Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar as representações relacionadas ao feminino durante o período medieval averiguando a existência ou não de uma associação entre as características atribuídas às mulheres e o pecado da luxúria. Neste intuito, a pesquisa utilizará fontes variadas a fim de contextualizar a concepção sobre o feminino, valendose especialmente do “Livro das Confissões” de Martin Perez, compilado por monges do Mosteiro de Alcobaça em 1399. A preocupação com o pecado permeia o imaginário medieval e se traduz em uma série de discursos que visam orientar as relações sociais e explicar a realidade. O pensamento e as práticas identificadas durante o medievo sofrem uma série de transformações com o passar do tempo, sendo um exemplo o estabelecimento da confissão auricular, bem como as modificações existentes na apresentação dos pecados capitais. Assim, para a adequada compreensão do feminino e do masculino neste momento histórico é fundamental a reflexão sobre o pecado, suas possibilidades de manifestação e as formas de evitá-lo, uma vez que a reflexão sobre este permite a proposta de determinados modelos de pensar e agir. A realidade feminina em suas diferentes esferas de atuação, especialmente nos âmbitos do matrimônio e da maternidade, e sua vinculação ao pecado sob a análise de gênero, permite compreender mais profundamente as sociabilidades, bem como aspectos políticos, econômicos e culturais aos quais estavam submetidos os sujeitos que vivenciaram o período medieval. / This study aims at analyzing representations related to the feminine in the mediaeval period, searching for the existence or not of some association between characteristics given to women and the sin of luxury. With this aim, the research uses different resources in order to contextualize the conception of the feminine and it also takes advantage, mainly, of “Livro das Confições” (Book of Confessions) of Martin Perez, organized by monks of the Alcobaça Monastery in 1399. Worries concerning sin passed through the mediaeval imaginary and were made up of a range of discourses which intended to guide social relationships and apply the reality. Thought and practices identified along the mediaeval context suffered a number of transformations as time passed by. An example of this is the institution of the auricular confession and also modifications observed in the presentation of capital sins. Thus, for an adequate understanding of the feminine and the masculine in that historic moment, it is fundamental to make a reflection about sin, its possibilities of manifestation and ways of avoiding it, in that the reflection about it allows the suggestion of certain models of thinking and acting. The feminine reality, with its diversified range of action, especially marriage and motherhood, and its connection with sin, under gender analysis, allows a deeper understanding of social behaviors as well as well as political, economical and cultural aspects to which were submitted the subjects who lived in that period.

Le XIXe siècle a les caractéristiques d’un grand siècle, parce qu’il hérite des engagements idéologiques et sociaux des philosophes des Lumières, mais aussi des promesses suscitées par la Révolution de 1789 qui ouvre une ère de mutations intellectuelles et d’évolutions sociales. Au-delà des tensions sociales et politiques exprimées par une littérature dont l’engagement consiste à faire évoluer le personnage, notamment le héros de jeunesse, encore attaché à des rêves dans une société où tout est et reste à reconstruire, il importe de répondre à une préoccupation fondamentale : comment s’affirmer, se construire un destin lorsqu’on ne s’éprouve soi-même que comme une énigme, une préoccupation existentielle et un malaise ? Le roman d’apprentissage du XIXe siècle nous met en présence de destins en devenir, d’ambitions et de potentialités en quête de réalisation, ce qui lui confère ses qualités esthétiques / The XIXe world has features of a wide world, because it inherits ideological social philosophers lights pawning ; but therefore given rise to promises by the Revolution of 1789 who opens an era of intellectual mutations and of social evolutions beyond social political expressed tensions by a literature of which the pawning consist to make to evolve the personage, notably the youthful hero, still fond to dream in a society where everything is and remains to reconstruct, it imports to answer to a fundamental preoccupation : how to assert oneself, to build a destiny when one himself does not test myself that as an enigma, an existential preoccupation and an indisposition ? The tutorial novel of the century puts us in presence of destinies in development, of ambitions and of potentialities after fulfillment, what gives confers him all his aesthetic qualities

Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar as representações relacionadas ao feminino durante o período medieval averiguando a existência ou não de uma associação entre as características atribuídas às mulheres e o pecado da luxúria. Neste intuito, a pesquisa utilizará fontes variadas a fim de contextualizar a concepção sobre o feminino, valendose especialmente do “Livro das Confissões” de Martin Perez, compilado por monges do Mosteiro de Alcobaça em 1399. A preocupação com o pecado permeia o imaginário medieval e se traduz em uma série de discursos que visam orientar as relações sociais e explicar a realidade. O pensamento e as práticas identificadas durante o medievo sofrem uma série de transformações com o passar do tempo, sendo um exemplo o estabelecimento da confissão auricular, bem como as modificações existentes na apresentação dos pecados capitais. Assim, para a adequada compreensão do feminino e do masculino neste momento histórico é fundamental a reflexão sobre o pecado, suas possibilidades de manifestação e as formas de evitá-lo, uma vez que a reflexão sobre este permite a proposta de determinados modelos de pensar e agir. A realidade feminina em suas diferentes esferas de atuação, especialmente nos âmbitos do matrimônio e da maternidade, e sua vinculação ao pecado sob a análise de gênero, permite compreender mais profundamente as sociabilidades, bem como aspectos políticos, econômicos e culturais aos quais estavam submetidos os sujeitos que vivenciaram o período medieval. / This study aims at analyzing representations related to the feminine in the mediaeval period, searching for the existence or not of some association between characteristics given to women and the sin of luxury. With this aim, the research uses different resources in order to contextualize the conception of the feminine and it also takes advantage, mainly, of “Livro das Confições” (Book of Confessions) of Martin Perez, organized by monks of the Alcobaça Monastery in 1399. Worries concerning sin passed through the mediaeval imaginary and were made up of a range of discourses which intended to guide social relationships and apply the reality. Thought and practices identified along the mediaeval context suffered a number of transformations as time passed by. An example of this is the institution of the auricular confession and also modifications observed in the presentation of capital sins. Thus, for an adequate understanding of the feminine and the masculine in that historic moment, it is fundamental to make a reflection about sin, its possibilities of manifestation and ways of avoiding it, in that the reflection about it allows the suggestion of certain models of thinking and acting. The feminine reality, with its diversified range of action, especially marriage and motherhood, and its connection with sin, under gender analysis, allows a deeper understanding of social behaviors as well as well as political, economical and cultural aspects to which were submitted the subjects who lived in that period.

Orientador: Ronaldo Romulo Machado de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T04:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_Delcides_M.pdf: 1868027 bytes, checksum: ec5ab792880125d2249c94e7e7da6e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Trata-se de uma etnografia da pregação pentecostal afetada pela confissão e memória da experiência pentecostal do antropólogo durante o trabalho de campo e escrita do texto. Da conversão à antropologia se fez a confissão da conversão anterior. É uma pesquisa sobre as condições de possibilidade de uma etnografia afetada, tendo em vista a pregação pentecostal na Praça da Sé, centro de São Paulo. Há uma preocupação com a compreensão de tal culto, de modo que o trabalho se apresenta como uma ficção tanto acerca dos discursos-práticas que constituem a pregação na Sé como das interações entre antropólogo e pregador no exercício de suas respectivas atividades / Abstract: It is treated of an ethnography of the preaching affected pentecostal by the confession and memory of the anthropologist's experience pentecostal during the field work and writing of the text. Of the conversion to the anthropology was made the confession of the previous conversion. This is an ethnography that is based on confession and memory of the experience of pentecostal conversion of a former native anthropologist during the fieldwork and writing the text. It is a survey on the conditions of possibility of ethnography affected in order to preach the pentecostal Cathedral Square in central São Paulo. There is a concern with the understanding that worship, so that the work is presented as a fiction about the speeches, both practices that preaching in the Cathedral and the interaction between anthropologist and preacher in the exercise of their activities / Mestrado / Religiões / Mestre em Antropologia Social

