O Brasil possui uma característica incomum entre as democracias, seu altíssimo número de partidos políticos. Em sentido clássico, muitos partidos poderiam significar várias clivagens sociais. Na teoria, uma ampla participação partidária na arena política favoreceria uma democracia mais consensual, mais benevolente. Por outro lado, elevado número de atores partidários inibiria a clareza de responsabilidade de quem é governo, dificultando, com isso, a responsabilização eleitoral. Utilizando-se de dados eleitorais, como o índice de volatilidade eleitoral, o índice de coerência partidária e o índice do número efetivo de partidos políticos, o trabalho elabora a seguinte hipótese: no Legislativo, quanto maior a fragmentação partidária, maior a dificuldade do eleitor em identificar o partido governista. Para testá-la, foi criado uma proxy inédita de clareza de responsabilidade e um banco de dados de países presidencialistas do continente americano. Os resultados mostram como países com alta fragmentação partidária e com coalizões de governo dificultam a associação entre o sucesso ou o fracasso do partido governista no Legislativo e no Executivo. Mostra-se, ainda, que o multipartidarismo brasileiro não deriva da fragmentação sócio-cultural e sugere que as instituições políticas brasileiras atuais constrangem os partidos políticos a não sustentarem uma condição de oposição ao Poder Executivo. / The Brazil has an unusual characteristic between the democracies, yours very high number of political parties. In classic sense, many parties can mean multiple social cleavages. In theory, a wide partisan participation in political arena favors a democracy more consensual, more benevolent. By other side, a high number of partisan actors inhibit the clarity of responsibility of who is government, difficulting the electoral accountability. Utilizing electoral data, like the index of electoral volatility, the index of partisan coherence and the index of effective number of parties, the work elaborates the hypothesis: in Legislative, as bigger the party fragmentation, more difficult to the voter identify the government party. To test it, was created an inedited proxy of clarity of responsibility and a database of presidentialist countries of american continent. The results show how countries with high party fragmentation and with government coalitions hamper the association between the success or fail of party government in Legislative and Executive. It also shows that brazilian multiparty system doesn’t derives from social or cultural fragmentation and suggest that the current brazilian political institutions constrains the political parties to not sustain an condition of opposition to Executive Power.

O Brasil possui uma característica incomum entre as democracias, seu altíssimo número de partidos políticos. Em sentido clássico, muitos partidos poderiam significar várias clivagens sociais. Na teoria, uma ampla participação partidária na arena política favoreceria uma democracia mais consensual, mais benevolente. Por outro lado, elevado número de atores partidários inibiria a clareza de responsabilidade de quem é governo, dificultando, com isso, a responsabilização eleitoral. Utilizando-se de dados eleitorais, como o índice de volatilidade eleitoral, o índice de coerência partidária e o índice do número efetivo de partidos políticos, o trabalho elabora a seguinte hipótese: no Legislativo, quanto maior a fragmentação partidária, maior a dificuldade do eleitor em identificar o partido governista. Para testá-la, foi criado uma proxy inédita de clareza de responsabilidade e um banco de dados de países presidencialistas do continente americano. Os resultados mostram como países com alta fragmentação partidária e com coalizões de governo dificultam a associação entre o sucesso ou o fracasso do partido governista no Legislativo e no Executivo. Mostra-se, ainda, que o multipartidarismo brasileiro não deriva da fragmentação sócio-cultural e sugere que as instituições políticas brasileiras atuais constrangem os partidos políticos a não sustentarem uma condição de oposição ao Poder Executivo. / The Brazil has an unusual characteristic between the democracies, yours very high number of political parties. In classic sense, many parties can mean multiple social cleavages. In theory, a wide partisan participation in political arena favors a democracy more consensual, more benevolent. By other side, a high number of partisan actors inhibit the clarity of responsibility of who is government, difficulting the electoral accountability. Utilizing electoral data, like the index of electoral volatility, the index of partisan coherence and the index of effective number of parties, the work elaborates the hypothesis: in Legislative, as bigger the party fragmentation, more difficult to the voter identify the government party. To test it, was created an inedited proxy of clarity of responsibility and a database of presidentialist countries of american continent. The results show how countries with high party fragmentation and with government coalitions hamper the association between the success or fail of party government in Legislative and Executive. It also shows that brazilian multiparty system doesn’t derives from social or cultural fragmentation and suggest that the current brazilian political institutions constrains the political parties to not sustain an condition of opposition to Executive Power.

