John Cameron highly influenced the development of theology at the Huguenot Academy of Saumur and left an impact on French Reformed thought that continued to the end of the Seventeenth Century. Cameron had modified orthodox Calvinism by softening some of its harsher features in order to answer its opponents more effectively. Claude Pajon was convinced that certain flaws had emerged in the way other disciples of Cameron were interpreting his theology which threatened to undermine Cameron's carefully balanced system. Cameron had introduced the concept that the will always follows the understanding and that man is converted according to his nature through persuasion and reasons without any coercion. Man was understood as possessing natural ability to choose the good; however because of his own voluntary choice, he remains in the grip of a moral inability. He also taught the controversial concept of "hypothetical universalism" or that God wills the conversion of all men and provides the Word for their redemption which is an adequate remedy for man's sinful condition. In the end, however, only those granted a particular grace are actually of the elect and converted. Pajon vigorously opposed those who argued that there is a need for an immediate act of grace distinct from the action of the Word before man's mind could be illuminated. To argue that grace is universal and that the Word is an adequate remedy for sin and still to insist on an immediate grace of this nature was considered by Pajon to rob the concept of universalism of any validity, and to undermine the entire Cameronian apologetic. Pajon's solution was to propose a method of conversion known as mediate grace or congruism. The Spirit brings about conversion entirely by the secondary means of the Word and its attending circumstances and causes all these influences to converge in such a way and at such a time that the subject is inevitably but voluntarily persuaded and converted. It is essential to the very nature of man to be able to receive the Word of truth which brings deliverance to the soul without immediate grace. Furthermore, man's sin is of a moral nature; nothing physical is involved in it in any way. Therefore, the logical prescription should be a moral remedy for a moral malady. Pajon understood that his concept of grace represented Cameron's own position and was the most coherent interpretation of Cameronianism.

This paper investigates the impact of social norms on the performance and valuation of “controversial stocks”- publicly traded companies involved in the production of Adult Entertainment, Alcohol, Gambling, Nuclear Energy, Tobacco, Uranium, and Weapons. Their performance and valuation is directly compared with compare non-controversial stocks. The paper consider an international sample of 941 controversial stocks. Employing a multi-factor performance measure, seven countries provide a significant outperformance of controversial stocks across all relevant control factors. The valuation analysis, however, provide mixed results on a country level, but on the global market-to-book ratio provide a significant overvaluation of controversial stocks compared to comparable non-controversial stocks, which contradicts the prediction of an undervaluation.JEL classification:

Hur hanterar samhällskunskapslärare kontroversiella politiska frågor i undervisningen och vilka svårigheter finns det med det? Vilken roll intar läraren i klassrummet och vad har det för betydelse i fostransuppdraget enligt lärarna? Denna studie undersöker vad sex samhällskunskapslärare verksamma i Helsingborgs kommun har för förhållningssätt till kontroversiella frågor inom politik. Metoden i arbetet utgår från en kvalitativ studie där dels observationer och dels intervjuer har nyttjats med avseende att undersöka problemområdet. Flera olika komponenter har använts för att analysera resultatet av vår insamlade empiri. Slutsatsen är att lärare hanterar kontroversiella politiska frågor i undervisningssituationer på skilda sätt. Svårigheter ligger främst i att låta alla elever få uttrycka sig utan att gå utanför värdegrunden eller att kontroversiella frågor behandlas på ett sätt som någon elev upplever som kränkande. Studien visar även exempel på vilka olika roller och förhållningssätt som finns och vad de har för betydelse när en tar sig an kontroversiella frågor. Det som framgår i denna studie är att det inte finns någon konsensus i hur läraren ska vara. Avslutningsvis tyder studien på att kontroversiella politiska frågor inte bör undvikas, även om det är något som ofta anses vara komplext att ta upp i undervisningssammanhang. Detta eftersom det är en bidragande faktor till att eleverna utvecklas till förstående och goda samhällsmedborgare. / How do social science teachers handle controversial political issues in their teaching and how are those difficulties affecting their ways of teaching? What kind of role does the teacher adapt into while entering the classroom and what does teachers in general think of the fostering assignment that has been given to them? This study investigates what approach six social science teachers in the