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The employment of persons with criminal records has become an increasingly important issue in the Western world. Literature on Canadian hiring practices in relation to persons with criminal records, however, is severely lacking. This thesis aims to make a significant contribution to the field of criminology by investigating how employers evaluate the employability of persons with criminal records, as well as their attitudes and perceptions towards this population. Through eight open-ended and low-structured interviews with owners and/or hiring managers in the city of Ottawa and using the theoretical framework of H. Blumer’s (1969) symbolic interactionism (SI), E. Goffman’s (1963) stigma, and J. Braithwaite’s (1989) reintegrative shaming for analysis, this thesis attempts to gain insight into the barriers and challenges of professional integration for persons with criminal records. This study ultimately revealed that: (1) criminal record verifications were seldom used among employers to check for past convictions; (2) employers were willing to hire persons with criminal records (under specific conditions); and that (3) employability was based primarily on whether the candidate in question had the skillset required for the position, making the criminal record a secondary consideration. Contrary to popular belief, the results also suggest that while employers may be socially aware of this stigma, not all engage in stigmatizing and/or shaming behaviour towards persons with criminal records during the hiring process. Further, it is often the case that when making decisions, employers must decide between catering to the needs of their business or hiring a prospective candidate despite their criminal record. This study opens new avenues of inquiry concerning persons with criminal records and professional reintegration while proposing future directions for research. RÉSUME La réinsertion professionnelle des personnes judiciarisées est un sujet qui a acquis une grande importance dans le monde occidental. Toutefois, la littérature détaillant les pratiques d’embauche des employeurs Canadiens est limitée. Cette thèse vise donc à contribuer au champ de connaissance sur le sujet. Elle a pour objectif d’analyser comment les employeurs évaluent l’employabilité des personnes avec un casier judiciaire, leurs attitudes ainsi que leurs perceptions de cette population. Sur la base de huit entretiens ouverts et non-structurés avec des propriétaires et/ou responsables du recrutement dans la ville d’Ottawa et en utilisant le cadre théorique de l’interactionnisme symbolique d’H. Blumer (1968), la théorie du stigmate d’E. Goffman (1963) ainsi que celle du reintegrative shaming de J. Braithwaite (1989), cette thèse aspire à une meilleure compréhension des obstacles dans la réinsertion professionnelle des personnes avec un casier judiciaire. Cette étude révèle que (1) la fréquence des vérifications des casiers judiciaire est rare, (2) que les employeurs désirent embaucher les personnes judiciarisées (mais sous certaines conditions) et (3) que l’employabilité est basée principalement sur les compétences requises pour le poste. Le casier judiciaire devient donc une considération secondaire. Ces résultats suggèrent que même si les employeurs sont conscients du stigmate, un comportement stigmatisant or humiliant envers les personnes avec un casier judiciaire n’est pas la norme lors du processus d’embauche. Lors de la décision finale, le dilemme des employeurs porte davantage sur les besoins de leur entreprise versus ceux du candidat que sur le casier judiciaire de ce dernier.

In a society, the idea is that a person who performs criminal acts should receive a second chance of reintegrating into society after a penalty. Legally, the criminal becomes a regular citizen again after a penalty, but is the punishment really served? Nowadays background checks of the jobseekers have become increasingly common and are an aspect that is crucial in employment. Statistics from the police department show that the government left out 740,000 registry extracts during the first 11 months of 2017, which is 10,000 more than the corresponding period in 2016. In ten years, requests have tripled. The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of how ex-criminals experience their reintegration into society through the labor market. The data has been collected through qualitative semistructured interviews with seven ex-criminals and has been interpreted on the basis of hermeneutical methodology. The analysis of the material has been done in support of the theories stämplingsteorin by Becker, hänsynsemotionssystem och sociala band of Scheff, as well as stigma of Goffman. The result of the analysis showed that when the ex-criminals take the big step to leave the crime, they are not given a chance to prove that they have changed. The visualization of their criminal background makes constraints and feelings of shame, both in working life and in the ability to build safe and strong social ties. / I ett samhälle är tanken att en människa som utfört brottsliga handlingar ska efter avtjänat straff få en andra chans att återintegreras till samhället. Juridiskt sett blir brottslingen en vanlig medborgare igen efter avtjänat straff, men är straffet verkligen avtjänat? Numera har bakgrundskontroller av den arbetssökande blivit allt mer vanligt och är en aspekt som är avgörande vid anställning. Statistik från polisens rättsavdelning visar att myndigheten lämnade ut 740 000 registerutdrag under de 11 första månaderna 2017, vilket är 10 000 fler än motsvarande period 2016. På tio år har förfrågningarna tredubblats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en djupare förståelse för hur f.d. kriminella upplever deras återintegrering till samhället genom arbetsmarknaden. Empiri samlades in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju f.d. kriminella och har tolkats utifrån den hermeneutiska metodologin. Analysen av materialet har gjorts med stöd i teorierna stämplingsteorin av Becker, hänsynsemotionssystem och sociala band av Scheff samt stigma av Goffman. Resultatet av analysen visade på att när de f.d. kriminella tar det stora steget att lämna kriminaliteten ges dem inte en chans att bevisa att dem förändrats. Synliggörandet av deras brottsliga bakgrund gör att begränsningar och skamkänslor skapas, både i arbetslivet och i möjligheten att bygga upp trygga och starka sociala band.

