This dissertation explores the perceptions of different groups of people (subsystems) who affect and are affected by the phenomenon of day labourers in Tshwane. Three "day labourer sites" were identified. Businesses, residents, police, metro-police and the municipality directly connected to these sites were interviewed. Their perceptions were analysed using the systemic frame of reference. The data was processed to describe perceptual relational patterns between the day labourers and the different subsystems. The following themes amongst these relational patterns were identified and described: employment, law and order, contact between subsystems, sharing the environment / community and resources / facilities. These themes were described in relation to the Bill of Rights (Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). This research aims to highlight some of the voices of the groups affecting and affected by the phenomenon of day labourers. / Social Work / M.A. (Mental Health)

Cette recherche a pour objectif de déterminer le rôle des associations professionnelles / organisations patronales dans l’accompagnement des entrepreneurs. La méthodologie étant l’étude de cas, une approche qualitative est adoptée. Pour mettre en exergue le rôle essentiel de ces acteurs qui consiste à accompagner l’entrepreneur et son entreprise d’acquérir le suivi et le savoir-faire. Dans l’ambition de gérer l’autonomie de son entreprise sur le long terme. Cette analyse montre que ces AP/OP sont effectivement présentes, mais le point faible de ses dispositifs est pour l'instant l'accompagnement et la formation. Ainsi, participer dans l’opinion de l’assemblée générale au sein de haute instance d’état et la grande manifestation économique internationale. Cette participation entre dans le cadre du développement économique de l’environnement de la PME et sa mise à niveau par les organisations du soutien comme l’ANDI, le CNC PME, … / This research has for objective to determine the role of associations’ professionals / employers' organizations in the accompaniment of the contractors. The methodology being the case study, a qualitative approach is adopted. To highlight the essential role of these actors this consists in accompanying the contractor and his company to acquire the follow-up and the know-how. In the ambition to manage the autonomy of his company on the long term. This analysis shows that these AP / OP are effectively present, but the weak point of its devices is at the moment the accompaniment and the formation. So, participate in the opinion of the general assembly within high authority of state and the great international economic appearance. This participation enters within the framework of the economic development of the environment of the SME and its upgrade by the organizations of the support as the ANDI, the CNC SME …

The aim of this thesis is to describe the possibilities contractor in determining the price at possible changes during the process of construction supplies. You need to have a set price of construction work, which is a necessary part of the work contract. It is good to know the rights and obligations of the parties in the construction. In the practical part, the work deals with the possibility of fixing prices as well by the contractor under the contract for work.

I byggbranschen arbetar man ofta i projekt där ett flertal olika parter samarbetar. Det är viktigt att samarbetet fungerar väl för att uppnå ett sådant positivt resultat som möjligt. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera hur samarbetet fungerar, kan förbättras och utvecklas mellan beställare, huvudentreprenör och underentreprenör på ett byggföretag. För att kunna utveckla det gemensamma arbetet är det viktigt att undersöka de vanligaste problemen och bristerna som kan uppstå. Genomförandet har skett genom intervjuer med utvalda parter i de projekten som studerats för att få en så klar och rättvis bild som möjligt av hur det fungerar, samt var styrkorna och svagheterna ligger. Tre projekt med stor variation har studerats i detta arbete för att kunna lokalisera och verifiera de vanligast förekommande problemen då man arbetar tillsammans. Några av de viktigaste aspekterna för ett positivt samarbete är att ha en god kommunikation, en genomtänkt planering inför projektstarten och en välgjord tidplan. Det är även mycket viktigt att samtliga parter vet innebörden av sin roll och håller sig till sitt ansvarsområde. Det är viktigt att Byggtech vårdar om sitt förtroende de har byggt upp hos sina beställare då deras affärsidé är beroende av fasta samarbeten med avtalade uppdragsgivare. Slutsatser som kan dras i detta examensarbete är att tydlighet, gemensamma riktlinjer och en god kommunikation är viktigt för att samarbetet mellan alla parter ska kunna utvecklas i positiv riktning. / In the construction branch you often work with projects where multiple parties cooperate. It’s important that the collaboration between the parties works well to achieve a positive result. Our aim with this thesis is to study how cooperation works, can be improved and developed between client, contractors and subcontractors on a construction company. In order to develop the joint work, you have to examine the common problems and deficiencies that may arise.   The implementation has been done through interviews with selected partners in the projects studied in order to obtain as complete and accurate as possible of what works and where the strengths and weaknesses are. The projects with wide variation have been studied in this thesis in order to locate and verify the most common problems when collaborating.   Some of the most important aspects of positive cooperation is to have a good communication, smart planning before the project begin and a well-managed schedule. It’s also very important that all the parties know the meaning of their role and stick to their responsibility. It’s fundamental that Byggtech cares for the trust they have build with their clients as their business depends on a solid partnership with the contracted clients.   The conclusions that have been drawn from this thesis are that clarity, common guidelines and a good communication are important to have a good collaboration between all the parties in order to develop the collaboration in a positive course.

