En assurance de dommages, l’article 2474 C.c.Q. prévoit la possibilité pour l’assureur d’être légalement subrogé dans les droits de l’assuré contre l’auteur du préjudice, à concurrence des indemnités qu’il a payées. L’assureur ne pourra jamais être subrogé contre les personnes faisant partie de la maison de l’assuré. Dans un premier temps, le présent mémoire fait un survol historique du droit à la subrogation de l’assureur en vertu du Code civil. Depuis la codification de 1865, les principes relatifs à la subrogation de l’assureur ne sont pas demeurés statiques. Ils firent l’objet de plusieurs modifications législatives et de nombreuses controverses et développements jurisprudentiels. Dans un deuxième temps, un portrait global de l’état actuel du droit est dressé en ce qui concerne l’article 2474 C.c.Q., tant sur le plan des composantes du droit à la subrogation que de ses aspects procéduraux. / In damage insurance, article 2474 C.c.Q. provides the possibility for the insurer to be legally subrogated to the rights of the insured against the person responsible for the loss, up to the amount of indemnity paid. The insurer may never be subrogated against persons who are members of the household of the insured. Firstly, the present Master’s thesis makes a historical overview of the right of subrogation of the insurer under the Civil Code. Since the codification of 1865, the principles governing the insurer’s subrogation have not remained static. They were subject of many legislative amendments and numerous controversies and case law developments. Secondly, a global portrait of the current state of law is made in relation to article 2474 C.c.Q., with regard to the components of the subrogation and its procedural aspects.

S u m m a r y The goal of this thesis is to analyse the legal consequences of the breach of contract, especially under civil law, although, some essential comparison with legal regulation of commercial law is given, too. The text is divided into ten chapters. In the introduction, i. e. in the first two chapters the term of contract is defined and then the basic legal principles of the contractual law are enumerated and described in respect of the topic. The third chapter deals with the subject of the paper globally and shortly characterises each consequence of the breach of contract. The account of them is also given. The following chapters provide complete information how every consequence works and which part it plays in the Czech legal system. Specifically, Chapter Four is focused on debtor's delay and Chapter Five on creditor's delay. Chapter Six investigates liability for damage and damages a bit, as well. Chapter Seven deals with liability for defects and Chapter Eight is about contractual fine. In Chapter Nine is mentioned discharge of contract and its consequences. Each of in this paragraph enumerated chapters describes its subject itself and also relevant related problems in context with practice of the courts. In the last chapter, i. e. in the Conclusion is the whole topic shortly summarized with...

Dissertation Thesis Abstract - Liability for Damage Caused by A Defective Product JUDr. Petr Šťovíček The subject-matter of the dissertation thesis is the relationship of legal liability for damage inflicted upon a consumer by a defective product. The paper describes the statutory definition of the relationship, in particular, without limitation, the preconditions to the establishment of liability of the individual entities on the part of entrepreneurs participating in all phases of the product distribution from the moment of its manufacturing, or, as the case may be, it import to the Czech Republic, to the moment of its sale to the end consumer; limits of the liability and possibilities through which the consumer may claim compensation of the caused damage. The first part of the paper focuses on the above mentioned issued of general legal regulation applicable to liability, its historical development and types; it has a rather generally descriptive nature. Special civil law regulation of liability is provided for also in a number of special Acts, in particular in Act No. 59/1998 Coll., on Liability for Damage Caused by A Product Defect. The second part of the thesis provides an outline of the legal regulation covering the sphere of consumer protection with respect to liability relationships incurring in...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Cristina Scaquetti.pdf: 891439 bytes, checksum: a70d9e3202163024ef8a18f30712b2d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / The purpose of this study is mainly, but not limited to, the analysis of how Labor Law and Civil Law have been brought closer, starting from the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Civil Code of 2002, which affected profoundly contemporary private relations, which explains why it has been called Constitutionized Civil Code. The process of bringing closer Labor Law and Civil Law is considered a return trip to the origins of Labor Law, within Civil Law. This approach has been treated as the solution to labor relations disputes and the ultimate valorization of the workers dignity. As a consequence, the study intends to validate the applicaton of the Civil Code within Labor Law, aiming conflict resolution, and to conclude whether or not there is