Documentation is often the first source, which can help user to solve problems or provide conditions of use of some product. That is why it should be clear and understandable. But what does “understandable” mean? And how to detect whether some text is unclear? And this thesis can answer on those questions.The main idea of current work is to measure clarity of the text information using natural language processing capabilities. There are three global steps to achieve this goal: to define criteria of bad clarity of text information, to evaluate different natural language toolkits and find suitable for us, and to implement a prototype system that, given a text, measures text clarity.Current thesis project is planned to be included to VizzAnalyzer (quality analysis tool, which processes information on structure level) and its main task is to perform a clarity analysis of text information extracted by VizzAnalyzer from different XML-files.

Tidigare forskning kring otydlighet och stress som enskilda begrepp är omfattande. Då studier visar att otydlighet i flera aspekter, exempelvis otydlig arbetsmiljö, påverkar människors upplevda stress är det således intressant att titta på begreppen tillsammans. Denna studie ämnar utveckla ett mätinstrument för att kunna mäta upplevd otydlighetsstress inom organisationer eftersom det idag saknas. Metoden tog avstamp i utvecklingen av ett frågeformulär, därefter genomfördes en pilotstudie med efterföljande enkätundersökning där 230 svar registrerades. Explorativ faktoranalys genomfördes på de data vi samlat in för att försäkra att otydlighetsstress verkligen mäts. Vidare beräknades Cronbachs alfa i syfte att ta reda på den interna reliabiliteten. Studien resulterade i att fyra faktorer skapades utifrån kriteriet >0,6 för faktorladdningar och namngavs till: depression (α=0,94), krav (α=0,82), arbetsrelaterad otydlighet (α=-0,75) och otydlighet i kommunikation (α=0,82). Den interna reliabiliteten beräknades till 0,88 för hela mätinstrumentet. Mätinstrumentet fick namnet Ambiguity Stress Scale.

Le but principal de ce projet est de préparer l’implantation clinique du système Clarity qui utilise une sonde ultrasonore pour visualiser l’anatomie interne du patient. Ce système est utilisé pour les cas de prostate et nécessite d’être adapté pour les cas de poumon. L’utilité de ce système est de suivre un substitut afin d’inférer la position d’une tumeur pulmonaire. L’hypothèse de cette étude est qu’un substitut interne serait mieux corrélé avec une tumeur pulmonaire que le seraient des marqueurs externes. Les sous-objectifs sont : 1) aborder l’adaptation du montage pour faire des acquisitions sur des patients ; 2) explorer la performance des algorithmes de détection de mouvements ainsi que des métriques de qualité d’image sur des images US et ciné IRM; 3) démontrer que la corrélation entre un substitut interne et une structure pulmonaire est plus grande que celle avec un substitut externe. Pour les acquisitions d’images US, la sonde est placée sur les volontaires et fixée à la table de traitement à l’aide d’un bras mécanique. Il a été démontré qu’une pression insuffisante peut causer une perte de signal dû à la forme curviligne de la sonde. La diminution de la moyenne des intensités de l’image et de l’écart-type confirme une perte de signal lors d’amplitudes respiratoires élevées justifiée par une perte de contact entre la sonde et la peau malgré la fixation de la sonde. Entre les algorithmes de corrélation croisée normalisée (NCC), d’erreur moyenne quadratique (RMS) et de flux optique, la méthode NCC semble la plus robuste pour suivre le substitut interne (structure dans le foie) dans les images IRM pour 5/9 volontaires sains ( = 0, 050). Cette méthode est utilisé présentement pour les cas de prostate. Le flux optique s’est