Byggentreprenörer med projekterings- och utförandeansvar utgör en viktig roll när det gäller att främja hållbar utveckling inom byggbranschen. Genom att integrera hållbarhetsaspekter i sina arbetsprocesser och sitt beslutsfattande kan de bidra till att minska miljöpåverkan samt effektivisera projekt- och produktionsplanering. Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) har gjort det möjligt för byggentreprenörer att använda modellering och visualisering av slutprodukter för att göra projekt- och produktionsplanering mer effektiv. Litteraturen visar på att VDC kan användas för ekonomisk lönsamhet men kvar återfinns frågeställningen om VDC kan användas för att främja hållbar utveckling.  Denna studie grundar sig i en intervjubaserad kvalitativ studie och undersöker hur VDC används bland svenska byggföretag med projekterings- och utförandeansvar för att främja hållbar utveckling. Detta genom att undersöka hur byggentreprenörernas användning av VDC påverkar social-, ekonomisk- och miljömässig hållbarhet. Studien tar även upp hur VDC används för att uppnå miljö- och hållbarhetskrav, samt för att byggnader ska kunna miljöcertifieras. Arbetet utgörs av en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie som innefattar uppfattningar från svenska byggentreprenörer som arbetar med totalentreprenader. För att samla in data genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från byggentreprenadföretag i Sverige. En tematisk analys genomfördes sedan utifrån befintlig forskning och teorier. Resultaten tyder på att implementeringen av VDC bidrar till främjandet av hållbar utveckling hos byggentreprenörer. Genom att involvera flera aktörer i byggprojekt främjar VDC kommunikation, samarbete och en inkluderande arbetsmiljö. Det erbjuder också snabbare och mer effektiva lösningar jämfört med traditionella planeringsmetoder, vilket leder till kostnadsbesparingar och förbättrade projektresultat. Dessutom kan VDC användas för att optimera design och planering av byggnader, resurshantering och underlätta miljöcertifieringsprocessen. Resultaten visar att trots de fördelar som VDC erbjuder för hållbar utveckling, utnyttjas inte dess fulla potential inom den svenska byggbranschen. Utmaningar såsom kompetensbrist och interoperabilitetsproblem fortsätter att hindra en framgångsrik användning av VDC. / Construction contractors with design and building responsibilities play an important role in promoting sustainable development in the construction industry. By integrating sustainability considerations into their work processes and decision-making, they can help reduce environmental impact and streamline project and production planning. Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) has enabled design-build contractors to use modelling and visualization of final products to make project and production planning more efficient. The literature shows that VDC can be used for economic profitability, but the question remains whether VDC can be used to promote sustainable development.  This study is based on an interview-based qualitative study and examines how VDC is used among Swedish construction companies with design and building responsibilities to promote sustainable development. This is done by examining how the use of VDC by construction contractors affects social, economic, and environmental sustainability. The study also addresses how VDC is used to achieve environmental and sustainability requirements, and for buildings to be environmentally certified. The work consists of a literature study and an interview study that includes perceptions from Swedish design-build contractors. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents from construction companies in Sweden. A thematic analysis was then conducted based on existing research and theories. The results indicate that the implementation of VDC contributes to the promotion of sustainable development among construction contractors. By involving multiple stakeholders in construction projects, VDC promotes communication, collaboration, and an inclusive work environment. It also offers faster, and more efficient solutions compared to traditional planning methods, leading to cost savings and improved project performance. Furthermore, VDC can be used to optimize building design and planning, resource management and facilitate the environmental certification process. The results show that despite the benefits that VDC offers for sustainable development, its full potential is not being utilized in the Swedish construction industry. Challenges such as skills shortages and interoperability issues continue to hinder the successful use of VDC.