municipality of Helsingborg think of controversial policy issues in the classroom. The method of this study is based on a qualitative study where observations and interviews are the main sources to the following investigation in the problematic area. Several different components have been used to analyse the results of our collected empirical data. The conclusion is that teachers handle controversial political issues in their teaching situations in different ways. Difficulties mainly arises within situations where student are encouraged to unreservedly express themselves without violating anyone or when controversial issues are dealt in ways that students experiences as offensive. The survey contains examples of different roles and approaches and the effects after dealing with controversial issues. A conclusion of the survey is that there is no consensus on how the teacher should act. In assumption, the survey suggests, despite the fact that controversial political issues are often considered as a complex area in educational contexts, they are not to be avoided. This is because it is a contributing factor in the students developing process of becoming understanding and good citizens in our society.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetiva-se, neste trabalho, compreender as lutas de resistência e os poderes que estão em jogo no contexto de manifestações populares de dois mil e treze, no Brasil, realizando uma análise discursiva de duas notícias televisivas. Por meio deste estudo, analisamos a imagem construída acerca dos participantes e suas motivações e entendemos como a grande imprensa retratou as manifestações em contraponto com o que foi apresentado nas novas mídias alternativas, elegendo como entradas linguísticas as designações atribuídas aos eventos e aos seus participantes e as vozes relatadas nas notícias. O estudo que ora se apresenta trata de uma análise do discurso midiático, segundo a teoria da AD de linha francesa, com base, nos postulados de Maingueneau (2008b), através da semântica global proposta pelo autor. Consideramos ainda que uma entrada que privilegia o estudo dos performativos e pressupostos (Rocha, 2014) vem permitindo avanços notáveis nos encaminhamentos de uma perspectiva discursiva. Para fundamentar nossa abordagem teórica, seguiremos a perspectiva dialógica da linguagem (Bakhtin, 2003) e a noção de gêneros do discurso através dos critérios de Maingueneau (2011). Além disso, abordaremos as noções de poder e as lutas de resistência (Foucault, 1979) e a produção de subjetividade por meio dos agenciamentos e das máquinas de expressão (Guattari & Rolnik, 2005). Através de um estudo sobre as imagens no campo midiático, pretendemos desnaturalizar a visão de que o telejornal apresenta a verdade única e concreta em suas notícias, mostrando que essas notícias são apenas uma das diversas perspectivas de realidade possíveis, seguindo os postulados de Wolff (2005). O corpus de análise selecionado foi obtido a partir da página na internet do telejornal, com a retirada dos vídeos das manifestações dos dias vinte e três e vinte e quatro de julho de dois mil e treze, pelo site do Jornal Nacional, da Rede Globo de televisão. Com esses vídeos, poderemos observar que as polêmicas e os posicionamentos discursivos entre as diferentes mídias são evidenciados e perpassam esse evento. Busca-se, enfim, realizar uma análise mais apurada do discurso midiático, que, por sua vez, evidencie a relação entre as modalidades da linguagem: verbal e não verbal e o seu funcionamento. Como resultados, observamos que as notícias podem apresentar um descolamento entre as modalidades da linguagem, ou seja, entre o que é falado e o que é mostrado ao telespectador. Sendo assim, a parte verbal (designações) evidencia um possível equilíbrio entre policiais e manifestantes, diferentemente, do que pudemos identificar na parte não verbal (vozes e imagens) da notícia. Por fim, através desse deslocamento percebemos que a ideia de um aparente equilíbrio entre as partes é mas um efeito produzido pela própria linguagem do que uma evidência empírica exterior à notícia. / Objective, in this work, understand the struggles of resistance and the powers that are at stake in the context of popular demonstrations two thousand and thirteen in Brazil, performing a discursive analysis of two television news. Through this study, we analyze the image constructed about the participants and their motivations and understand how the mainstream media portrayed the demonstrations as opposed to what was presented in the new alternative media, choosing language as inputs the designations given to the events and their participants and the voices reported in the news. The study presented here is an analysis of media discourse, according to AD Theory French line, based on the postulates of Maingueneau (2008b) through the global proposed by the author semantics. Still consider that an entry that favors the study of performative and assumptions (Rocha, 2014) has enabled remarkable advances in referrals from a discursive perspective. To support our theoretical approach, we will continue the dialogue perspective