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att i en svensk kontext undersöka olika arbetsgivares inställning till att anställa före detta kriminella individer. Ex-kriminella avviker från de gemensamma normerna i samhället, och fördomarna mot dem tenderar att försvåra återintegrationen då deras brottsregister exempelvis minskar deras chanser på arbetsmarknaden. Studiens frågeställningar berör hur arbetsgivare ser på att anställa före detta kriminella individer, och vilka faktorer som ligger bakom deras inställning till ex-kriminella under rekryteringsprocessen. Detta undersöks med hjälp av en hermeneutisk metodansats. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta olika arbetsgivare. Det teoretiska ramverket denna studie har förhållit sig till är normer, stämplingsteorin och stigmatisering. Resultatet påvisar att majoriteten av arbetsgivarna är mindre öppna till att anställa en individ med en kriminell bakgrund. Studien visar vidare att arbetsgivarnas ställningstaganden påverkas av faktorer som berör brottets karaktär, hur länge sedan det var brottet utfördes och om den ex-kriminella är ärlig om sitt förflutna. Några av de slutsatser som framkommer i denna studie är att arbetsgivare påverkas av samhällets normer av ex-kriminella och deras stigmatisering. Dessutom går det att utläsa, med stöd från stämplingsteorin, att vad som anses vara avvikande eller ej beror på vilken arbetsgivare du frågar. / This qualitative study aims to investigate different Swedish employer's attitudes toward employing ex-criminals. Ex-criminals deviate from the norms of society and the stereotypes against them tend to make reintegration difficult as their criminal records, for example, reduce their chances in the labor market. In this study, we want to examine employers' views towards hiring ex-offenders, and what affects their attitudes towards an ex-offender during the recruitment process. Using a hermeneutic method, we collected the empirical material through semi-structured interviews with eight different employers. The empirical material in this study has been analyzed through the perspective of norms, labeling theory and stigmatization. The result shows that the majority of employers are less open to ex-criminals, and there is a minority who are more open to it. The factors behind employers' attitudes are, for example, the nature of the crime, how long it has been since it was committed and whether the ex-criminal is honest with their past. Conclusions made from this study have shown that employers' attitudes are affected by society's norms and the stigmatization of ex-offenders. Additionally, it can educate that what is considered deviant or not depends on which employer you ask.

Spezialprävention – im Sinne der Verminderung von Rückfällen durch Resozialisierung, Abschreckung und Sicherung – gilt als eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben des Strafrechts. Dem entgegengesetzt schreibt der Etikettierungsansatz der Bestrafung einen negativen Effekt auf die Legalbewährung zu. Was die deutsche Strafrechtspraxis in dieser Hinsicht bewirkt, ist allerdings weithin unbekannt. Kriminologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der Wirkungs- und Behandlungsforschung zeigen keine eindeutigen empirischen Befunde. Zudem sind sie meist zeitlich und räumlich eng begrenzt. In der hier vorgestellten Arbeit soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob sich der spezialpräventive Erfolg des Strafrechts mit Hilfe von Bundeszentralregisterdaten empirisch prüfen lässt. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf Daten und Auswertungen, die im Rahmen der Legalbewährungsuntersuchungen 1994-1998 und 2004-2007 erstellt wurden. Diese dort präsentierten deskriptiven Auswertungen werden kritisch analysiert; die Datenanalyse wird durch den Einsatz quasi-experimenteller und multifaktorieller Methoden dort verfeinert, wo es notwendig und sinnvoll erscheint. Mit Hilfe dieser Methoden soll der Frage der – positiven oder negativen – Wirkung der Strafen nachgegangen werden, indem Effekte von personen- und tatbezogenen Prädiktoren kontrolliert werden, um den Effekt der Strafe auf die Wiederverurteilung zu isolieren. Darüber hinaus wird eine deskriptive Analyse der Legalbewährungsdauer, nach unterschiedlichen Sanktionsformen vorgestellt und mit Hilfe von Ereignisanalysen differenziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch unter Berücksichtigung anderer Prädiktoren eine schwächere, aber eigenständige Sanktionswirkung zu beobachten ist. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle zeigen sich geringere (monatliche) Rückfallraten nach weniger eingriffsintensive ambulante Sanktionen als nach schwereren Sanktionen. Hier von negativen Sanktionswirkungen zu sprechen ist dennoch voreilig. Weitere differenzierte Analysen für homogenere Tätergruppen und regionale Vergleiche erscheinen notwendig. Möglichkeiten und Chancen für weiterführende Auswertungen werden sich auch durch die Fortführung der Rückfalluntersuchungen ergeben.