compatibility in the application of the principles of objective good faith, equity and the social function of contract, those which became Law as part of article 422 of the 2002 Civil Code. Therefore as we transfer Civil Code concepts to the concrete cases within Labor Law, far more reaching decisions can be made and we depart from mere individual rights to the civil responsibility of contracts. By doing this, workers will benefit from a legal protection unheard of or even imagined before / presente estudo tem como propósito trabalhar a conciliO objetivo deste estudo é, sobretudo, mas não apenas, a análise da reaproximação do Direito do Trabalho com o Direito Civil, a partir da promulgação da Constituição Federal em 1988, assim como da posterior promulgação do novo Código Civil em 2002, que operou grandes transformações nas relações privadas contemporâneas, incluindo a despatrimonialização, e que, por isso mesmo, vem sendo chamado de Direito Civil Constitucionalizado. Considerada como um caminho de volta em busca das origens do Direito do Trabalho dentro do Direito Civil, essa reaproximação vem sendo tratada como a solução para o resgate das relações trabalhistas, com vistas à definitiva valorização da dignidade do contratante trabalhador. Como consequência, pretende-se então a verificação da concreção do novo Código Civil, no âmbito do Direito do Trabalho, na busca da solução de conflitos, concluindo pela compatibilidade ou não da aplicação dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, da equidade e da função do contrato, pela atual positivação desses princípios no diploma civil promulgado em 2002, por meio do art. 422. Sendo assim, ao transferir os conceitos civilistas para a casuística do Direito do Trabalho permite-se, portanto, decidir de forma mais abrangente, uma vez que, saindo necessariamente do campo meramente individual, chega-se ao instituto de direito material da responsabilidade civil, alcançando assim os trabalhadores um nível de tutela nunca antes nem mesmo idealizado

L’étude de la règle de droit en Chine dans le cadre étatique met en valeur une première forme de son hybridité. Qu’il s’agisse de la mixité constatée entre un héritage de droit impérial - assez difficilement évaluable -, et l’incorporation de structures, de concepts et de techniques de droit étranger dans le système juridique chinois, la règle de droit chinoise est le produit d’une dynamique évolutive marquée par l’adaptabilité du système juridique chinois aux nouvelles exigences contemporaines. À ce titre, la matière civile incarne par excellence les problématiques de la modernisation du système juridique chinois et l’adoption du tout premier Code civil de la RPC en est un parfait témoin. Plus particulièrement, il ressort de cette étude que cette mixité résulte d’une approche pragmatique du droit que l’on retrouve notamment dans le déroulement du procès civil. Abordé sous l’angle de la procédure civile, le procès chinois incarne un idéal de justice qui ne se réduit pas à l’activité juridictionnelle du juge. La mobilisation des différents modes de résolution des conflits au service d’une justice qui se veut efficace s’inscrit dans l’évolution, plus largement constatée, d’une justice de moins en moins contentieuse. Outre la présentation d’une culture juridique et judiciaire étrangère encore trop souvent méconnue des juristes français, la présente étude a pour objectif de mettre en valeur les particularités du système juridique chinois au regard du système français tout en recherchant, dans la mesure du possible, leurs possibles points de convergence. / The study of laws and regulations in the Chinese State structure highlights their hybridity. This hybridity is a mixture of imperial law – whose legacy’s assessment is not without difficulties – and the incorporation of foreign structures, concepts and techniques in the Chinese legal system. Current Chinese laws and regulations are product of this dynamic evolution, which is characterized by their adaptability to new and modern legal requirements. As such, the civil law field represents, par excellence, the issues of modernizing the Chinese legal system and the first Chinese civil law code is one of the best examples. This study especially shows that this hybridity is a result of a pragmatic approach to law, which can be found in the civil trial. Civil trial is studied here from the perspective of civil law procedure and shows an ideal concept of justice, which cannot be reduced to the judge’s power of adjudication. The mobilization of different ways of dispute resolution in order to serve justice efficiency is part of the more global evolution of justice, which has become less and less contentious.Apart from presenting of a foreign legal and judicial culture, which is still not widely known in France, the aim of this study is to emphasize particularities of the Chinese legal system compared to the French one while searching for their potential points of convergence. / 在国家法的层面研究中国的法律规则会让我们看到其中的混合性。一方面是难以[用今天的价值观]评价的帝制时期法律遗产，另一方面则是那些已经融入中国法律体系中的外国法律结构、概念和技术，中国法上的规则结合了这两种不同的因素，并成为法律体系不断适应时代要求的那种进化动力的产物。在此视角下，民法最完美地体现了中国法律体系现代化中呈现的问题意识，其中《民法总则》的颁布就是最好的见证。本研究尤其希望证明，中国法律的混合性与实用性相联，在民事诉讼中尤为明显。从民事诉讼来看，中国的诉讼所表现出的正义理念绝不仅限于法官的判决活动。以发展多样纠纷解决方式为正义效率服务的目标也最终来源于追求“无讼”的正义理想。除了给法国法学家介绍还不太知道的外国法律和司法文化以外，本研究的目的还有在与法国体系的对比中呈现中国法律体系的特点，并同时找到两者之间可能的相似之处.

