Bakgrund: Arbetsrelaterad stress hos sjuksköterskor bidrar till hög andel sjukskrivningar. Inom akutsjukvården så är arbetstempot ofta högre än inom andra delar av sjukvården och omsättningen av patienter är stor. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom akutsjukvården är mer utsatta för stress. För att hantera stress så kan copingstrategier användas. Syfte: Syftet är att ta reda på vilka stressfaktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans hälsa inom akutsjukvården, samt vilka copingstrategier som kan användas för att hantera dessa. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med tolv kvalitativa samt kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som berör sjuksköterskan inom akutsjukvården, arbetsrelaterade stressfaktorer samt copingstrategier. Resultat: Det finns ett antal arbetsrelaterade stressfaktorer som bidrar till ohälsa och lidande för sjuksköterskan inom akutsjukvården. Copingstrategier som stöttning av kollegor, avlastande samtal, genomgång av verksamheten och mindfulness, bidrar till att den arbetsrelaterade stressen blir hanterbar och att hälsa uppnås Slutsats: Stressfaktorer som brist på sjuksköterskor, dödsfall eller sexuella övergrepp på barn, våld och hot från patienter och anhöriga, samt brister i arbetsmiljön bidrar till arbetsrelaterad stress. Copingstrategier kan hjälpa att motverka den stress som uppstår. Men för att copingstrategier ska fungera så är det viktigt att använda sig av de strategier som finns och att tid samt möjlighet finns på arbetsplatsen att utföra dessa. / ABSTRACT: Background: Work related stress among nurses contributes to a high percentage of sick leave. The work pace is often higher in the emergency care than in other work areas and the amount of people passing thru is high. Nurses working in emergency care are more exposed to stress. Coping strategies can be used to handle stress. Purpose: The purpose is to find out which stressors that has an impact on nurses health in the emergency care and which coping strategies that can be helpful to handle the stress. Method: Literature review of twelve qualitative and quantitative scientific articles regarding the nurse in emergency care, workrelated stressors and coping strategies. Results: Work-related stressors contributes to illness and suffering for the nurse in emergency care. Coping strategies like support from colleagues, debriefing, review of the workplace, and mindfulness contributes to that work-related stress is manageable and that health is achieved. Conclusion: Stressors such as lack of nurses, death or sexual abuse of children, violence and threats from patients and families, as well as deficiencies in the work environment contributes to work-related stress. Coping strategies may help to prevent work-related stress. But for coping strategies to work it is important to use the existing strategies and that time and opportunity are available at work to perform these.