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adler Chiquezi.pdf: 1658627 bytes, checksum: cc9f5c3a6dc2006b04784e4539b9c09d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / This work analyses criminal recidivism and its role in aggravating penalty, in order to study the way Brazilian Legislation deals with it according to the evolution of the Penal Law. With this purpose the recidivism has been collated rationally from a general to private matter. It looks into the recidivism, its classification and related subjects, and evaluate its evolution in the Brazilian Penal Law it also analyses theories that justifies its application, furthermore it lists its penal and procedural effects coming from the recognition of recidivism. The main goal of this paper is to question the recidivism in the current Brazilian Law (Mainly through the Brazilian Federal Constitution/ 1988) due to the failure of the prison penalty to reintegrate the criminal in the society. After verifying how other countries use the recidivism, we suggest changes for it in Brazil according to compared law and the evolution in penal law, making sure the penal law will truly be applied .The crisis of the prison system is highlighted, giving emphasis to the overpopulation of our prisons, no existence of reintegration programs and lack of support to the ex convicts, all these factors leads to high rates of recidivism / Este trabalho analisa a reincidência criminal e seu emprego como circunstância agravante da pena, visando apurar se a atual legislação pátria a trata de forma adequada conforme a evolução do Direito Penal. Para a realização desta dissertação, a reincidência é cotejada por meio de um procedimento racional que transita do geral para o particular. Verifica a origem da recidiva, suas classificações e os institutos afins; examina a evolução da reincidência no direito penal brasileiro e as teorias que justificam sua aplicação, bem como arrola os demais efeitos penais e processuais decorrentes do reconhecimento da reincidência. O objetivo central deste trabalho é questionar a atual disciplina da reincidência na legislação brasileira, principalmente com base na Constituição Federal de 1988 e em razão do fracasso ressocializador da pena privativa de liberdade. Após verificar a utilização da reincidência em outros países, são sugeridas alterações desse instituto, no Brasil, consoante o direito comparado e a evolução do direito penal de garantias, para que seja aplicado o direito penal do fato. É destacada, ainda, a crise do sistema carcerário, com ênfase à superpopulação prisional, à ausência da função ressocializadora da pena de prisão e ao diminuto apoio aos egressos, fatores que contribuem para os elevados índices de reincidência criminal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1111.pdf: 1887201 bytes, checksum: 9b1cc282b2fbcb1bc6051a0e3f80d4e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-30 / This study it approached cases of conflicts characterized for physical, moral, economic and racial the violence, for work questions, that involve deriving Italian immigrants of diverse regions of Italy and other ethnic groups on coffee plantations of the judicial district of Araraquara in the period of 1890-1914, using as source criminal records. The present work searched to understand the values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts, investigating the solidarity possibilities between the ethnic groups in the individual actions, mainly between the Italians. In this perspective, the work evidenced that the regional differences between the Italians limited the solidarity of the group, over all of the northern ones and of central Italy in relation to the meridionals. The analysis of the criminal records also evidenced that the main values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts were to receive a wage just and to have movement freedom. These values had been verified for all the ethnic groups in question. / Este estudo abordou casos de conflitos caracterizados pela violência física, moral, econômica e racial, por questões de trabalho, que envolvem imigrantes italianos oriundos de diversas regiões da Itália e outras etnias nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara no período de 1890-1914, usando como fonte processos criminais. O presente trabalho buscou compreender os valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos, investigando as chances de solidariedade entre as etnias nas ações individuais, principalmente entre os italianos. Nesta perspectiva, o trabalho evidenciou que as diferenças regionais entre os italianos limitavam a solidariedade do grupo, sobretudo dos setentrionais e da Itália central em relação aos meridionais. A análise dos processos também evidenciou que os principais valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos eram os de receber um salário justo e de ter liberdade de movimento. Esses valores foram verificados para todas as etnias em questão.