Denna uppsats avser besvara huruvida rubriksättningen i media är bra eller dålig på att förmedla artiklarnas innehåll, vilket kan vara ett problem ur demokratisynpunkt, samt om nyheternas inträde på internet kan vara orsaken. Forskning av Daniel Dor visar på att en läsare generellt skannar rubriker snarare än att läsa tillhörande artikel, samtidigt som relevansteorin pekar på att det en risk att således också bilda sig kunskap utifrån dessa rubriker. Utifrån denna bakgrund analyseras resultaten med utgångspunkt i Robert A. Dahls demokratikriterium upplyst förståelse. Undersökningen använder sig av metoden innehållsanalys och fokuserar på rubriksättningen i Sveriges största dags- respektive kvällstidning, DN och Aftonbladet. De år som undersöks är 1995 och år 2015, vilket är innan de tryckta tidningarna också etablerade sig på internet respektive det år undersökningen genomförs. Kompletterande frågor ställs också till en anställd på DN som förklarar att rubriksättningsprocessen förändrats från 1995 till 2015. Resultatet av innehållsanalysen är att både DN och Aftonbladet har en betydande del, utifrån tillhörande artikel, informationsmässigt begränsade rubriker både år 1995 och 2015. Vidare argumenteras dessa resultat vara ett demokratiskt problem utifrån demokratikriteriet upplyst förståelse, eftersom de då riskerar att bilda sig utifrån artiklarna felaktiga åsikter.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad som skett i överföringen av Roald Dahls bok Kalle och chokladfabriken (1984) till filmatiseringen med samma namn regisserad av Tim Burton (2005). Det som mer specifikt fokuseras på i analysen är vad som skett med karaktärerna, om genren har påverkats och vad som har lagts till och tagits bort. Vidare diskuterar denna studie, med utgångspunkt i läroplan för grundskola, förskoleklass och fritidshem (2011), de värden och normer som framkommer i verken. För att se hur dessa skulle kunna ligga till grund för värdegrundskopplad undervisning i mellanstadiet. Detta har undersökts genom en komparativ analys av de båda verken. Det vi har kommit fram till är att en av karaktärerna i överföringen till film har fått en mer fördjupad funktion. Detta är något som påverkar filmens genre och därigenom också hela filmens budskap. Filmen har en tydlig psykologisk vinkel som inte finns med i boken. De andra karaktärerna är förhållandevis lika i adaptionen. De normbrytande och säregna karaktärsdragen gör detta till ett bra underlag för diskussion med elever i mellanstadiet.