montré plus efficace pour des cas spécifiques ce qui démontre l’intérêt d’adapter l’algorithme pour les cas de poumons. Enfin, il a été démontré sur les images IRM qu’un substitut interne au niveau du foie est plus efficace pour la majorité des volontaires (8/9) en comparaison avec un marqueur sur la peau placé dans la région abdominale. Le marqueur abdominal possède une meilleure corrélation qu’un marqueur thoracique (9/9) illustrant l’importance du positionnement d’un marqueur externe pour le suivi d’une tumeur pulmonaire. / The main objective of this thesis is to prepare the clinical implementation of the Clarity ultrasound system for indirect lung tumours tracking using a surrogate. It is currently used for motion management during prostate treatments and requires adaptation. Our hypothesis is that an internal marker would have a better correlation with the tumour’s position than an external surrogate. The sub-objectives are : 1) test different setups for the image acquisition on patients ; 2) explore the algorithms’ performance for motion detection as well as the image quality metrics on US and dynamic MRI images ; 3) evaluate the correlation between surrogates and a lung structure to determine which performs best. The ultrasound probe is fixed on the treatment couch for the acquisition on healthy volunteers using a mechanical arm. Low pressure on the patient’s skin results in a loss of signal due to the curvilinear shape of the probe. We observed a loss of contact between the probe and the volunteers’ skin due to ample movements causing a deterioration of the image quality. We tested three different motion detection algorithms on dynamic MRI images : normalized cross-correlation (NCC), root mean square error (RMS) and optical flow. The NCC algorithm is the most robust out of the three for 5/9 volunteers for the internal surrogate tracking ( < 0.050). In specific cases, the optical flow method performed better indicating an interest in developping a new algorithm for indirect lung tracking. Finally, the correlation between the surrogates and a lung structure were calculated using the MRI images. The internal surrogate inside the liver was proven more efficient for indirect lung tumour tracking for 8/9 volunteers. External markers give a greater prediction error. It has also been shown that the positioning of the external marker on the patient’s skin impacts the correlation. The abdominal marker is better than the thoracic one for all the volunteers.

2 Abstract In this text, we are asking if it is possible to think the 'psychedelic' without labelling it as 'different', 'imaginary', 'fantastic' or 'unreal', and without thinking it as a particular experiential region belonging specifically to human experience. By first thinking 'experience', we are then attempting to relate the psychedelic experience to human experience considered in the simple joining of its basic dimensions, and to think both of these experiential modalities through the same motives. If we think 'experience' as opening itself through its boundaries, which limit and thus open the dimensions through which the fundamental relation of presencing and apprehension plays, then we can think the psychedelic using the concept of 'layer' derived from the concept of 'boundary'. We first think the phenomena of transparency of time, of transparent attunement and of transparent clarity, which belong to human experience in its simplicity. We then think the phenomenon of disjoining of the basic dimensions of human experience, which takes us from human experience in its simplicity, through strangeness, towards the psychedelic. Lastly, we think the phenomenon of permeating, taking us to the simply joined or disjoined dimensions of human and non-human experience being played out in their layeredness...