La force particulière attribuée à l'aveu judiciaire civil procède, à l'origine, d'un rattachement contestable à la confessio in jure, qui constituait un acquiescement à la demande. Si l'on restitue à l'aveu sa dimension probatoire qu'avait dégagée le droit savant médiéval, il apparaît que la nature de l'aveu porte l'empreinte de la volonté alors que son régime est fortement influencé par la recherche d'une vérité par le juge. D'un côté, l'exigence d'intégrité et de liberté de la volonté d'avouer, en droit judiciaire privé comme en procédure pénale, donne à l'aveu la nature d'un acte juridique destiné à constituer une preuve, laquelle ne peut porter que sur un fait. Il est alors possible de distinguer les véritables aveux, qui procèdent d'une telle volonté, d'autres figures juridiques dans lesquelles l'aveu est retenu à titre de sanction contre le plaideur qui, en procédure civile ou en contentieux administratif, méconnaît l'imperium procédural du juge. De l'autre côté, la preuve constituée par l'aveu est toujours appréciée souverainement par les juges du fond. Si le juge judiciaire civil doit tenir le fait avoué pour acquis, c'est pour cette raison que l'aveu réalise la concordance des allégations des parties qui, en application du principe dispositif, interdit au juge de fonder sa décision sur un autre moyen de fait. L'irrévocabilité de l'aveu connait deux manifestations, l'une substantielle, par laquelle la preuve est définitivement constituée, l'autre procédurale, qui emporte l'irrecevabilité du moyen de fait contraire à l'aveu. L'indivisibilité de l'aveu peut être analysée comme procédant de la condition suspensive ou résolutoire dont cet acte juridique peul être affecté. / The strength of judicial civil confession is inherited from roman confessio in jure, that was however an admission of claim. Confession being held as an evidence since the medieval law, its nature wears the seal of will whereas its regime is mostly determined by search for the truth. On the one hand, requirement of a free will, both in civil and criminal procedures, grants confession the nature of a legal act intended to prove a fact. Thus genuine confessions can be distinguished from sanctions against litigants who disregard the judge’s imperium, in civil cases as well as in administrative cases. On the other hand, the weight of evidence brought by confession is always determined by the courts in their unfettered discretion. Obligation for civil jurisdictions to state only in consideration of the confessed fact relies on the principle of party disposition. Civil judicial confession 's legal irrevocability is both substantial, as the evidence is permanently constituted, and procedural, preventing the confessor to invoke an opposite allegation of fact. Confession's indivisibility can be analyzed as a result of the suspensive or resolutive condition under which this legal act can be granted.

This study presents a comparative approach between the time of the Belgic Confession and of the Korean Church under Japanese rule. Both the early Low Countries and Korea received Protestantism through martyrdom and persecution. During the sixteen century the Low Countries were under the Spanish rule. The Low Countries were deeply influenced by the Reformation. Many historians have noted that the people in the Low Countries suffered persecutions on the basis of their nationality and religious beliefs by the Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish government. The heroes of the Low Countries were William of Orange, the political leader of his native country, and Guido de Bres a religious leader. William of Orange, and his son, Maurice of Orange, accomplished their country’s political independence with outstanding leadership. Guido de Bres was a travelling preacher who preached the gospel in the Low Countries. He drafted the Belgic Confession. It is authorized as one of the most wonderful Reformed confessions. Korea received the gospel through the Western missionary R. J. Thmoas. Korea was under Japanese rule since the end of the nineteen century. Korean Christianity helped the Korean people when the Koreans were oppressed. From the late 1920s, the Japanese forced Koreans in Shinto Shrine Worship. Shinto Shrine Worship was the worship of the King of Japan. The Korean people could not accept Shinto Shrine Worship. Korean Christians judged Shinto Shrine Worship to be idol worship and opposed it. However, Korean Protestants abandoned their faith, due to the Japanese’ threat of military power. Some pastors resisted Shinto Shrine Worship. Pastor Joo Ki-Chul was a leader of the resistance and died for his faith. There are similarities and differences between the struggle of the Low Countries and Korea. Both the early Low Countries and early Korean Church produced spiritual martyrs like Guido de Bres and Joo Ki-Chul. They were martyrs, patriots and preachers. In both countries Christians faced horrible persecutions by the ruling tyrants. But while the Low Countries struggled for their independence to the end, most Korean Christians had to desert their faith in the face of continued pressure from the Japanese. In spite of this some Korean Christians remained strong till the bitter end. The Low Countries’ religious persecution came to an end, but North Korea’s Christians are still suffering under the communist regime. In spite of terrible persecution by the communist government, there are many Christians in underground churches who long for religious and political freedom. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