The Design/Bid/Build (DBB) delivery method has historically been the most popular and the most effective means of determining the least cost for building a project based upon a set of construction documents. In recent years, however, other project delivery methods, including but limited to Construction Manager/General Contractor (CM/GC) and Design/Build (DB), have slowly taken a share of the construction market away from the DBB delivery method. The choice of delivery method that will produce the best value for an owner in the measurements of efficiency in quality, cost, and timeliness depends upon the type of project and the business culture of the project owner. A unique opportunity for a comparative study was presented by the Meetinghouse Facilities Department (MFD) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The MFD completed over 200 repetitive meetinghouse projects in the U.S. over a five-year period (1999-2003), contracting approximately two-thirds of the projects using a CM/GC delivery method with an attached partnering agreement. The remaining meetinghouses were contracted using a DBB delivery method. A comprehensive comparison was conducted measuring all of the efficiencies created by the selection of delivery method, including short- and long-term costs, direct and indirect costs, construction cycle time, and quality assessment scores. After identifying and then adjusting for several confounding variables in the historical data, the statistical analysis provided evidence that the CM/GC delivery method proved to be the best value for the MFD by producing a total cost savings of over 5.5 percent on the meetinghouse projects when compared to the DBB meetinghouse projects. Construction cycle time was 20% shorter on the CM/GC meetinghouse projects and quality assessment (QA) scores were consistently higher. In regards to a 10-year life cycle repair costs, the CM/GC delivery method produced a higher quality meetinghouse, reducing repair costs by 34% when compared to the DBB meetinghouse projects.

In an increasingly digitised world, the connectivity and data within machines is becoming more important, giving possibilities to analyse and improve the business of the actors involved. The digitalisation within the earthmoving industry has so far been lagging compared to other industries but is now starting to gain more traction within the industry. With the increased interest in digitalisation within the industry, questions arise as to how this might affect the involved actors within the ecosystem. The purpose of this thesis aims to investigate how data from the earthmoving contractors’ operations can be used within the earthmoving ecosystem. In order to do so, all actors involved in the capturing, sharing and usage of data have been mapped, as well as the offering back towards the earthmoving contractor. The study used a case study approach of embedded design in order to get an in-depth understanding of the specific business ecosystem while investigating the involved actors. The study used an explorative approach due to the novel nature of the phenomenon of ecosystems in terms of data in the earthmoving context. What the study has shown is that the positions and links between actors within the ecosystem has changed due to the increased data coming from the earthmoving contractors’ operations, and the offerings back towards the contractors have changed as well. Actors within the ecosystem are becoming increasingly dependent on each other to deliver their value propositions and issues of unalignment can negatively affect the value proposition to the end user, the earthmoving contractor. The end user, which is also the actor generating the data is therefore the one seeing least direct benefits of it. / I en allt mer digitaliserad värld ges nya möjligheter att analysera och utveckla företags affärsmodeller tack vare data från uppkopplade maskiner. Digitaliseringen inom maskinentreprenadbranschen har hittills legat efter jämfört med många andra branscher, men börjar nu att få mer intresse riktat mot sig. Till följd av detta ökade intresse följer frågor hur denna digitalisering kan komma att påverka de olika aktörerna inom ekosystemet. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur data som genereras av maskinentreprenörer kan användas av olika aktörer inom ekosystemet. För att göra detta har en kartläggning genomförts som tydliggör vilka aktörer som är inblandade i insamlandet, delandet och användandet av data, samt vad deras erbjudande till maskinentreprenörerna består av. Arbetet har utförts som en casestudie med flera analysenheter för att få en djup förståelse av affärsekosystemet, samtidigt som enskilda aktörer har undersökts. Studien har utförts med en explorativ ansats, till följd av det ännu ganska outforskade fenomenet kring ekosystem och data inom maskinentreprenadindustrin. Vad studien har visat är att det ökade dataflödet från maskinentreprenörerna har lett till förändringar inom ekosystemet, genom förändrade positioner och länkar mellan aktörer. Studien har även visat på förändringen av erbjudanden tillbaka till maskinentreprenören. Aktörer inom ekosystemet har blivit allt mer beroende av varandra för att leverera ett värdeerbjudande och brist på ömsesidig anpassning kan leda till ett ofullständigt värdeerbjudande som levereras till slutkunden, i detta fall maskinentreprenören. Detta har även visat sig leda till att aktören som genererar datan är den aktör som ser minst nytta med den.