S’efforcer d’être simple, telle est l’ambition constante qui anime Jules Renard. Contraint à la simplicité par la pauvreté de son imagination, qui le conduit à privilégier la « chose vue » et à puiser à la source étroite du quotidien vécu, il ne la subit pas pour autant, mais fait de l’effacement et de la réduction le cœur de son art littéraire. La première partie de la thèse envisage le questionnement théorique et esthétique de l’écrivain dans le champ littéraire de la fin de siècle. Si Renard hérite en partie des modèles classique et réaliste, sa simplicité est surtout construite en réaction à l’ambition totalisante du réalisme et de naturalisme, qui, recouvrant le réel de langage, l’étouffe. Pour résoudre la crise générale de la mimèsis, l’auteur entend rétablir un lien de motivation entre le langage et le réel. La deuxième partie s’attache à déterminer les aspects rhétoriques de l’écriture du simple, montrant que la simplicité s’inscrit également au cœur de la poétique de Jules Renard, déterminant des choix génériques et narratifs, et nécessitant un double mouvement de réduction et de concentration, qui n’est pas sans écueils. La simplicité n’est pas pour autant un thème de prédilection qui se développerait de manière linéaire chez l’auteur, elle oriente une dynamique, ouvrant un cheminement dialectique, difficile et peuplé d’obstacles. La dernière partie en montre la dimension morale, pratique et philosophique. La simplicité n’est pas pour Renard une donnée immédiate de la conscience, mais une valeur à construire et à défendre sur le terrain politique, qui s’enracine dans un terreau philosophique fondé sur la notion d’immédiateté. / Jules Renard’s ceaseless ambition is to try and be simple. Although his lack of imagination, which leads him to favour things that he saw and to draw on the sometimes narrow everyday life, reduces him to simplicity, he does not passively receive it but on the contrary ensures that blurring and reduction are key principles of his literary art. The first part of this thesis tackles with the writer’s theoretical and aesthetic questioning, understood in the literary landscape of the late fin de siècle. Even if Renard partly inherits the classic and realistic models, his simplicity is mostly built against realism’s and naturalism’s totalizing ambition, which suffocates the reality by covering it up with words. So as to solve the general crisis of the mimesis, the writer intends to build a bridge between language and reality. The second part of this work tries to single out the theoretical characteristics of the simple style. It shows that simplicity stands at the very center of Renard’s poetics, underlies choices related to the genre or the narration and implies both reduction and concentration, which is not easy to fulfill. Simplicity is not, on the other hand, a favourite topic with a linear development, but it triggers off a dynamic, dialectical and difficult process. The last part reveals its moral, practical and philosophical aspect. For simplicity is not for Renard an immediate matter of consciousness but a value which is to build and to defend politically. It is philosophically rooted in immediacy.

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Den digitala utveckling som genomförs av samhället idag är något dagens banker behöver kunna hänga med för att hålla linjen i utvecklingen. Den ökade tekniska bilden samhället har idag har accelererat väldigt snabbt och samhället är idag väldigt digitaliserat och det är något positivt bland folket. Samhället kräver digitalisering och det är något banksektorn behöver kunna följa vilket kräver att de således följer riktlinjer för att förhålla sig med digitaliseringen och kunna arbeta med deras tjänster som de erbjuder samhället. Dessa riktlinjer berör därför ge organisationens struktur och personal den vision och implementation som bör finnas och givetvis digitaliseringen i åtanke. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att med hjälp av datasamling från semistrukturerade intervjuer och vetenskapliga artiklar att hitta riktlinjer som används för att utveckla digitala strategier inom den svenska banksektorn. Dessa riktlinjer presenteras med hjälp av forskningsmetoden grundad teori där en kvalitativ studie utformades uppbyggd av teorier från vetenskapliga artiklar samt semistrukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna arbetar inom digital utveckling i sina respektive banker. Detta arbete resulterade sedan i tre tydliga riktlinjer som banker kommer kunna förhålla sig mot med digital standard och en teknisk utveckling i grund till de riktlinjerna. / This essay was written to analyze the digital development of current banks and what guidelines you could find to increase the digitalization. Some organizations have come further than others regarding the digitalization. My task was to find what guidelines our banks need in order to create a stable digital structure for their customers with digital services and solutions. This is vital due to the technological development of society where the demand for digital service has increased significantly the last 20 years. The study was made following a qualitative method where information was obtained through research of scientific studies and interviews of people working with this subject. This resulted in three guidelines for banks to invest their resources in to achieve the desired technological development.

