Il s’agit d’une étude de droit des actes juridiques internationaux (engagements conventionnels et unilatéraux), portant sur un mécanisme largement utilisé dans la pratique conventionnelle mais très peu étudié en doctrine, celui de la suspension, distingué des mécanismes, plus radicaux mais finalement moins intéressants peut-être, d’extinction des engagements. Pour la première fois, est proposée une définition de la suspension, préalablement distinguée des notions voisines avec lesquelles elle a souvent été confondue (dispense, exception d’inexécution, force majeure, contre-mesures, réserve, etc… et surtout, dénonciation et retrait). La définition proposée fait état des caractéristiques de la suspension telle qu’elle se donne à voir dans les clauses conventionnelles, la pratique diplomatique et la jurisprudence, et prend appui sur la « théorie de l’engagement ». L’étude vise également à clarifier le régime de la suspension, duquel Fitzmaurice disait qu’il soulevait de « graves difficultés de classification et de plan ». L’examen de la pratique révèle en effet que ce régime n’est pas unique mais dual, originalité qui ne manquera pas de frapper la curiosité du lecteur, et dont la mise à jour permet une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de suspension. / This study focuses on a mechanism frequently used in legal practice, but, surprisingly, often ignored in international doctrine: suspension. The mechanism of suspension is to be distinguished from more radical, but arguably less interesting mechanisms, such as revocation. Suspension will be analysed within the context of both conventional and unilateral international law commitments. For the first time, a general definition of suspension will be proposed, which sets it apart from the many similar notions with which it has been confused, such as dispense, exception of inexecution, force majeure, countermeasures, reservations, …, and last but not least, denunciation and withdrawal. The proposed definition also aims to identify characteristics that are unique to suspension, as shown in treaty clauses, in diplomatic practice and case law, and as supported by « commitment theory ». The study will also clarify the legal regime of suspension, which, according to Fitzmaurice, involves « serious difficulties of classification and content ». Indeed, a closer look at suspension in practical terms reveals that there are not one, but two legal regimes of suspension. This eye-opening conclusion will not fail to engage the reader’s interest and will contribute to our further understanding of the phenomenon of suspension.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2046.pdf: 6359765 bytes, checksum: c0820f65f928c23254f36b2b61137db2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / What has changed regarding personnel management in Brazil since the nomination of the concept of moral harassment ? The search of an answer to this question induced the development of this doctorate thesis, which the subject is moral harassment and its purpose being the qualification of this concept in the country and its objective the investigation of its impact in managerial practices in Brazilian organizations. The work supported on the hypothesis that this nomination, transforming individual complaint in organizational phenomenon has provoked changes in the perception of Brazilian society. Consequently, the study focused on the analysis of the sources of its qualification, in the logic of transformation from individual complaint into organizational phenomenon, in the dynamic practices qualified as moral harassment, in the presuppositions of manipulation, in instruments of contemporary corporate justice and in fundaments for evaluating workers. The results were obtained from the analysis of empirical material, collected from written and electronic communications sources, for the periods between 1983 and 2006. The analysis has proved that the most relevant impact of creating this legal notion, in the Brazilian organizational scope, was the escalation of public denunciation from the year 2000 onwards, seeking indemnification for the damage caused by these managerial practices. / O que mudou na gestão de pessoas no Brasil a partir da nomeação do conceito assédio moral? A busca de resposta a essa indagação instigou o desenvolvimento desta tese cujo tema é o assédio moral, sendo seu objeto a qualificação do conceito no país e seu objetivo a investigação de seus impactos nas práticas de gestão nas organizações brasileiras. O trabalho apoiou-se na hipótese de que essa nomeação, ao transformar a queixa individual em fenômeno organizacional, produziu mudanças na percepção da sociedade brasileira. Para tanto, o foco do estudo residiu na análise das raízes da sua qualificação, na lógica da transformação de uma queixa individual em fenômeno organizacional, na dinâmica das práticas qualificadas como assédio moral, nos pressupostos da manipulação, nos instrumentos contemporâneos de justiça organizacional e nos fundamentos para a classificação do trabalhador. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da análise do material empírico, coletado junto à mídia de grande circulação, impressa e eletrônica, relativo ao período de 1983 a 2006. A análise comprovou que o impacto mais relevante da criação dessa figura jurídica no Brasil, no âmbito gerencial, foi a intensificação da denúncia pública, a partir de 2000, em busca da reparação do dano decorrente das referidas práticas gerenciais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pretextuais.pdf: 234859 bytes, checksum: 85f65714b8f9347f33af4fe4061397c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyse the level of effectiveness of the Audit Court of the State of Santa Catarina in the lack of its responsibility regarding its constitutional powers, more precisely to determine the denunciations that have been forwarded by citizens, political parties, associations or unions, according to the requirements of article 62, § 2, of Santa Catarina State Constitution/1989, in order to advertise and demand investigations measures against defrauded acts prejudicial to the public managers. The Brazilian Constitution from 1988 devoted a cast of legal principles and institutions of the most advanced design on the exercise of rights and duties of citizens, as well as part of its various and multiple public and private organizations, and due to the better functioning of society in the parameters of a Democratic State. However, it appears that in reality and in spite of undeniable progress and spread of new routines and social-political practices, such devices are still far from achieving their perceived effectiveness. Among the systems and mechanisms for internal and external control over the actions of management in public bodies set out in Brazilian Constitution from 1988, it should be noted that the institute of constitutional denunciation, on the initiative of citizens, political parties, associations and unions, for purposes of reporting on and require verification measures against acts prejudicial to the public managers before the Audit Courts (Article 74, § 2°), is one of several that still require further assimilation by the segments that it can/should be used and even when used, its questionable its effectiveness due in its determination by the Audit Courts. To support this assertion, the data collected in this study shows that, under the TCE/SC, from 2000 to 2007, the docket of requests for verification of denunciations, in contrast to what is reflected incessantly on the news and notes, comments and editorial in Santa Catarina´s media or the perception of citizens in general, was perceived downward trend in claims. Still, the denunciation cases submitted to the attention of the TCE/SC, about 40% are rejected. To make that first decision, on average, the TCE/SC required 257 days, about nine months. In almost all the denunciation originated from and against chief executives of the 293 municipalities of Santa Catarina smallest population, with little or no denunciation against the major municipalities, state agencies and their managers. Of the cases admitted and discharged, it was shown that the end of the day resulted in the allocation of fines in small amount and also a few cases for allocation of debts, but overall the amount is in value negligible compared to sum of the budget resources to municipalities and public bodies of the state. For purposes of verification and trial, the TCE/SC spent an average of 1106 days, which accounts for more than three years. These and other proven features that make it possible to evaluate the efficiency levels of TCE/SC, regarding the investigation of denunciations, are located at levels far below the claimed citizenship / O presente estudo se propõe a avaliar o nível de eficácia do Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Santa Catarina na desincumbência de suas atribuições constitucionais, mais especificamente a de apurar denúncias que lhe foram encaminhadas por cidadãos, partidos políticos, associações ou sindicatos, de conformidade com o prescrito no art. 62, § 2º, da Constituição do Estado de Santa Catarina/1989, com o intuito de noticiar e demandar medidas de apuração contra atos lesivos da parte de gestores públicos. A Constituição Federal/1988 consagrou um elenco de princípios e institutos legais da mais avançada concepção sobre o exercício dos direitos e deveres dos cidadãos, bem como da parte dos seus diferentes e múltiplos organismos públicos e privados, para