No description available.

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka överensstämmelse avseende mål och motivationsfaktorer mellan samarbetande organisationer. Syftet är även att undersöka hur denna överensstämmelse samt identifierade mål och motivationsfaktorer kan bidra till en ersättningsmodell som främjar en bra transporttjänst. Design och metoder: Denna studie har genomförts som en fallstudie där samarbetet mellan ett speditionsföretag och två åkerier varit i fokus. Som metod för datainsamling till fallstudien användes en kombination av semistrukturerade intervjuer och rangordningstabeller. Till analysen av det empiriska materialet hämtades inspiration från flera olika metoder, dels hämtades inspiration från den tematiska analysmetoden men även från aktiviteterna sortera, reducera och argumentera. Slutligen användes även aktiviteten jämförelse för att kunna analysera överensstämmelsen mellan speditionsföretaget och åkerierna. Resultat: Resultatet gällande målöverensstämmelsen visade att åkerierna hade en begränsad kännedom om speditionsföretagets uttalade mål vilket i detta fall likställs med ingen till låg överensstämmelse. En större överensstämmelse identifierades dock avseende områdena förväntningar och framtida mål. Gällande motivationsöverensstämmelsen framkom det att speditionsföretaget hade en begränsad kännedom om vad som motiverar åkerierna, chaufförerna och transportplanerarna vilket innebär att överensstämmelsen därmed kan anses som låg. Resultatet visade även att en prestationsbaserad ersättningsmodell i tre nivåer bör möjliggöra för en högre måluppfyllnad och kunna leda till högre motivation. Bidrag: Studien har i viss mån bidragit till en utvecklad förståelse för hur olika parter i samarbetande organisationer uppfattar mål och förväntningar från den beställande parten och motivation hos den levererande parten. Vidare har studien bidragit med ett förslag på en ersättningsmodell bestående av tre prestationsbaserade ersättningsnivåer där olika mål är kopplade till respektive nivå. Begränsningar och framtida forskning: Den horisontella överensstämmelsen mellan samarbetande organisationer inom transportbranschen har visat sig vara mycket komplex och svårt att skapa en helhetsbild kring. Generaliserbarheten av resultaten till andra samarbetande organisationer anses utifrån det som relativt låg. Fortsatta studier föreslås inom området horisontell överensstämmelse, främst mellan samarbetande organisationer. En intressant inriktning kan då vara att undersöka om den horisontella överensstämmelsen mellan samarbetande organisationer kan ge samma positiva resultat avseende organisationers effektivitet och resultat som andra typer av överensstämmelse. Ett behov har även identifierats i form av att kunna namnge samarbetet mellan speditionsföretaget och åkerierna, vilket även det rekommenderas som ett område för fortsatt forskning. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the alignment regarding goals and motivation factors between cooperating organizations. The purpose is also to investigate how this alignment, as well as identified goals and motivation factors, can contribute to a transaction model that promotes a good transport service. Design and methods: This study has been carried out as a case study where the cooperation between a forwarding company and two road haulage contractors has been in focus. As a method for data collection for the case study a combination of semi-structured interviews and ranking tables was used. The analysis of the empirical material was inspired by several different methods. Firstly, inspiration was derived from the thematic analysis method but also from the activities sorting, reducing and arguing. Finally, comparison was used to analyze the alignment between the forwarding company and the road haulage contractors. Result: The result regarding the goal alignment showed that the road haulage contractors had a limited knowledge of the forwarding company's stated goals, which in this case is equated with a low alignment. However, greater alignment was identified regarding the areas of expectations and future goals. Regarding the motivation alignment it emerged that the forwarding company had a limited knowledge of what motivates the road haulage contractors, the chauffeurs and the transport planners, which means that the alignment can be considered low. The result also showed that a performance-based transaction model in three levels might improve both goal fulfillment and contribute to higher motivation. Contributions: The study has to some extent contributed to a developed understanding of how different parties in cooperating organizations perceive goals and motivation. Further contributions are the suggested transaction model consisting of three performance-based levels where different goals are linked to each level. Restrictions and future research: The horizontal alignment between cooperating organizations in the transport sector has proved to be very complex and difficult to create an overall picture about. The generalisability of the results to other cooperating organizations is considered relatively low. Continued studies are proposed in the field of horizontal alignment, primarily between cooperating organizations. An interesting approach may then be to investigate whether the horizontal correspondence between cooperating organizations can yield the same positive results regarding organizations' effectiveness and results as other types of alignment. A need has also been identified in the form of being able to name the cooperation between the forwarding company and the road haulage contractors, which is also recommended as an area for continued research.

