceptions about the pedagogue’s involvement in the play. On the one hand, they see pedagogues as guardians of some kind whose presence is needed to protect the game. The guardian’s role is to make sure that no one cheats, does harm or is disturbing. On the other hand the pedagogues are described as disturbing, because of the rules they create that the children have to follow. The children see it as if the pedagogue is forcing their rules, games, or participants on the play, which removes the free part in free play. That gives the children dissatisfaction about the play as their play is being destroyed. / Med den här studien belyses barnens upplevelse av den fria leken, dess innebörd, med betoning på lärandet och barnens upplevelse av pedagogers roll i leken. Studien har gjorts för att undersöka barnens definition av lek och deras subjektiva uppfattningar om vad de lär sig i den fria leken och vilken roll de anser att en pedagog har. För att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor gjordes en kvalitativ studie där semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts som insamlingsmetod av data, totalt intervjuades 17 barn i årskurs 3. Resultat från studien visar att lek för barnen främst associeras med något som de gör i samspel med andra. Lek är något som de själva får bestämma, där det centrala är att göra något roligt. Studien visar att barnen har en bred definition av vad lek kan innefatta i jämförelse med hur vuxna definierar lek. Exempelvis anser barnen att rita är en lek. Vidare visar resultatet att barnen inte leker för att lära, utan för att det är kul. Barnen kan ändå se att lek kan vara en situation där lärande sker. Det barnen främst ser att de lär är; regler på lekar samt nya lekar. Nästan all association som barnen gör om lärandet kopplas alltså till lek. Vidare visar resultatet att lek upplevs av barnen som något väldigt viktigt och något som ger barnen en mening med livet. Exempelvis är det genom lek man skaffar sig vänner, enligt barnen. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet från denna studie att barnen har komplexa uppfattningar om pedagogens inblandning i leken. Dels ser de på pedagoger som någon form av väktare, vars närvaro behövs för att skydda leken. Där pedagogen förväntas att se till att ingen fuskar eller gör sig illa, eller är störande. Pedagogerna uppfattas som de styr lekarna med regler och ibland tvingar in barn i leken, vilket barnen upplever resultera i att leken förstörs.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine whether and, if so, how the child perspective forms a basis for the social workers work with young people/children who are exposed to honour-related violence/abuse. The following questions are specified; how do social workers describe their work with honour- related violence and oppression? How can the choices the social workers makes in the work with honour-related violence against children be understood in relation to the child perspective? Method: The study is based on six qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers at the social services. The results in this study have been analyzed with the help of theory childhood sociology and previous research. Result: The study results show that all interviewees experienced difficulties in the work of handling different cases. Among other things, they considered that with the information they receive, it is difficult to make a correct risk assessment. Interviewees experienced difficulties in the individuals changing their stories. The study also shows that the social workers try to help children become involved in issues that concern them and that they take into account the child's perspective and the child's best interests.

When a child for some reason can’t live with their parents it is up to the welfare system to provide a home and care for that child. In Sweden long-term foster care placements are the most common state interventions for those children. Recent studies have shown that as much as one out of four foster care placements break down in the child’s adolescent years. To experience one or a series of tough separations from important elders has shown to have negative effects on the development of the child. This does not align with the welfare systems’  responsibility to always act in favor of the child. Always acting in favor of the Child is at the core of the Convention on the rights of the Child. In the following qualitative content analysis five state documents (three from the National Board of Health and Welfare, one from The Ombudsman for Children and one governmental investigation document) have been examined. The aim of the analysis is to examine how the documents portray placement breakdowns in foster care and how much they focus on the child rights perspective in their portrayals. Previous research and two theories regarding children are used as the theoretical framework to help analyze the essay results. The two theories are Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory of child development and the theory of childhood sociology with emphasis on children as actors. This essay comes to the conclusion that the state documents are well informed of the complex nature of placement breakdowns and the dissonance between the problem of breakdowns and the child’s right perspective. The documents also contain a number of interventions that in theory could reduce the number of breakdowns. What is revealed is that the process of acknowledging the problem, finding a solution and implementing it in the social care practice takes a lot of time and is a slow process. The discussion includes that further research of what can be done on a municipal level would be of use.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån ett omsorgs- och delaktighetsperspektiv analysera bedömningen av barnets bästa i umgängesfrågor, i de fall där en förälder utövat våld mot den andra föräldern. För att besvara vårt syfte har vi använt oss av tre frågeställningar; Vad innebär barnets bästa för de yrkesverksamma som kommer i kontakt med barn som bevittnat våld? Vad innebär bevittnat våld för de yrkesverksamma och hur beaktas detta av de som arbetar med barnen? Hur mycket inflytande anser de yrkesverksamma att barnet ska ges vid processer som rör dem? För att samla in material utfördes sju intervjuer med yrkesverksamma som genom sitt arbete träffar barn som bevittnat våld, samt är mer eller mindre i direkt kontakt med beslut gällande umgänge mellan barn och en våldsutövande förälder. Materialet har sedan analyserats utifrån rådande lagstiftning, tidigare forskning, samt barndomssociologin och delaktighetsstegen. Vi kom i vår studie fram till att de yrkesverksamma fann att barnets bästa var att ha kontakt med båda sina föräldrar. De hade en vid uppfattning om vad begreppet bevittnat våld innefattade, dock togs detta inte till stor hänsyn i det praktiska arbetet. Från vårt resultat gick att urskilja att det är olika faktorer som spelar in i hur mycket ett barn delaktiggörs. / The purpose of the study was that from a caring and participation perspective to analyze the assessment of the best interests of the child regarding visitation matters, in cases where a parent used violence against the other parent. The purpose is broken down into three main questions; What does the best interests of the child mean to the professionals who gets in contact with children who have witnessed violence? What does witnessing violence mean to the professionals and how is this taken into account by those who work with children? How much influence considers the professionals that the child should be given in the processes that affect them? In order to answer our purpose we performed seven interviews with professionals who, through their work meet children who have witnessed violence, and are more or less in direct contact with the decision regarding visitation between children and a violent parent. The material was then analyzed based on current laws, earlier research, as well as childhood sociology and ladder of participation.Our result showed that the professionals found that the child’s best interest was to have contact with both parents. They had a broad idea of what the concept witnessed violence included, but this were not considered in the practical work. Our results also showed that there are different factors that play into how much the child was involved.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur personal i fritidshem utformar undervisningen för elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. För att kunna förstå varför undervisningen utformas på ett visst sätt används ett barndomssociologiskt perspektiv där vår syn placeras på eleverna och sätter deras villkor i centrum. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer där totalt nio lärare som arbetar i fritidshem intervjuades. Fyra av respondenterna är utbildade förskollärare och fem av dem är utbildade lärare i fritidshem. Vid intervjutillfället arbetade samtliga respondenter i fritidshem. Alla respondenter intervjuades enskilt.  Den insamlade datan tematiserades och fyra teman som lämpade sig för vårt forskningsfokus framkom. Relationer, förhållningssätt, samverkan och anpassningar. Resultatet visar hur lärare i fritidshem arbetar med elever med NPF samt vilka metoder och tillvägagångssätt de använder för att inkludera alla elever. I slutsatsen lyfts vikten av goda relationer, anpassningar, samarbete och behovet av att se den enskilda eleven.