of language (Bakhtin, 2003) and the notion of speech genres through Maingueneau criteria (2011). In addition, we discuss the notions of power and the struggles of resistance (Foucault, 1979) and the production of subjectivity through the assemblages of expression and machinery (Guattari & Rolnik, 2005). Through a study of the images in the media field, we aim to deconstruct the view that television news presents a unique and concrete truth in their news, showing that these news are just one of several possible perspectives of reality, following Wolff's postulates (2005 ). The selected corpus of analysis was obtained from the television news page on the Internet, with the removal of videos of demonstrations by day eleven twenty-four p.m. July two thousand and thirteen, the site of the National Journal, the Globo television. With these videos, we can see that the controversies and discursive positions between different media are disclosed and underlie this event. Seeks, in short, conduct a more detailed analysis of the media discourse which, in turn, highlight the relationship between the modalities of language: verbal and non-verbal and functioning. As a result, we observed that the news may present a detachment between the modalities of language, that is, between what is said and what is shown to the viewer. Thus, the verbal part (designations) shows a possible balance between police and protesters, differently, than we identified in the non-verbal part (voices and images) News. Finally, through this shift we realize that the idea of an apparent "equilibrium" between "parts" is but an effect produced by the language than empirical evidence outside the news.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetiva-se, neste trabalho, compreender as lutas de resistência e os poderes que estão em jogo no contexto de manifestações populares de dois mil e treze, no Brasil, realizando uma análise discursiva de duas notícias televisivas. Por meio deste estudo, analisamos a imagem construída acerca dos participantes e suas motivações e entendemos como a grande imprensa retratou as manifestações em contraponto com o que foi apresentado nas novas mídias alternativas, elegendo como entradas linguísticas as designações atribuídas aos eventos e aos seus participantes e as vozes relatadas nas notícias. O estudo que ora se apresenta trata de uma análise do discurso midiático, segundo a teoria da AD de linha francesa, com base, nos postulados de Maingueneau (2008b), através da semântica global proposta pelo autor. Consideramos ainda que uma entrada que privilegia o estudo dos performativos e pressupostos (Rocha, 2014) vem permitindo avanços notáveis nos encaminhamentos de uma perspectiva discursiva. Para fundamentar nossa abordagem teórica, seguiremos a perspectiva dialógica da linguagem (Bakhtin, 2003) e a noção de gêneros do discurso através dos critérios de Maingueneau (2011). Além disso, abordaremos as noções de poder e as lutas de resistência (Foucault, 1979) e a produção de subjetividade por meio dos agenciamentos e das máquinas de expressão (Guattari & Rolnik, 2005). Através de um estudo sobre as imagens no campo midiático, pretendemos desnaturalizar a visão de que o telejornal apresenta a verdade única e concreta em suas notícias, mostrando que essas notícias são apenas uma das diversas perspectivas de realidade possíveis, seguindo os postulados de Wolff (2005). O corpus de análise selecionado foi obtido a partir da página na internet do telejornal, com a retirada dos vídeos das manifestações dos dias vinte e três e vinte e quatro de julho de dois mil e treze, pelo site do Jornal Nacional, da Rede Globo de televisão. Com esses vídeos, poderemos observar que as polêmicas e os posicionamentos discursivos entre as diferentes mídias são evidenciados e perpassam esse evento. Busca-se, enfim, realizar uma análise mais apurada do discurso midiático, que, por sua vez, evidencie a relação entre as modalidades da linguagem: verbal e não verbal e o seu funcionamento. Como resultados, observamos que as notícias podem apresentar um descolamento entre as modalidades da linguagem, ou seja, entre o que é falado e o que é mostrado ao telespectador. Sendo assim, a parte verbal (designações) evidencia um possível equilíbrio entre policiais e manifestantes, diferentemente, do que pudemos identificar na parte não verbal (vozes e imagens) da notícia. Por fim, através desse deslocamento percebemos que a ideia de um aparente equilíbrio entre as partes é mas um efeito produzido pela própria linguagem do que uma evidência empírica exterior à notícia. / Objective, in this work, understand the struggles of resistance and the powers that are at stake in the context of popular demonstrations two thousand and thirteen in Brazil, performing a discursive analysis of two television news. Through this study, we analyze the image constructed about the participants and their motivations and understand how the mainstream media portrayed the demonstrations as opposed to what was presented in the new alternative media, choosing language as inputs the designations given to the events and their participants and