Aujourd’hui, l’Afrique est sans aucun doute la partie du monde la plus affectée par la commission des crimes internationaux les plus graves. Pourtant, depuis des décennies, il existe des mécanismes juridiques visant à sanctionner les responsables des crimes qui heurtent la conscience humaine. Seulement, l’échec relatif de ces mécanismes peut pousser l’observateur à se demander s’il est possible de garantir la diffusion du droit international pénal sur le continent africain. Cette interrogation est loin d’être incongrue, car même si un nombre important d’états africains ont ratifié le Statut de Rome qui organise la répression du génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité, des crimes de guerre et même du crime d’agression, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’application de ce Statut dans les différents ordres juridiques concernés est très souvent compromise. La principale raison à cela c'est que, le droit international pénal ne tient pas forcément compte des particularismes juridiques des états qui ont pourtant la primauté de compétence, en vertu du principe de subsidiarité, pour sanctionner la commission des crimes internationaux selon les règles classiques de dévolution des compétences. De plus, il faut préciser que l’Afrique est le terrain de prédilection du pluralisme juridique qui favorise la juxtaposition de l’ordre juridique moderne et de l’ordre juridique traditionnel. Si le premier est en principe réceptif aux normes internationales pénales, le second qu’il soit musulman ou coutumier avec l’exemple des Gacaca rwandais, repose sur une philosophie juridique différente de celle du droit international pénal. Dans tous les cas, l’articulation du droit international pénal avec les ordres juridiques africains est une des conditions de sa diffusion. Cette articulation pourrait d’ailleurs être favorisée par le dialogue entre les juges nationaux et internationaux qui doivent travailler en bonne intelligence pour édifier un système international pénal ; d’où l’intérêt pour les états africains de favoriser une coopération effective avec les juridictions pénales internationales. Il va sans dire que, tout ceci ne sera possible qu’au sein des régimes politiques démocratiques capables de renoncer aux règles et pratiques juridiques anachroniques pour s’appuyer sur une politique criminelle pouvant favoriser, dans un avenir plus ou moins lointain, un véritable universalisme du droit international pénal. / Today, Africa is undoubtedly part of the world most affected by the commission of the most serious international crimes. Yet for decades, there are legal mechanisms to punish those responsible for crimes that shock the conscience of humanity. But the relative failure of these mechanisms can push the viewer to wonder if it is possible to ensure the dissemination of international criminal law on the African continent. This question is far from being incongruous, because even if a significant number of African states have ratified the Rome Statute that governs the fight against genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression even, the fact remains that the application of the Statute in the different legal systems involved is often compromised. The main reason for this is that international criminal law does not necessarily take into account the legal peculiarities of the states that have yet the primacy of jurisdiction under the subsidiarity principle, to sanction the commission of international crimes by the conventional rules devolution of powers. In addition, it should be noted that Africa is the stomping ground of legal pluralism that promotes juxtaposition of the modern legal system and traditional law. If the first is normally receptive to criminal international standards, the second whether Muslim or customary with the example of the Rwandan Gacaca is based on a different legal philosophy from that of international criminal law. In all cases, the articulation of international criminal law with African legal systems is one of the conditions of release. This link could also be encouraged by the dialogue between national and international judges who must work in harmony to build an international criminal system; hence the need for African states to promote effective cooperation with international criminal courts. It goes without saying that all this will be possible only in democratic political systems which can waive the rules and legal practices anachronistic to press a criminal policy that can promote in a more or less distant future, a true universalism of international criminal law.