Submitted by Alessandra Portugal (alessandradf@ioc.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-01T21:57:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Costa da Cruz Pontes.pdf: 1095030 bytes, checksum: d7cce2afc2521795c55879b83c1206a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-01T21:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Costa da Cruz Pontes.pdf: 1095030 bytes, checksum: d7cce2afc2521795c55879b83c1206a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Atualmente, a hipertensão arterial constitui uma doença cardiovascular de altíssima prevalência. A hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simpático é considerada como uma importante característica fisiopatológica da hipertensão arterial. Portanto, sua modulação farmacológica pode ser considerada como um alvo terapêutico estratégico. No entanto, a avaliação da atividade simpática sistêmica em pacientes é ainda bastante controversa. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a existência de uma possível relação entre a expressão da enzima tirosina hidroxilase(TH) em leucócitos periféricos e a concentração plasmática de catecolaminas. Os experimentos foram realizados em ratos Wistar Kyoto (WKY-VEI) e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Os animais foram tratados por gavagem com losartan (SHR-LOS, 10 mg/kg/dia), clonidina (SHR-CLO, 0,1 mg/kg/dia) ou veículo (SHR-VEI) durante 28 dias. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a leucometria foram avaliadas antes e após o tratamento. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e foi feita a coleta de sangue, bulbo raquidiano e glândulas supra-renais para análises posteriores. A expressão da TH foi avaliada através da técnica de western blotting. A PAS estava elevada nos ratos SHR-VEI antes e após o tratamento com veículo, em comparação com o grupo WKY-VEI. Já nos grupos SHR-LOS e SHR-CLO, o tratamento farmacológico foi capaz de reduzir a PAS para níveis semelhantes àqueles encontrados em animais normotensos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na leucometria entre os diferentes grupos experimentais. As concentrações de adrenalina plasmática estavam aumentadas no grupo SHR-VEI, mas não foram reduzidas de maneira significativa por nenhum dos tratamentos farmacológicos. Já a noradrenalina, também elevada no grupo SHRVEI, foi marcadamente reduzida pelos tratamentos utilizados. A expressão da TH se encontrava elevada nos animais do grupo SHR-VEI em todos os tecidos estudados, tendo sido também reduzida significativamente após o tratamento SHR-CLO em todos os tecidos. No grupo SHR-LOS não houve redução significativa da expressão de TH em nenhum tecido. Nossos achados sugerem que os leucócitos periféricos são diretamente influenciados pela hiperatividade simpática sistêmica presente neste modelo experimental. Tais resultados podem abrir novos caminhos para o desenvolvimento de um novo método de análise da hiperatividade simpática em pacientes, o que seria de grande valia não só para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial como também para outras condições patológicas que apresentam esta hiperatividade como característica. / Currently, hypertension is a cardiovascular disease with high prevalence. The hyperactivity of the sympathetic system is shown to be present and important for the development of this disease and its modulation become a therapeutic target, although there are no clinic accurate measures of sympathetic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme from peripheral leukocytes and plasma catecholamine’s concentration. We conduct experiments in Wistar Kyoto (WKY-VEI) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The animals were treated by gavage with losartan (SHR-LOS), clonidine (CLO-SHR) or vehicle (SHR-VEI) for 28 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and white blood cell count was conducted before and after the treatment. At the end of treatment period, animals´ blood was collected and plasma was separated for the measurement of catecholamines, and peripheral leukocytes were separated to analyze the expression of the key enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines (tyrosine hydroxylase - TH) by Western blotting. The animals were sacrificed and were collected for the same analysis the medulla oblongata and the adrenal gland. SBP was higher in SHR-VEI before and after treatment compared with the WKY-VEI. In groups SHR-LOS and SHR-CLO pharmacological treatment was able to reduce SBP. In leukocytes counting there was no statistical difference in either group before or after the treatment. The plasma adrenaline was increased in SHR-VEI and there was no significantly reduce in the other groups. Norepinephrine, also elevated in SHR-VEI, was markedly reduced by the treatments. The expression of TH was higher in SHR-VEI in all tissues studied and was also significantly reduced after treatment in SHR-CLO in leukocytes, medulla and adrenal gland. There was no reduction of TH expression in SHR-LOS. Based in our findings, we can conclude that the expression of TH in leukocytes is directly influenced by systemic sympathetic hyperactivity present in this experimental model of hypertension. These results may open the door to the development of a new method of analysis of sympathetic hyperactivity in human, which would be of great value not only for the treatment of hypertension as well as other pathological conditions that have this hyperactivity characterized.