the voices reported in the news. The study presented here is an analysis of media discourse, according to AD Theory French line, based on the postulates of Maingueneau (2008b) through the global proposed by the author semantics. Still consider that an entry that favors the study of performative and assumptions (Rocha, 2014) has enabled remarkable advances in referrals from a discursive perspective. To support our theoretical approach, we will continue the dialogue perspective of language (Bakhtin, 2003) and the notion of speech genres through Maingueneau criteria (2011). In addition, we discuss the notions of power and the struggles of resistance (Foucault, 1979) and the production of subjectivity through the assemblages of expression and machinery (Guattari & Rolnik, 2005). Through a study of the images in the media field, we aim to deconstruct the view that television news presents a unique and concrete truth in their news, showing that these news are just one of several possible perspectives of reality, following Wolff's postulates (2005 ). The selected corpus of analysis was obtained from the television news page on the Internet, with the removal of videos of demonstrations by day eleven twenty-four p.m. July two thousand and thirteen, the site of the National Journal, the Globo television. With these videos, we can see that the controversies and discursive positions between different media are disclosed and underlie this event. Seeks, in short, conduct a more detailed analysis of the media discourse which, in turn, highlight the relationship between the modalities of language: verbal and non-verbal and functioning. As a result, we observed that the news may present a detachment between the modalities of language, that is, between what is said and what is shown to the viewer. Thus, the verbal part (designations) shows a possible balance between police and protesters, differently, than we identified in the non-verbal part (voices and images) News. Finally, through this shift we realize that the idea of an apparent "equilibrium" between "parts" is but an effect produced by the language than empirical evidence outside the news.

Internet et en particulier les réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN) sont devenus en quelques années des lieux privilégiés de l’activisme. Pétitions, détournements, « bad buzz », blogs polémiques, etc s’affirment désormais comme des moyens d’expressions récurrents de controverses entre institutions – entreprises, organisations, etc – et contradicteurs. Cependant, si les causes de ces oppositions sont extrêmement variables, les modalités de la conflictualité ne suivraient-elle pas des processus similaires ? Cette thèse, dans sa première partie, évoque l’évolution de l’activisme au prisme des nouvelles technologies et de l’émergence des RSN. Puis, à partir de l’étude de stratégies militaires et, en particulier, des conflits dits « asymétriques », la deuxième partie est consacrée à l’identification de caractéristiques susceptibles de modéliser ces nouvelles approches conflictuelles développées sur les RSN. Enfin, la troisième partie, dans une démarche empirique et descriptive permet d’évaluer la pertinence de ce modèle à partir d’un matériel de recherche composé à la fois d’entretiens avec des professionnels et de l’analyse de données issues de trois cas de crises sur internet ayant opposé activistes et entreprises. Ce travail de recherche permet de constater que cette doctrine asymétrique fournit un cadre de décryptage original des mouvements activistes sur internet éclairant notamment plus distinctement la dynamique des enjeux majeurs de la conflictualité, à savoir la quête permanente d’une légitimité de l’action vis-à-vis des parties prenantes. / Within a few years, internet, and particularly social media, has turned to be a center place for activism. Petitions, brandjacking, bad buzz, controversial blogs, etc have become common means of opposition between institutions – mostly companies and business organizations – and their opponents. However, if the causes of controversies are extremely diverse, would it be possible to identify common process patterns followed by activists among recent controversies developed on internet? This thesis, in its first part, studies the evolution of activism behaviors and their evolution in linked with the rising of internet and social networks. Then, on a second part, from the identification of specific characteristics of the asymmetric warfare doctrine, we propose a new model to study these controversies and activist behaviors developed on internet. Lastly, the third part of this thesis is dedicated to the the assessment of the validity of this model through an empirical and descriptive approach made up from interviews with professional and analysis of three major internet crisis opposing companies and activists.Through this research, it appears that this “asymmetric communication” model proved to be, in these cases, a comprehensive framework. It particularly makes sense of the key stakes of the controversy: the permanent quest for demonstrating its legitimacy towards key stake holders.