o devido e melhor funcionamento da sociedade nos parâmetros de um Estado Democrático de Direito. Porém, constata-se que, em realidade e em que pese aos inegáveis progressos e à disseminação de novas sistemáticas e práticas sociopolíticas, tais dispositivos ainda permanecem distantes de conseguir sua reconhecida efetivação. Entre os sistemas e mecanismos de controle interno e externo sobre os atos de gestão nos organismos públicos previstos na Constituição Federal/1988, salienta-se que o instituto constitucional da denúncia, por iniciativa de cidadãos, partidos políticos, associações e sindicatos, para fins de noticiar e demandar medidas de apuração contra atos lesivos da parte de gestores públicos perante os Tribunais de Contas (art. 74, § 2º), é um entre vários que ainda carecem de maior assimilação por parte dos segmentos que dele podem/devem fazer uso e, mesmo quando utilizado, questiona-se a resultância devida na sua apuração pelos Tribunais de Contas. Para corroborar tal afirmação, os dados coletados nesta pesquisa atestam que, no âmbito do TCE/SC, no período de 2000 a 2007, a protocolização de pedidos de apuração de denúncias, em contrário ao que diuturnamente transparece no noticiário bem como em notas, comentários e editoriais da mídia catarinense ou na percepção dos cidadãos em geral, apresentou sentida tendência de diminuição de demandas. Ainda assim, dos casos em denúncia submetidos ao conhecimento do TCE/SC, aproximadamente 40% são recusados. Para tomar essa primeira decisão, em média, o TCE/SC necessitou de 257 dias, cerca de nove meses. Na quase totalidade, as denúncias originaram-se de e contra os chefes do Executivo das 293 comunas catarinenses de menor população, sendo escassas ou inexistentes as denúncias contra os principais municípios, órgãos públicos estaduais e respectivos gestores. Dos casos admitidos e apurados, comprovou-se que ao fim e ao cabo resultaram na imputação de multas de pequena monta e, também, em poucos casos de imputação de débitos, mas no geral o montante constitui-se em valor pouco significativo, comparado ao somatório dos recursos orçamentários dos municípios e dos organismos públicos do Estado. Para fins de apuração e julgamento, o TCE/SC despendeu em média 1.106 dias, o que corresponde a mais de três anos. Esses e outros comprovados aspectos possibilitam avaliar que os níveis de eficácia do TCE/SC, no tocante à apuração de denúncias, situam-se em patamares bem aquém do reclamado pela cidadania

Depuis les années deux-mille, les Etats latino-américains ont activement participé aux arbitrages d’investissement administrés par le Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). Ainsi, la pratique arbitrale de ce Centre trouve son origine dans les très nombreuses affaires latino-américaines qui ont permis d’encadrer la procédure et d’entériner certaines pratiques liées aux questions de fond de l’arbitrage. Les affaires latino-américaines ont enrichi la procédure en consacrant notamment la participation des tiers à la procédure arbitrale par le biais de l’amicus curiae (l’ami de la Cour). Cette innovation démontre la prise en compte de l’impact des questions d’intérêt public sur les populations concernées. Les divers standards juridiques insérés dans les accords d’investissement ont également été invoqués par les investisseurs afin de voir engagée la responsabilité internationale des Etats. Ainsi, les arbitres ont pu s’exprimer sur le caractère imprécis de certains standards comme celui du traitement juste et équitable. Les tribunaux ont dégagé certains étalons de mesure qui permettent d’évaluer et de comparer les éléments de l’affaire. Deux étalons de mesure semblent être pertinents dans le cas latino-américain. Il s’agit du respect de la stabilité du cadre juridique puis de la protection des attentes légitimes de l’investisseur. C’est dans ce cadre que les Etats latino-américains ont réagi différemment face au contentieux arbitral auprès du CIRDI, ce dernier ayant fait l’objet de critiques quant à sa légitimité et quant aux différentes condamnations prononcées par les tribunaux à l’encontre des Etats. Certains Etats ont pris l’initiative de dénoncer les accords internationaux donnant compétence au CIRDI et de créer un nouveau centre d’arbitrage sur le continent, capable de connaître les différends en matière d’investissement. Ceci dit, les décisions et sentences arbitrales rendues dans le contexte latino-américain constituent une source d’inspiration précieuse pour les arbitrages internationaux en cours et futurs. / Since 2001, Latin American Countries have actively participated in investment arbitrations administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Because of that the way to arbitrate in this Centre base itself on a great number of Latin