PEREIRA, Antônio Kevan Brandão. Teoria Democrática Contemporânea: o conceito de poliarquia na obra de Robert Dahl. 2013. 107f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-12T11:31:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akbpereira.pdf: 711707 bytes, checksum: 2dd640b7dc6054bbf6bb2c7ed2009e71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-12T11:34:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akbpereira.pdf: 711707 bytes, checksum: 2dd640b7dc6054bbf6bb2c7ed2009e71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-12T11:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akbpereira.pdf: 711707 bytes, checksum: 2dd640b7dc6054bbf6bb2c7ed2009e71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This paper analyzes the concept of polyarchy in the work of Robert Dahl. The author makes a distinction between "ideal democracy" and "real democracy". For him, the word "democracy" evokes the original Greek scenario of direct participation, no longer appropriate to classify regimes representative contemporaries. Such schemes are poor approximations of democratic ideals, and therefore should be classified as "polyarchies". Through a literature search, this work aims at identifying and analyzing more specifically, the research that the author conducted in his classic book "Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition," in which he addressed the issue of regime transition, trying to understand what conditions that favor or hinder the transition from a regime not polyarchical to a polyachical regime. / Este trabalho analisa o conceito de poliarquia na obra de Robert Dahl. O autor faz uma distinção entre “democracia ideal” e “democracia real”. Para ele, a palavra “democracia” evoca o cenário grego original de participação direta, não sendo mais adequada para classificar os regimes representativos contemporâneos. Tais regimes são pobres aproximações dos ideais democráticos, e que por isso devem ser classificados como “poliarquias”. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, o trabalho objetiva evidenciar e analisar, mais especificamente, a investigação que o autor realizou no seu clássico livro “Poliarquia: Participação e Oposição”, no qual ele abordou o tema da transição de regimes, procurando compreender quais as condições que favorecem ou impedem a transição de um regime não poliárquico para um regime poliárquico.

abstract: Roald Dahl's books for children have often been characterized as deviating from "normal" plots in books for children because they feature elements and themes (e.g., violence, crude/rude behavior and humor, inversions of authority) that make representatives of the dominant culture (parents, school officials, teachers, librarians, etcetera) uncomfortable. Rather than view the stories holistically, challengers are quick to latch on to the specific incidents within these texts that cause discomfort, and use the particular as grounds to object to the whole. A deeper, and more critical, look reveals that instead of straying from established elements and themes in children's stories, Dahl's works have much in common with fairy tales--narratives that have endured in multiple iterations and over millennia. As with fairy tales, Dahl's stories for children offer readers ways to interpret--to make sense of and derive meaning from--their lives, while reflecting and reinforcing the ideological structures (family, appropriate behavior, capitalism) within which we find ourselves. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. English 2013

M.A. (Politics) / What is democracy? In the second half of the twentieth century the term, which may relate either to a form of government or a form of society, has become much used and, in the writer's opinion, misused. Indeed, Macpherson believes there is "a good deal of muddle about democracy" (Macpherson 1972:1). At the start of the century's last decade this process appears to have accelerated as the term has become ever more topical, encouraged hugely as the process is by the predominance of mass media communication. The writer considers that democracy is not only a topical term but an important concept, for students of politics as well as for the pub Li.c at large. It is a term which surely requires better understanding of its meaning if the concepts and principles to which it relates are to be valued and appreciated appropriately. At the beginning of his enquiries, which result in this dissertation, the writer assumes "democracy" to mean a form of government Which ensures an equal say in its direct control for all citizens of sound mind. Franchise qualifications should provide for a reasonable minimum age but must disregard any other differences, such as sex, race or religion. This dissertation is undertaken in an endeavour to clear away some of the confusion, or "muddle", which exists regarding democracy. The writer anticipates that elucidation will enhance not. only the possibility of wider understanding but also prospects for meeting the need for concerted, tenacious and widespread efforts to obtain meaningful improvement in levels of democratization. The writings of two prominent political theorists, Robert Allen Dahl and Crawford Brough Macpherson, will be examined to ascertain and compare their views on democracy, with the subsidiary objectives of clarifying the meaning of democracy and ascertaining whether real democracy exists in any sizeable political system. It is the writer's hypothesis that although the basic conceptions of democracy found in the writings of Dahl and Macpherson indicate major differences, certain similarities have been perceived: and that these similarities will prove valuable in stabilizing the meaning of democracy, and in establishing to what extent (if any) true, that is direct, democracy exists.