This study concluded that the Three Forms of Unity does not give the same meaning to the word “church” all the way through, since the word is used to describe both the visible and invisible sides of the church. When these different uses of the word “church” are left out of consideration in discussions concerning the church and only one of the two sides of the church is emphasised, it leads to the large degree of confusion and indistiction which these days is experienced in ecclesiastical debates. Before there can be any meaningful progress in these discussions, it is therefore necessary to establish which view of the Bible as well as concept of the church, is being taken as starting point of the discussion. Reformed academics have already done many studies concerning the Biblical usage of the word “church”. This study has taken the research a step further and shown that the use of the word “church” in the Three Forms of Unity agrees with the Biblical usage of the word. The Bible and the Three Forms of Unity mean, with the word “church”, both sides of the church of Christ. This church is on the one side invisible, seeing that is spans time and place and in doing so is the sum total of all the elect. On the other side, this church is made visible in a defined place and time and bears the stamp of its own time and culture in which it took its shape. Confusion arises when it is assumed that whatever the Bible and confessions state as indicative of the invisible church is necessarily indicative of the church`s visible side also. This is particularly valid, for example, in the doctrine concerning the attributes and characteristics of the church. This study has brought the old truths about the church from the Bible and confessions freshly to the fore in a time when very little attention is being paid to them. Yet it is precisely these truths concerning the concept of the church that can bring progress in ecclesiastical discussion. It was further demonstrated that the concept of the church held by the Afrikaans Protestant Churches stands on solid Biblical and confessional grounds. / Dissertation (MA (Research in Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / MA / unrestricted

Mémoire en recherche-création / L’écriture implique invariablement le désir de dire, sans pour autant aboutir à un aveu. Mais, lorsque cet aveu constitue la source ou l’obsession de l’écriture, l’acte de dire ou de taire transcende le texte, matérialisant ainsi l’aveu lui-même. Ce mémoire de maîtrise en recherche-création s’intéresse à ce geste de révélation scripturale qui suit un événement traumatique, à partir des idées avancées par Michel Foucault dans l’Histoire de la sexualité, ouvrage publié en quatre tomes entre 1976 et 2018 . Le moteur de l’aveu au cœur de la création réside dans la culpabilité de la narratrice associée à la mort accidentelle de son père, mais un désir contraire freine cet élan, celui de passer sous silence la vérité, de celer l’histoire à raconter. C’est un texte composé de fragments, un collage hétérogène qui hésite non seulement à paraître, mais dans sa manière de paraître. L’essai quant à lui porte sur Les fous de Bassan d’Anne Hébert, roman où l’aveu est motivé par un sentiment de responsabilité né du double assassinat des cousines Atkins et partagé entre les membres de leur communauté, soit celle de Griffin Creek, lieu imaginaire situé sur la côte de la Gaspésie. Outre le sujet de l’aveu, les deux parties de ce mémoire croiseront les mêmes chemins – dont ceux de la hantise, de la foi et de la folie – pour cependant parvenir à des destinations différentes. / The act of writing invariably implies a desire to say without necessarily resulting in a confession. However, when the desire to confess constitutes the main motivation for writing, or even an obsession, the act of saying or hushing transcends the text, materialising the confession itself. This master’s thesis in Research-Creation looks at this gesture of scriptural revelation following a traumatic event, basing itself on ideas put forward by Michel Foucault in The History of Sexuality, a work published in four tomes between 1976 and 2018 . In the creation part, the guilt associated with the accidental death of the narrator’s father acts as the primary motive of confession but a contradictory desire of silencing and sealing the truth puts a halt to this impulse. The text is composed of fragments, a heterogeneous collage hesitating not only to reveal itself, but in its way to do it. The essay on the other hand, focuses on Anne Hébert’s Les fous de Bassan in which confession is motivated by a feeling of responsibility towards the double murder of the Atkins cousins, shared between the different members of Griffin Creek’s small imagined community, located somewhere on the Gaspesian Coast. Beside confession, the two parts of this thesis will intersect through many themes – notably haunting memories, faith and madness –, ultimately ending in different destinations.