La réforme et l’harmonisation du droit des sûretés mobilières sont à l’ordre du jour de plusieurs organisations internationales, car il est admis qu’un régime de sûretés efficient favorise l’accès au crédit à de faibles coûts. L’harmonisation de ce droit comporte deux volets. D’une part, dans l’Occident industrialisé, les efforts d’harmonisation vont de la réforme des droits internes à l’établissement de régimes spéciaux relativement à des biens spécifiques (principalement les biens mobiles de grande valeur, tels les aéronefs, le matériel ferroviaire roulant et les satellites, et les biens incorporels, comprenant les créances, valeurs mobilières, actifs financiers et titres intermédiés). Ces efforts d’harmonisation démontrent que d’un point de vue systémique, malgré quelques différences notables, les régimes nord-américains et européens sont fondés sur des principes similaires et atteignent des résultats comparables. En résulte l’émergence d’un ordre juridique transnational en droit des sûretés mobilières, fondé sur les principes de la primauté de l’individu et la reconnaissance du droit de propriété de l’individu dans ses biens, mis en œuvre grâce à l’État de droit. D’autre part, les institutions financières internationales encouragent l’établissement de régimes de sûretés dans les pays en voie de développement qui obéissent aux mêmes critères que ceux de l’Occident, en insistant sur les réformes institutionnelles et juridiques visant l’établissement d’une bonne gouvernance et l’État de droit. Cependant, une transposition des régimes occidentaux ne peut se faire sans heurts dans les pays en voie de développement, notamment pour des raisons socio-culturelles et politiques. Lorsque les principes de la primauté de l’individu, de la propriété individuelle et de l’État de droit ne sont pas reconnus dans un pays donné, la réforme et l’harmonisation du droit des sûretés s’en trouvent compromis. La démonstration de l’état d’avancement de la réforme et de l’harmonisation du droit des sûretés dans les pays occidentaux industrialisés est faite grâce à une comparaison du Uniform Commercial Code, du Code civil du Québec, des Personal Property Security Acts des provinces canadiennes de common law, des principes des droits français et anglais, de l’influence du droit communautaire sur les pays membres de l’Union Européenne. Sont analysés, aussi, dans cette optique, les principaux instruments de l’harmonisation du droit émanant des organisations internationales. Par ailleurs, deux études de cas relatifs à la réforme du crédit foncier en Égypte et à la réforme de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat en République démocratique du Congo, viennent étayer les difficultés que rencontrent les institutions internationales, telles la Banque mondiale et l’ACDI, dans le cadre de projets de réformes visant la bonne gouvernance et l’instauration d’un véritable État de droit, en partie à cause d’un pluralisme des ordres juridiques de ces pays. / The reform and harmonization of secured transactions on movable (or personal) property is fostered by international organizations, on the assumption that an efficient regime of secured transactions will give access to affordable credit to a large number of persons and corporations. Such reform and harmonization process can be explained according to its two main features. Firstly, in Western and developped countries, the focus is on endeavours to harmonize the various regimes internally and to establish special regimes with respect to specific assets (for instance, high value mobile equipment, such as aircrafts, rolling stock or satellites, on the one hand, or incorporeal property, including securities, financial assets or security entitlements, on the other hand). Even though some differences remains from a systemic point of view, north american and european regimes are based on similar principles and achieve comparable results. It is therefore possible to see the emergence of a transnational legal order in the law of secured transactions, based on individuals and the enforcement of their rights of ownership, ascertained by the Rule of Law principle. Secondly, international financial institutions are encouraging the implementation of secured transactions regimes in developing countries along the same criteria as those used in Western developed countries, in the context of institutional and legal reforms under governance and rule of law projects. However, Western regimes must be adapted and customized before they are transplanted into a developing country. Indeed, for socio-cultural and political reasons, it is not possible to establish the same kind of regime therein. When individual rights and freedoms, including the right of ownership and the Rule of Law, are not recognized, the reform and harmonization of secured transactions is not likely to happen. The status of advancement of the reform and harmonization of secured transactions in the developed world is illustrated by a comparison between the Uniform Commercial Code, the Civil Code of Québec, the Personal Property Security Acts of canadian common law provinces, the applicable principles under both French and English Law, and the influence of European Law on its member states. An analysis of the main harmonization instruments proposed by international organizations is also conducted. Finally, the pitfalls of governance and rule of law reform projects are well described by two case studies. The first one deals with real estate and mortgage law reforms in Egypt, with a goal to encourage affordable access to housing; the second one is about urban planing and housing reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The existence of a multiplicity of legal orders in these countries explains the difficulties encountered in such reform processes.