The aim of this master thesis is to examine how Swedish public libraries approaches purchasing potentially controversial and anti-democratic books. According to the The Swedish Library Act, libraries should work towards the development of the democratic society and act for the benefit of free speech. If that is the case, how do libraries approach non-democratic works, for example works that speculate in racism or even genocide? This have been a widely discussed topic in media the last couple of years, fuelled by two decisions by the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman (Justitieombudsmannen) that ruled that two public libraries acted wrongly in their decisions to deny purchase of a couple of controversial books that had been requested to be purchased by patrons. This study is based on five qualitative interviews of managers representing five different Swedish public libraries, supplemented by a review of the libraries steering documents. To summarize this study finds that there has been a shift over the last couple of years how public libraries approach potentially controversial books. In the past, it was more common for libraries to not carry any books considered anti-democratic or xenophobic. However, today it is very common for libraries to add these kinds of books to their collection. The only aspect a library can deny a purchase on is the “quality” of the work, not the values or opinions expressed in it. Because of the lack of a national definition of what exactly “quality” entails some libraries have worked out their own definition that they use when making decisions regarding media purchases. The representatives didn’t think that a national definition was needed and that and under the current configuration the libraries have more manoeuvrability and can apply their professional competence to a higher degree.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the potential of organizations of civil society to influence public debate about immigration to Europe via Facebook. Conclusions introduced in this diploma thesis are based on my own empirical research as well as on literature focused on public relations. Research is designed as single case study of Facebook communication of Doctors without Borders. I explore the diversity of topics and argumentation present in the organization's communication, reactions of its audience and mutual interactions between organization and its audience. I explain that content, visual and formal aspects may play a key role when an organization is trying to address wide audience, whose ideas is willing to shape and influence. Research points out that the communication of Doctors without Borders about migration to Europe is one-sided, because it's mainly driven by activities and mission of the organization. This one-sidedness is partly compensated by engaged audience that enriches discussions under the Facebook posts of the organization with diverse topics and opinions. The thesis tries to capture the significance of tension between organization and its audience that raises inspirational discussions, which might not occur in case of absolute consensus. Key words communication, public...

Controversial issues are inevitable in today’s history classrooms and, therefore, history teachers must be able to handle them. Thus, this paper aims to provide knowledge about controversial issues in history teaching. To do this, a systematic review is used to answer which issues history teachers and pupils perceive as controversial, why controversial issues should be taught, which history teachers avoid or teach controversial issues, and how history teachers can go about teaching them. Firstly, the results show that immigration and history teachers and pupils’ backgrounds can make issues controversial. Secondly, the findings highlight that controversial issues should be taught since they can develop democratic values among pupils and foster critical thinking. Thirdly, history teachers teach controversial issues if they are supported, want their pupils to criticize the nation’s past, and value the benefits of such teaching. Contrary, history teachers avoid controversial issues if they aren’t supported, worry that controversial issues can threaten the national image, fear strong reactions from their pupils, and when they doubt their ability to deal with multiple perspectives. Lastly, the results demonstrate that when teaching controversial issues, history teachers should use their own and their pupils’ experiences, allow pupils to express their emotions, and thoroughly explain the connection between past and present. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of use of history, collective memory, teacher agency and, finally, the Swedish national curriculum.

The aim of the present thesis is to determine whether the Tea Party candidatesʼ attitudes towards selected controversial issues influenced their electoral success and the success of the Tea Party movement as a whole. The thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and empirical. In the theoretical part the author focuses on the historical perspective of the political and party system in the United States of America, bipartism and position of third parties in the system. It also includes a brief analysis of the Democratic and Republican parties. Next, the author examines the Tea Party phenomenon - its genesis, structure, purposes and ideals. The subsequent section deals with three controversial issues, i.e. abortion, LGBT rights, and race, which reflect an ideological cleavage among the american public. The empirical part presents a case study entitled The influence of controversial issues on the (non)success of the Tea Party candidates, which deals with attitudes of the House and Senate Tea Party candidates who won the 2010 congressional elections towards the above- mentioned controversial issues.