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The research investigated consumers' decision-making process during pre-adoption and consumption stages of consumer-based technologies via the context of mobile apps. In an attempt to integrate consumer resistance in predicting the end-decisions to adopt/not adopt or continue/discontinue the use of a technology, the study presented some interesting findings. Employing the theoretical framework of cognitive appraisal theory, the study integrated the TAM, paradoxes of technology, and coping strategies to propose and empirically validate a process-based model of decision-making.Data were collected via a self-administered web-based survey. Two versions of the questionnaire were used to elicit consumers' responses from adopters and non-adopters of mobile apps. A total of 646 smartphone owners responded to the survey, of which, 375 respondents had downloaded apps in the past and 271 respondents had not downloaded any apps. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.Results demonstrated that most part of the TAM3 framework is replicable in a consumer-based setting. Additional findings provided evidence for the strong role of goal relevance in the TAM framework. The study also supported the effect of perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use on different technology paradoxes. The factor structure of the technology paradoxes suggested three distinct dimensions. Consumers' evaluation of control, freedom, newness, assimilation, and fulfillment of need as derived from the use of mobile apps was captured by Perceived Benefits. The construct, Perceived Apprehension, comprised of consumers' assessment of the chaos, enslavement, obsolesce, isolation, and creation of needs as a result of using mobile apps. Finally, the factor, Perceived Obscurity, investigated the confusion and/or ambiguity within individuals by measuring their perceived inefficiency and incompetence in using mobile apps.Most importantly, separate investigations of the pre-adoption and consumption stages highlighted consumers' use of varying degrees of resistance as influenced by their appraisal of the technology. The non-adopters resisted the use of mobile apps by either being indifferent towards it or postponing the decision to adopt. The adopters of mobile apps were also found to reject its use by distancing, abandoning, or neglecting the apps. The role of positive coping investigated the positive behavioral tendencies employed by consumers to overcome the challenges of using mobile apps. Managerial implications are discussed.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ-2 är en kronisk sjukdom som drabbar mer än 250 miljoner människori världen. Sjukdomen ställer mycket höga krav på egenvård och livsstilförändringar hos deindivider som drabbas. Patienter behöver skaffa nya copingstrategier för att kunna hanteraförändrade livsvillkor och för att kunna leva ett så normalt liv så möjligt trots en kronisksjukdom. Syfte: att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ-2. Metod: Enlitteraturstudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av femton vetenskapliga artiklar som varfokuserade på patienters upplevelser. Resultat: Formulerades i fyra huvudkategorier: Accepteraoch förstå sjukdomen, Psykologisk påverkan, Ett nytt vardagsliv och Stöd. Resultatet visade påvikten av acceptans av sjukdomen. Många patienter upplevde negativa känslor relaterade tillsjukdomen som påverkade deras vardagsliv och genomföring av behandlingen. Sjukdomenmedförde livsstilsförändringar angående kost och fysisk aktivitet och sågs både som enutmaning och en chans till förbättrad hälsa. Detta innebar att patienten måste anpassa sig till dennya situationen och hantera vardagslivet på ett nytt sätt. Det framkom också att stöd frånsjukvården, familj, vänner och andra medpatienter upplevdes ha stor betydelse. Slutsats:Patienter har olika upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ-2 och det behövs en merindividanpassad diabetesvård. Stödet patienten får från sjukvården har stor betydelse vidhantering av sjukdomen och patienten behöver skapa nya copingstrategier för att kunna hanterasjukdomen och de förändrade livsvillkoren. Klinisk betydelse: Resultatet kan bidra till att ökaförståelsen för patientens upplevelse av att leva med diabetes typ-2 och därmed bidra till attförbättra sjukdvårdpersonalens bemötande av patienten och ge mer individanpassaddiabetesvård. / Background: Diabetes type 2 is a chronic disease that affects more than 250 million peopleworldwide. The disease imposes a high degree of demand on self-management and lifestylechange for those individuals who are affected by it. Patients need to employ new copingstrategies to manage the change in living conditions and to live a life as normal as possible, inspite of having a chronic disease. Aim: To describe patients' experiences of living with diabetestype 2. Method: A literature study with qualitative content analysis of fifteen scientific articlesthat focused on the patients' experiences. Result: Formulated into four main categories: Acceptand understand the disease, psychological impact, a new daily life and support. The result ofthe study revealed the importance of accepting the disease. Many patients experienced negativepsychological emotions associated with the disease, which affect their daily lives andimplementation of the treatment. The disease caused lifestyle changes in relation to diet andphysical activity, and these changes were perceived as both a challenge and an opportunity toimprove health. This indicated that the patients must adapt to the new situation and managetheir everyday lives in a new way. It also revealed that support from health care professionals,family, friends and other fellow patients was perceived as important. Conclusion: Patients havedifferent experiences of living the diabetes type 2 and they require a more personalized diabetescare. The support the patient receives from health care professionals has great importance inmanaging the disease, and the patient needs to employ new coping strategies to manage thedisease and the change in living conditions. Clinical significance: The result may help to gaininsight into patients' experiences of living with diabetes type 2, and thus improve health careprofessionals' approach towards the patients and provide more personalized diabetes care.

The environment in which hospital pharmacists currently function demands more of them than did any previous period. Employees in pharmacy companies have to cope with the demands that arise from fulfilling various roles, as well as with increased pressures such as managed health care and primary health care. Tracking and addressing their effectiveness in coping with new demands and stimulating their growth in areas that could possibly impact on the standard of pharmacy services are therefore of great importance. The first step in the enhancement of the work-related well-being of hospital pharmacists is the successful diagnosis of occupational stress, burnout and work engagement. However, in order to measure these constructs, it is important to use reliable and valid instruments, and at the same time take biographical differences into account. The objectives of this study were to validate the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Pharmacist Stress Inventory (PSI) for hospital pharmacists in South Africa, to assess the effect of biographical factors on the levels of burnout, engagement and occupational stress, and to investigate the role of job stress and coping strategies in the work-related well-being (burnout and work engagement) of hospital pharmacists in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of an accidental sample (N = 187) of South African hospital pharmacists in both public and private hospital facilities on a national basis. The MBI-HSS, UWES, PSI, the Coping Orientation for Problem Experienced (COPE) as well as a biographical questionnaire were administered. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data Confirmatory factor analysis by means of structural equation modelling of the MBI-HSS, confirmed a three-factor model of burnout, consisting of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalisation and Personal Accomplishment. The scales showed acceptable reliabilities. The results indicated that 35% of the hospital pharmacists showed high levels of emotional exhaustion, while 25% showed high levels of depersonalisation. Biographical factors such as age, years in pharmacy practice, home language, average number of hours worked per week, as well as the level of job satisfaction were related to the burnout levels of hospital pharmacists. Exploratory factor analysis of the UWES resulted in two factors, namely Vigour/dedication and Absorption. These factors showed acceptable Cronbach alpha coefficients. In the same sample (but in a different analysis where the two factors were used separately), it was indicated that compared to a South African norm, 38,5% and 48,9% of the hospital pharmacists showed low levels of vigour and dedication respectively. Position, home language, and the educational level were related to work engagement of hospital pharmacists. The PSI was developed as a measuring instrument for the purposes of this study. Three internally consistent factors, namely Job Demands, Pharmacy-Specific Stressors and Lack of Resources were extracted. The level of severity of the various stressors was calculated and the unavailability of medicine proved to be the most severe stressor. Other severe stressors included frequent interruptions, co-workers not doing their jobs, workload and insufficient salaries. Finally it was investigated whether job stress and coping strategies could predict the work related well-being of hospital pharmacists in South Africa. The results showed that job stress (as a result of job demands and lack of job resources), as well as three coping strategies (approach coping, avoidance coping and turning to religion) predicted burnout and work engagement of South African hospital pharmacists. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