I Sverige idag satsas det allt mer på att bygga hållbara städer, det vill säga mer hållbar stadsutveckling. Hållbarhet har historiskt delats in i tre olika delar: ekonomi, miljö och sociala aspekter. Det finns inte någon allmänt erkänd definition av begreppet social hållbarhet och därför behöver det utforskas. Det finns också en juridisk rättviseaspekt i att skapa klarhet i begreppet, för att minska risken för att det i senare skeden ska råda tvist om vad avtalen innebär. I och med oklarheten runt begreppet kan det uppstå informationsasymmetri dels mellan kommunerna och byggherrarna dels mellan byggherrarna. I sammanhanget markanvisningar behövs tydlighet för att parterna tillsammans ska kunna sträva mot det gemensamma målet – hållbar stadsutveckling.Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att tydliggöra för kommun och byggherre hur de genom rättvisa markanvisningstävlingar kan bidra till social hållbarhet i stadsutveckling. Målet är att, genom analys av markanvisningstävlingar, redogöra för hur kommuner uttryckt och använt begreppet social hållbarhet samt hur urval av inkomna bidrag i markanvisningstävlingar inom stadsutvecklingsprojekt har gjorts.Denna studie utfördes med deskriptiv metod med tre olika tillvägagångssätt: dokumentgranskning av handlingar, djupdykande semistrukturerad intervju samt textintervjuer med kommuner. Stadsutvecklingsprojekten som undersöktes var Skeppsbron i Göteborg, Kolkajen del 2 i Stockholm, Nya gatan i Nacka och Vallastaden i Linköping.Resultatet från denna studie tyder på att inga betydande insatser har gjorts för att tydliggöra vad begreppet innebär, även i de undersökta kommunerna som gjort tydliga satsningar på social hållbarhet. Istället arbetar kommunerna idag med unika lösningar för varje projekt. De har ingen enhetlig hantering eller definition av begreppet social hållbarhet i stadsutveckling. En slutsats som kan dras är att tydligt utformade modeller som är flexibla och lämnar utrymme för innovation och kreativitet skulle troligtvis underlätta kommunernas arbete. Modellerna skulle möjliggöra för kommunerna att hålla tydliga, rättvisa och transparenta markanvisningstävlingar där byggherrar tävlar under samma förutsättningar. / The Swedish planning and construction market have been investing more in developing sustainable cities, that is, more sustainable urban development. Sustainability has historically been divided into three different parts: economical, environmental and social aspects. Today, there is no generally accepted definition of the concept of social sustainability and therefore the concept needs to be further explored. There is also a legal justice aspect in creating clarity of the concept, in order to reduce the risks that there will be disputes about what the agreements entail. With the ambiguity around the concept, information asymmetry can arise between municipalities and the property developers, and between the property developers. In the context of municipal land allocations, clarity is needed for the parties to be able to work together towards the common goal – sustainable urban development.The overall purpose of this study is to clarify to municipalities and property developers how they can contribute to social sustainability in urban development, through fair land allocation competitions. The aim of this study is to, through analysis of land allocation competitions, describe how municipalities express and use the concept of social sustainability, as well as describe how they make selections and assesses entries in land allocation competitions in urban development projects.The study was carried out with a descriptive method with three different approaches: documentary review, in-depth semi-structured interview and text interviews with municipalities. The urban development projects examined were Skeppsbron in Gothenburg, Kolkajen part 2 in Stockholm, Nya gatan in Nacka and Vallastaden in Linköping. The result of this study indicates that no significant efforts have been made to clarify the concept social sustainability in urban development projects, even in the investigated municipalities that have made expressed attempts to achieve socially sustainable development projects. Instead, the municipalities work with unique conditions and solutions in each of their projects. They have no uniform management or definition of the concept social sustainability in urban development. One conclusion that can be drawn is also that clearly designed models that are dynamic and leave room for innovation and creativity would probably ease the management and incorporation of sustainability in the municipalities. These proposed models would enable the municipalities to host clear, fair and transparent land allocation competitions where property developers can compete within the same conditions.