American affairs which helped to delimit the procedures and endorse some practices linked to the very founding principles of arbitration.The procedure of arbitration has been improved by Latin American affairs, by example with the help of the Amicus Curiae, which is the participation of a third party to the arbitral process. This innovation shows how much these questions of public interest are important for the populations concerned.The multiple juridical standards inserted in the investment agreements have often been brought forward by the investors in order to see the responsibility of some countries engaged in an international way. Arbitrators have been able to emphasize on the inaccuracy of some of these standards, such as the the fair and equitable treatment.Different ways to measure the elements of an affair have been brought to light by the tribunals. Two of them are present in the case of Latin American affairs: the compliance with the juridical framework stability and the protection of the investor's legitimate expectations.Latin American countries did take action differently in front of the arbitrations brought to the ICSID which was criticized for its lack of legitimacy and for its decisions in a great number of cases against these countries. Some countries renounced the international treaties giving the ICSID its arbitration rights and created a new arbitration center on the continent capable of giving a ruling in the matter of investment affairs. In spite of this the arbitral decisions and the arbitral awards in the Latin American context should be able to be inspirations for the future of arbitration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Eduardo Lavoura Romao.pdf: 896008 bytes, checksum: 54e55907f1bbf721ad0fe4dd90f12edf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-13 / The present work aims at to deepen the study of virtual or anticipated lapse, analyzing its use for the Brazilian Judiciary Power, mainly for the magistrates of lower court. This controversial institute comes being understood as cause of elimination of the interest of action in the criminal proceeding whenever evidenced the possibility of decrements of the punitive lapsing pretension in the retroactive modality, early in the process, even before of the act of receiving the denunciation or of pronounced the sentence, leading in consideration a hypothetical penalty surveyed by the refined circumstances until that moment. For times, after a long procedural proceeding with an intricate probatory instruction, the magistrate is obliged to pronounce the sentence, convicted the defendant and, immediately afterwards, to recognize the extinguishing of the punshability for the retroactive lapsing of the punitive pretension, playing for the thin one, all the developed intellective work in the course of the process and, mainly, at the moment of the elaboration of the condemnatory decree. It is accurately in this scene, and on behalf of the procedural economy and of the effective and coherent search of the application of the penalties, that the virtual lapsing demonstrates to its force and utility. This because it searches to move away from the Judiciary Power useless processes, that will not have resulted beneficial, contributing, only, to generate, unnecessary, more service and, consequently, greater slowness in the procedural proceeding. For the understanding of subject so controversial, surrounded of favorable and contrary arguments, one searched to analyze, in this research, in order to select its validity before the legal system, each one of the arguments advantages and against the institute. First, the consistent ones in the absence of action right; in the criminal proceeding as a pledge of the defendant and not as sanction; in the beginning of the judgment quickly; in the uselessness of the judgment of the prescribed process; e in the similarity of the decision that receives the lapsing with the acquittal. The seconds, contrary to its application, in the pretense breaking the beginning of the legality; the beginning of the innocence presumption; to the obligatoriness of the criminal action; to the possibility of amendment of complain (mutatio libelli); and to the condition of the victim in the process. However, before the ingression in the object of the controversy, there was the analysis of related institutions, such as the right to punish, the purposes of punishment, the criminal action and the proper lapsing, as extinctive cause of ius puniendi / O presente trabalho visa aprofundar o estudo da prescrição virtual ou antecipada, analisando sua utilização pelo Poder Judiciário brasileiro, principalmente pelos magistrados de primeira instância. Esse polêmico instituto vem sendo entendido como causa de eliminação