Situated in environmental history and ecocriticism, this thesis traces the emergence of modern Japanese literature at the beginning of the twentieth century. Using agential realism and its concepts ‘diffraction’ and ‘becoming’, this thesis conducts an anti-essential ecocritical analysis. It aims to overcome recurring dualisms in literary analyses and to trace negotiations of concepts such as ‘nature’ and ‘self’ in modern Japanese literature. The thesis scrutinises ‘diffractions’ between the subject and the object in novels and through very acts of producing novels. These ‘diffractions’ are analysed in relation to ‘becomings’ of the concept ‘nature’ as well as ‘literature’ in the context of Japanese modernisation. Based on diverse struggles in ‘becomings’ in modern literary history, the thesis concludes with questioning the cliché of Japanese culture (the lack of absolute ‘self’ and ‘love of nature’) and also comments on analyses of ‘diffractions’ as a viable method for ecocritical analyses or the ‘ecologisation’ of literary analyses.

Although there are a lot of popular books available on the subject of hope I still believe that there is a need for another study on the phenomenon of hope. Especially where proper exegesis and a multidiscipline approach are taken into account. In this study I’ve researched the effect of a society in transition on hope. I suspect that the changes since 1994 have a significant influence on the attitude, thought and behaviour of the Afrikaner especially. To come to such a conclusion the study take theories of change in Sociology into account. Some information were gathered from papers. The reason for that is the influence papers have on the spirit of society, and in this case its influence on people’s hope. Unfortunately one of the conclusions is that a lack of hope can very well be one of the consequences of the changes in society since 1994. The contemporary study is followed by a study on hope in Paul’s letter to the Romans. The background of the author, the congregation and the theology of the letter were taken in consideration. In most of the cases I’ve used the verses in the letter where the word hope was used. Surprisingly there is quite a comparison between the letter of Romans and society today as far as the reasons that causes hopelessness. Therefore Romans can be of great value to give hope in a disorientated society. Until now we know that there is a lack of hope in society, and that Romans give us reason to hope, but what is the person looking like that we want to communicate with? The study on post modernity show us how this “new” paradigm looks like. Post modernity is very different to modernism. The latest paradigm is universal and no one and nothing can escape it. Social sciences, the arts, economy, science itself and the theology were largely influenced by post modernity. With its larger emphasis on spirituality it creates wonderful opportunities for preaching. On the other side though, one should also keep its threats in mind, especially the proneness to relativism and New Age. In the last chapter I use all the information and conclusions of the previous chapters to get to a homiletic strategy for a postmodern context. The most important part of this chapter is to conclude that confession is a suitable hermeneutical and homiletical tool for preaching in post modernity. There is no need to prove confession, it is about something that is believed. The Bible therefore is still as relevant as ever. Communication strategies are included to guide the preacher in the most effective way when preaching in a postmodern context. The chapter ends with certain specific homiletic contents from the Roman letter that can be used today. We can know for certain that hopelessness is part of our society today. However we’ve got the promise of Romans 15:13 that God stays our God of hope. Our tasks are to posision us homiletically, hermeneutically and strategically in such a way that we give our faith the best possible chance. / Dissertation (MTh (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Practical Theology / MTh (Practical Theology) / unrestricted