It is widely accepted that the LGB (Lesbian, gay and bisexual) population have a higher risk of psychological distress compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Meyer (2003) proposed the minority stress model to explain this increased prevalence. This model proposed that the LGB population are subjected to additional stressors due to their minority status which results in the increased psychological distress observed. The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the risk factors proposed by this model, specifically experiences of sexual prejudice, negative internalised beliefs about homosexuality/bisexuality, coping strategies and how these factors interact to influence the development of psychological distress. This study included 542 LGB individuals who completed measures of sexual prejudice, internalised homophobia, coping strategies and current levels of psychological distress using an online survey. The study found a high prevalence of sexual prejudice within the sample, with 84% of the sample reporting at least one experience of sexual prejudice. 67% reported being verbally abused and 17% reported being physically assaulted. A high number of participants scored above the cut-off for a diagnosis of depression (27%) and anxiety (19%). Regression and path analysis revealed that maladaptive coping had the strongest effect on psychological distress. Sexual prejudice and internalised homophobia, also both had a significant direct impact upon psychological distress, and they were also partially mediated by maladaptive coping. Problem-focused coping was found to be a protective factor with a direct, albeit weak, effect on psychological distress. Problem-focused coping also partially mediated the relationship between sexual prejudice and psychological distress, slightly reducing the negative impact of sexual prejudice. The results suggest that maladaptive coping was the greatest risk factor, out of the ones measured, in the development of psychological distress in the LGB population. The outcomes suggest that clinical psychologists may wish to target their interventions at the development of more adaptive coping strategies, and the reduction of internalised homophobia. They should consider ways to reduce experiences of sexual prejudice by working at a community level to reduce the stigma of homosexuality/bisexuality.

The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding and awareness of what the pathways into and out of debt problems can look like, why people get into bad debt situations, how problems are handled and how they are perceived. The empirical data is based on semi-structured narrative interviews with 32 people who can relate to a debt settlement in three ways, either by just having applied for a debt settlement, finding themselves in the midst of a debt settlement or being debt-free since a few years back. The material is analyzed in terms relating to the processes, strategies and impact factors surrounding debt problems and debt settlements. Debt problems can either happen slowly and gradually or arise suddenly and unexpectedly. The causes may be an interaction between individual and structural factors. Both coping strategies and influencing factors can change over time and depend on where in the debt process one is. The results show that the coping strategies vary from active to passive, from open to closed, where the determining factors are mainly how one was treated/ received, one's health, age, sense of shame and guilt, social relationships, as well as the causes of debt.  The results show how there is interplay between individual and structural factors in terms of causes, but also in the strategies and approaches expressed. The coping strategies are influenced and changed with the time scale over the debt process. Women have a risk to a greater extent than men to suffer from debt problems without having spent any money, but instead by acting as co-signer or guarantor. The conclusion is that debt problems do not just affect a certain group of individuals, but that anyone can in principle be affected by excessive debt. What becomes clear is that there is not only one but several ways into and out of debt problems in which both individual and structural factors are important. Although there is a way out of excessive debt problems through debt relief law, results show that the solution extends over time and has far-reaching consequences for both individuals and society.