abstract: The demand for new highway infrastructure, the need to repair aging infrastructure, and the drive to optimize public expenditures on infrastructure have led transportation agencies toward alternative contracting methods (ACMs) such as design-build (DB) and construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC). U.S. transportation agencies have substantial experience with traditional design-bid-build delivery. To promote ACMs, the Federal Highway Administration and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP) have published ACM guidance documents. However, the published material and research tend to focus on pre-award activities. The need for guidance on ACM post-award activities is confirmed in NCHRP’s request for a guidebook focusing on ACM contract administration (NCHRP 2016). This dissertation fills the crucial knowledge gap in contract administration functions and tools for DB and CM/GC highway project delivery. First, this research identifies and models contract administration functions in DBB, CM/GC, and DB using integrated definition modeling (IDEF0). Second, this research identifies and analyzes DB and CM/GC tools for contract administration by conducting 30 ACM project case studies involving over 90 ACM practitioners. Recommendations on appropriate use regarding project phase, complexity, and size were gathered from 16 ACM practitioners. Third, the alternative technical concepts tool was studied. Data from 30 DB projects was analyzed to explore the timing of DB procurement and DB initial award performance in relation to the project influence curve. Types of innovations derived from ATCs are discussed. Considerable industry input at multiple stages grounds this research in professional practice. Results indicate that the involvement of the contractor during the design phase for both DB and CM/GC delivery creates unique contract administration functions that need unique tools. Thirty-six DB and CM/GC tools for contract administration are identified with recommendations for effective implementation. While strong initial award performance is achievable in DB projects, initial award performance in this sample of projects is only loosely tied to the level of percent base design at procurement. Cost savings typically come from multiple ATCs, and innovations tend to be incremental rather than systemic, disruptive, or radical. Opportunity for innovation on DB highway projects is influenced by project characteristics and engaging the DB entity after pre-project planning. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019