Sous le régime du Code civil du Bas-Canada, le devoir d’exécuter le contrat de bonne foi était une condition implicite de tout contrat suivant l’article 1024 C.c.B.C. Le 1er janvier 1994, ce devoir a toutefois été codifié à l’article 1375 du Code civil du Québec. Parallèlement à ce changement, le contrat a subi plusieurs remises en question, principalement en raison des critiques émises contre la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté. En réponse à ces critiques, la doctrine a proposé deux théories qui supposent une importante coopération entre les contractants durant l’exécution du contrat, à savoir le solidarisme contractuel et le contrat relationnel. La notion de bonne foi a aussi évolué récemment, passant d’une obligation de loyauté, consistant généralement en une abstention ou en un devoir de ne pas nuire à autrui, à une obligation plus active d’agir ou de faciliter l’exécution du contrat, appelée devoir de coopération. Ce devoir a donné lieu à plusieurs applications, dont celles de renseignement et de conseil. Ce mémoire étudie la portée et les limites du devoir de coopération. Il en ressort que le contenu et l’intensité de ce devoir varient en fonction de critères tenant aux parties et au contrat. Une étude plus particulière des contrats de vente, d’entreprise et de franchise ainsi que des contrats conclus dans le domaine informatique indique que le devoir de coopération est plus exigeant lorsque le contrat s’apparente au contrat de type relationnel plutôt qu’au contrat transactionnel. Le créancier peut, entre autres choses, être obligé d’« aider » son débiteur défaillant et même de renégocier le contrat devenu déséquilibré en cours d’exécution, bien que cette dernière question demeure controversée. Le devoir de coopération n’est cependant pas illimité parce qu’il s’agit d’une obligation de moyens et non de résultat. Il est également limité, voire inexistant, lorsque le débiteur de cette obligation est tenu à d’autres obligations comme un devoir de réserve ou de non-ingérence, lorsque le cocontractant est de mauvaise foi ou qu’une partie résilie unilatéralement le contrat ou décide de ne pas le renouveler. / The duty of good faith in the performance of the contract was an implied condition of any contract under article 1024 of the Civil Code of Lower Canada. On January 1st 1994, however, this duty was codified at article 1375 of the Civil Code of Québec. In parallel to this change, the traditional understanding of “contract” based on the doctrine of the autonomy of the parties has come to be challenged. In response to this critique, two theories emphasizing the importance of collaboration between contractual parties during the performance of a contract have been suggested, namely, “contractual solidarism” and “relational contract” have been suggested. The notion of “good faith” has also recently evolved. It was originally limited to a duty of loyalty, consisting mainly in an abstention or in the duty not to harm anyone. Today, good faith also refers to a more active obligation which may require a party to act or to facilitate the performance of the contract. This general “duty to cooperate”, as it is called, has given rise to many applications, including the duty to inform or to advise. This paper examines the extent and limits of the duty of the contracting parties to cooperate during the performance of the contract. The content and intensity of this duty are influenced by factors pertaining to the characteristics of the contract or the contracting parties. Our study of the Québec jurisprudence focused on contracts of sale, contracts of enterprise, franchise agreements and contracts in the field of computers. It suggests that the duty of the parties to cooperate is greater in relational contracts than in transactional ones. For example, the creditor may, inter alia, be bound to “help” its defaulting debtor or to renegotiate the agreement when an unforeseen event has changed the initial contractual equilibrium. However, this last issue is still highly controversial. This duty to cooperate is not itself without limits. Firstly, it is an obligation of means, not one of result. It is also limited, even inexistent, when the debtor is bound by other duties such as a duty of “reserve” or of non-interference, when the other party is acting in bad faith or when a party unilaterally terminates a contract or does not renew it.

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