Bakgrund: Nästan dagligen drabbas ett barn i Sverige av cancer. Barncancer kan vara en långvarig process som involverar hela familjen. Föräldrarna är barnets trygghet och är vanligtvis delaktiga i barnets vård. Cancerdiagnosen orsakar påfrestande känslor hos föräldrarna, då kan föräldrarna på olika sätt hantera och anpassa sig till den förändrade livssituationen.     Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur föräldrar till ett cancersjukt barn hanterar/hanterade livssituationen under sjukdomstiden. Samt att beskriva undersökningsgruppen i de inkluderade artiklarna.   Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie som grundar sig på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats som erhölls genom sökningar i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed.       Huvudresultat: Genomgående i resultatet sågs copingstrategier vara effektiva. I resultatet framkom copingstrategier som (1) stöd vilket föräldrarna inhämtade från religion, andra i liknande livssituation och omgivningen. (2) Upplevelse av kontroll, som föräldrarna åstadkom genom information, rutiner och planering. (3) Förändrat tankesätt och känslor, genom att bibehålla hoppet, tänka positivt, vara optimistisk, ha ett undvikande beteende och utföra distraherande aktiviteter. Majoriteten av deltagarna i inkluderade artiklar var kvinnor. Åldern varierade mellan 20-60 år. Två av artiklarna var genomförda i Sverige och resterande i andra länder.   Slutsats: Copingstrategier sågs vara ett effektivt sätt för föräldrarna att klara av den svåra tid som de infann sig i. Tre övergripande copingstrategier uppmärksammades vara behjälpliga för föräldrarna, stöd, förändrat tankesätt och känslor samt upplevelse av kontroll. Genom att hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal får förståelse för hanteringen hos föräldrarna och bidrar eller stärker copingstrategier kan de arbeta mot att främja hälsa och välbefinnande bland föräldrarna. / Background: Almost on a daily basis a child gets affected by cancer in Sweden. Childhood cancer can be a long process involving the whole family. The parents are the child’s safety and are usually involved in the care of the child. The cancer diagnosis causes demanding emotions among the parents, and that is when they can institute different ways to manage and adapt to change of living. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe how parents to children diagnosed with cancer handle the life situation during the period of illness. Also to describe the included articles study sample. Method: A descriptive literature study based on twelve scientific articles with a qualitative approach, obtained through searches of the databases Cinahl and Pubmed. Main results: Throughout the result, coping strategies were seen to be effective. The result showed coping strategies as (1) support which parents obtain from religion, others in similar situation and people in the surrounding. (2) Experience of control, which parents achieved through information, routine and planning. (3) Changing the emotions and way of thinking, by maintaining hope, positive thinking, being optimistic, having an avoidance behavior and performing distracting activities. A majority of the participants in the included articles were women. Ranged in age from 20 to 60 years. Two of the articles were from Sweden and the remaining from other countries. Conclusion: Coping strategies were seen to be effective ways for the parents to cope with the difficult time they appeared in. Three general observed coping strategies were accommodating for the parents; support, changed emotions and way of thinking and experiences of control. By gaining an understanding of the management method of the parents and contribute and strengthen coping strategies, the health professionals can work to promote health and well-being among the parents.

This study investigated the relationship between preferred coping strategies, and major stressors for nondepressed, and depressed chronic pain patients. The subjects for this study were 67 chronic pain patients who are participating in a pain/spinal rehabilitation program. The information collected from the individuals or their records included: (1) basic demographic information, (2) level of activity, (3) level of perceived pain, (4) medication usage, (5) therapist rating of level of stabilization, (6) scores on three inventories including the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Ways of Coping Checklist, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Analyses included an examination of the relationship between level of depression and (1) type of stressors, (2) coping strategies, and (3) level of perceived pain. Further analyses included multiple regression with outcome as defined by therapist ratings at the end of treatment, and patients' ratings at follow up as the criterion variables.

Low back pain has long been estimated to be the most prevalent and debilitating source of chronic pain. The present study first reviews the literature addressing the various theories of pain, the physiological and psychological variables important in pain research, and the psychotherapeutic approaches that have been used to date to reduce pain. Thirty-seven hospitalized chronic back pain patients were administered the cold-pressor test and a medical pain stimulus procedure which was medically relevant to their back pathology. A card-sort method was utilized in order to assess the coping strategies employed by the patients during these two pain stimulus tasks. These procedures were repeated following treatment. Coping strategies used by patients during the two pain tasks were compared. Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the manner in which patients coped with the two types of pain. Cold-pressor measures of pain threshold and tolerance were not significantly different between pretreatment and post-treatment. These measures were also not positively correlated with treatment outcome. A multiple regression approach demonstrated that particular coping strategies were significantly predictive of treatment outcome. The medical pain stimulus procedure was found to provide more significant pedictor variables than the cold-pressor test. At pre-treatment assessment, patients who relied on dramatized coping strategies were less likely to be successful in treatment. Breathing activity and pain acknowledgement were positive coping techniques highly predictive of successful outcome in this study. The use of computers for assessment and other recommendations for future research were discussed.