do interesse de agir no processo penal sempre que constatada a possibilidade de decretação da prescrição da pretensão punitiva na modalidade retroativa, logo no início do processo, antes mesmo do recebimento da denúncia ou de proferida a sentença, levando em consideração uma pena hipotética aferida pelas circunstâncias apuradas até aquele momento. Por vezes, após um longo trâmite processual com uma intrincada instrução probatória, o magistrado é obrigado proferir a sentença, condenado o acusado e, logo em seguida, a reconhecer a extinção da punibilidade pela prescrição retroativa da pretensão punitiva, jogando pelo ralo todo o trabalho intelectivo desenvolvido no curso do processo e, principalmente, no momento da elaboração do decreto condenatório. É exatamente nesse cenário, e em nome da economia processual e da busca efetiva e coerente da aplicação da sanção penal, que a prescrição virtual demonstra sua força e utilidade. Isto porque busca afastar do Poder Judiciário processos inúteis, que não terão resultado proveitoso, contribuindo, apenas, para gerar, desnecessariamente, mais serviço e, consequentemente, maior lentidão no trâmite processual. Para a compreensão de tema tão controvertido, cercado de argumentos favoráveis e contrários, buscou-se analisar, nesta pesquisa, de modo a apurar-se sua validade perante o ordenamento jurídico, cada um dos argumentos prós e contra o instituto. Os primeiros, consistentes na ausência de interesse de agir; no processo penal como garantia do acusado e não como sanção; no princípio da celeridade do julgamento; na inutilidade do julgamento do processo prescrito; e na semelhança da decisão que acolhe a prescrição com a sentença absolutória. Os segundos, contrários à sua aplicação, na pretensa violação ao princípio da legalidade; ao princípio da presunção de inocência; à obrigatoriedade da ação penal; à possibilidade de aditamento da denúncia (mutatio libelli); e à condição da vítima no processo. Porém, antes do ingresso no objeto da controvérsia, realizou-se a análise de institutos correlatos, tais como, o direito de punir, as finalidades da punição, a ação penal e a própria prescrição, como causa extintiva do ius puniendi

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Lorsqu’un salarié s’exprime publiquement à propos de son travail, deux normes juridiques interviennent généralement : l’obligation de loyauté et la liberté d’expression. La première étant prévue à l’article 2088 du Code civil du Québec et la seconde bénéficiant d’une protection constitutionnelle et quasi constitutionnelle, ce mémoire porte sur l’interprétation actuelle de ces deux normes par les tribunaux canadiens et québécois dans les cas de critique ou de dénonciation de l’employeur. Nous nous sommes intéressés à trois questions distinctes. La première de ces questions a consisté en l’analyse du raisonnement des décideurs mobilisés dans des causes relatives à la critique et à la dénonciation de l’employeur. Nous avons vérifié si les sources de droit utilisées par ces décideurs et les décisions qu’ils ont rendues ont pu être influencées par différents facteurs émanant du contexte du litige. Ensuite, nous avons analysé l’impact de l’utilisation des technologies numériques de communication dans ces mêmes décisions. Nous voulions déceler de potentielles divergences dans le raisonnement des décideurs en fonction du recours par le salarié d’une telle technologie afin d’acheminer son message. Enfin, nous avons évalué la protection offerte aux salariés contre les mesures disciplinaires par les récentes lois québécoises encadrant la divulgation d’actes répréhensibles lorsque ceux-ci se sont exprimés publiquement. Nous avons observé que s’il existe des différences dans le raisonnement des décideurs selon les différents facteurs contextuels, ces différences sont négligeables en comparaison avec l’impact de l’utilisation d’une technologie numérique de communication : les décideurs ont interprété largement la liberté d’expression et ils ont été plus sévères envers les salariés utilisant une technologie numérique de communication. Les recours provenant des lois québécoises encadrant la divulgation d’actes répréhensibles ont été très peu utilisés par les salariés et les décisions qui en résultèrent furent désavantageuses aux salariés pour l’ensemble. / When an employee speaks publicly about his work, two legal norms generally come into play: the duty of loyalty and freedom of expression. The first being codified in the Civil Code of Québec in art. 2088 and the second benefiting of a constitutional and quasi-constitutional protection, this research focuses on the current interpretation of these two norms by Canadian and Quebec courts in cases of criticism or denunciation of the employer. We looked at