Syftet med studien är att sammanställa forskning där barn har intervjuats om sina upplevelser och erfarenheter av våld i hemmet, mellan närstående, i en kunskapsöversikt. Studiens metod är en allmän litteraturöversikt och dess empiriska material består av elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Empirin analyseras genom en teoridriven tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är den nya barndomssociologin och teorier kring hur det våldsbevittnande barnet ses som offer och vilka positioner som är möjliga för barnen att anta. Även Walkers teori om våld i nära relation som en cyklisk process är en del av det teoretiska ramverket. I den tematiska analysen identifierades två huvudteman samt flera underteman. Det första huvudtemat är barns upplevelse av våld i hemmet, med tre underteman: under de fysiska våldshändelserna, mellan de fysiska våldshändelserna och efter att våldet upphört. Det andra huvudtemat är barns strategier vid våld i hemmet, med tre underteman: strategier för att förhindra att våld uppstår, strategier för att stoppa pågående våld och strategier för att skydda sig själva. Studiens resultat visar att barn upplever våld med flera sinnen och på flera olika sätt. Barnen har väl genomtänkta strategier och väljer dessa utifrån situation. Resultatet diskuteras sedan kritiskt i förhållande till de teoretiska utgångspunkterna i studien. Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för barns upplevelser och erfarenheter av våld i hemmet. / The purpose of this study is to compile research where children have been interviewed about their experiences of domestic violence, between close relatives, within the home. The method used is a general literature review and the study’s empirical material consists of eleven scientific articles. The empirical material is analyzed through a theoretical thematic analysis. The theoretical framework of the study is the new childhood sociology and theories about in which ways the children who experience domestic violence can be seen as victims and the possible positions for these children. Walker’s theory of domestic violence as a cyclical process is also a part of the theoretical framework. In the thematic analysis two main themes was identified as well as several sub-themes. The first main theme is children’s experience of violence within the home, with three sub-themes: during the physical violent incidents, between the physical violent incidents and when the violence has ended. The second main theme is children’s strategies when experiencing violence within the home, with three sub-themes: strategies to prevent violence from occurring, strategies to stop ongoing violence and strategies to protect themselves. The result of the study shows that children experience violence with several senses and in different ways. Children have well thought out strategies and chooses to use these in different situations. The result is critically discussed in relation to the theoretical standpoints in the study. The study contributes with an increased understanding of children’s experience of violence within the home.

The dissertation analyses access to welfare resources within the areas of schooling, leisure and peer relations for youth in out of home care. The study was conducted in three counties in mid Sweden and is a replication of the recurrent Swedish surveys of living condition of children in general populations. By using the same design, children aged 13–18 (n=272) in foster care and residential care were approached. Throughout the analysis results are compared with conditions for peers living at home, based on data from the 2004/2005 survey on living conditions for children (Child-ULF). Furthermore the results are linked to the young people’s experience of psychosomatic complaints and emotional wellbeing and discussed within the theoretical framework of childhood sociology. Questions regarding society’s ability to convey resources to youth while in care as well as young persons’ potential to exercise determination while in care are also discussed. The study shows that youth in care in general have access to fewer resources than those in general populations in the studied areas. For youth in residential care the differences compared to peers living at home are substantial, while conditions for youth in foster care are more alike those of young people in general. Youth in residential care have fewer school related resources and fewer contacts with friends than peers living at home. Youth in foster and residential care are more subjected to bullying than the general population. The overall conclusions are that society, in the form of foster parents and residential staff fails in certain areas to convey resources to youth in care. The young people’s lack of resources poses limitations to their potential to exercise self-determination while in care. The study points out areas where targeted efforts might be needed to improve the living conditions for youth in out of home care and perhaps broaden their potential to exercise self-determination while in care as well as after. / Välfärd i samhällsvården? En levnadsnivåundersökning av barn och ungdomar i socialtjänstens dygnsvård