High salt intake contributes to the development of hypertension in salt-sensitive humans and animals and the mechanistic causes are poorly understood. In Dahl salt-sensitive (S) but not salt-resistant (R) rats, high salt diet increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na+] and activates an aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor-epithelial sodium channel-endogenous ouabain (MR-ENaC-EO) neuromodulatory pathway in the brain that enhances the activity of sympatho-excitatory angiotensinergic and glutamatergic pathways, leading to an increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure (BP). We hypothesize that high salt diet in Dahl S rats enhances Ang II release in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), causing a decrease in local nitric oxide (NO) action and an increase in local glutamate release thereby elevating SNA, BP and heart rate (HR). The present study evaluated the effects of agonists or blockers of MR, ENaC, EO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or glutamate and AT1-receptors on the BP and HR responses to acute infusions of Na+ rich aCSF, intracerebroventricularly (icv), or in the PVN of Dahl S, R or Wistar rats or to high salt diet in Dahl S and R rats. In Wistar rats, aldosterone in the PVN enhanced the BP and HR responses to infusion of Na+ rich aCSF in the PVN, but not in the CSF, and only the enhancement was prevented by blockers of MR, ENaC and EO in the PVN. AT1-receptor blockers in the PVN fully blocked the enhancement by aldosterone and the responses to infusion of Na+ rich aCSF icv, or in the PVN. Na+ rich aCSF in the PVN caused larger increases in BP and HR in Dahl S vs. R rats and the responses to Na+ were fully blocked by an AT1-receptor blocker in the PVN. BP and HR responses to a NOS blocker in the PVN were the same, but L-NAME enhanced Na+ effects more in Dahl R than S rats. High salt diet attenuated increases in BP from L-NAME in the PVN of Dahl S but not R rats. AT1 and glutamate receptor blockers candesartan and kynurenate in the PVN decreased BP in Dahl S but not R rats on high salt diet. At the peak BP response to candesartan, kynurenate in the PVN further decreased BP whereas candesartan did not further decrease BP at the peak BP response to kynurenate. Our findings indicate that both an acute increase in CSF [Na+] and high salt intake in Dahl S rats increases AT1-receptor activation and decreases NO action in the PVN thereby contributing to the pressor responses to Na+ and presumably, to dietary salt-induced hypertension. The increased BP response to AT1-receptor activation in the PVN of Dahl S is mediated by enhanced local glutamate receptor activation. An MR-ENaC-EO pathway in the PVN can be functionally active and further studies need to assess its role in Dahl S rats on high salt intake.

The purpose of this study is to test referendums' revitalizing effect on the local democracy. To test this hypothesis, the study compares eight municipalities. Four of these have had a referendum and four have not. The study uses two different timelines to see if the reform about initiative from the citizens have had an impact on the participation of the local democracy. With this approach, the selection of the municipalities will be evenly distributed before and after 2011. The study uses Robert D. Putnam theory about citizens and its participation and therefore how to measure it (2018) and Robert A. Dahl and his theory about society's size and what it means to the local democracy (1989). The study uses five different indicators to test the hypothesis and to answer the questions that the study puts forward to categories the indicators. The method is Most Similar System Design (MSSD) and its purpose explains how similar units differ in some aspects. The result shows that those who have used a referendum have a better density with associations but have no different result when it comes to the political voting in the elections to the municipal council.

The purpose of the study is to investigate if the presence of subcultural pluralism has affected Rwanda’s democratisation negatively. The study’s question is therefore: Are subcultural pluralism an explanation of Rwanda’s low degree of democracy? To answer this, I have chosen to do an explanatory case study and the study is theory consuming. The study’s theoretical framework consists of Robert A Dahls part theory about subcultural pluralism from his work Polyarchy. Other materials used in the study is secondary material which is used to describe Rwanda’s political history. Another important source is Freedom House “Freedom in the world”- reports about Rwanda from the period 1995-2019. The analysis shows that Rwanda do not meet Robert A Dahls three criteria’s about subcultural pluralism. If a country meets his criteria’s they have a good chance of democratization even though they have a high degree of subcultural pluralism. If the country does not meet his criteria’s they have a low chance to democratize. The study shows that Rwanda's leading party RPF has adopted several measures that have complicated the oppositions situation to operate in the country and Rwanda's subcultural groups hutu and twa are excluded from political processes. The result shows that Rwanda has low chances of democratisation. It also shows that subcultural pluralism is one explanation to the country’s low degree of democracy.

No description available.