three separate questions. The first of these questions consisted of the analysis of the reasoning of mobilized decision-makers in cases relating to criticism and denunciation of the employer. We verified whether the sources of law used by these decision-makers and the decisions they rendered could have been influenced by various factors emanating from the context of the dispute. Then, we analyzed the impact of the use of digital communication technologies in these same decisions. We wanted to identify potential differences in the reasoning of decision-makers based on the employee's use of such technology in order to get their message across. Finally, we assessed the protection offered to employees against disciplinary measures by recent Quebec laws governing the disclosure of wrongdoings when they have expressed themselves publicly. We observed that while there are differences in the reasoning of decision-makers based on different contextual factors, these differences are negligible in comparison with the impact of the use of a digital communication technology: decision-makers have broadly interpreted freedom of expression and they have been tougher on employees using a digital communication technology. The remedies provided by Quebec laws governing the disclosure of wrongdoing have been rarely used by employees, and the resulting decisions were all disadvantageous for them.

In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is Commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is Commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Les mythes liés au viol sont des croyances et des perceptions erronées entourant le viol et ceux-ci peuvent avoir une influence sur l’attribution de la responsabilité à l’instigateur ou à la victime de l’acte sexuel coercitif. Des études dénotent des différences entre les hommes et les femmes quant à la présence de ces croyances et l’attribution de la responsabilité de l’acte sexuel et la divulgation policière. De plus, des études montrent que la consommation d’alcool, la consommation de drogue, le visionnement de pornographie et la verbalisation du non-consentement sont des facteurs situationnels qui ont un impact sur l’attribution de la responsabilité. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’identifier s’il existe des différences au sein d’un échantillon d’étudiants masculins et féminins de l’Université de Montréal quant à leur attribution de la responsabilité d’une agression sexuelle et leur recours à la divulgation policière dans un contexte donné. Plus précisément, est-ce qu’ils interprètent différemment un scénario dans lequel il y a un acte sexuel non-consentant en présence de facteurs situationnels : consommation d’alcool, consommation de drogue, visionnement de pornographie et non-consentement verbal et non-verbal. Les résultats montrent qu’en général, les participants masculins attribuent plus souvent que les femmes une part de responsabilité de l’acte sexuel à la victime, tandis que les femmes attribuent plus de responsabilité à l’instigateur du comportement sexuel. La présence de croyances erronées liées au viol chez les participants est la caractéristique personnelle du participant qui aurait le plus d’influence sur l’attribution de la responsabilité de l’acte sexuel et qui prédirait le recourt ou non à la divulgation policière. / Rape myths are beliefs and misconceptions regarding rape that can have an influence on one’s attribution of responsibility towards the instigator or victim of a non-consenting sexual act. Some research has shown difference between men and women concerning their beliefs and attitudes towards rape and as well as their attribution of blame and tendency of reporting a rape case to police. Research has also shown that alcohol consumption, drug use, pornography consumption and non-consent are situational factors that influence attribution of responsibility in a rape case. The objective of this study is to examine differences in a group of male and female students from the University of Montréal in their attribution of responsibility and their propensity to report rape cases to police authorities in a given context. Specifically, this research will identify if the students interpret the rape scenarios differently when it involves alcohol or drug use, pornography consumption and non-consent. The results show that in general, the male participants attributed more often a part of the blame to the victim whereas the female participants attributed more blame towards the instigator of the sexual act. The presence of rape myths among the students is the factor that influences the most their attribution of responsibility of a sexual coercive behavior and their propensity or refusal to denunciate the situation to the police.