Cette thèse contribue à une théorie générale de la conception du projet. S’inscrivant dans une demande marquée par les enjeux du développement durable, l’objectif principal de cette recherche est la contribution d’un modèle théorique de la conception permettant de mieux situer l’utilisation des outils et des normes d’évaluation de la durabilité d’un projet. Les principes fondamentaux de ces instruments normatifs sont analysés selon quatre dimensions : ontologique, méthodologique, épistémologique et téléologique. Les indicateurs de certains effets contre-productifs reliés, en particulier, à la mise en compte de ces normes confirment la nécessité d’une théorie du jugement qualitatif. Notre hypothèse principale prend appui sur le cadre conceptuel offert par la notion de « principe de précaution » dont les premières formulations remontent du début des années 1970, et qui avaient précisément pour objectif de remédier aux défaillances des outils et méthodes d’évaluation scientifique traditionnelles. La thèse est divisée en cinq parties. Commençant par une revue historique des modèles classiques des théories de la conception (design thinking) elle se concentre sur l’évolution des modalités de prise en compte de la durabilité. Dans cette perspective, on constate que les théories de la « conception verte » (green design) datant du début des années 1960 ou encore, les théories de la « conception écologique » (ecological design) datant des années 1970 et 1980, ont finalement convergé avec les récentes théories de la «conception durable» (sustainable design) à partir du début des années 1990. Les différentes approches du « principe de précaution » sont ensuite examinées sous l’angle de la question de la durabilité du projet. Les standards d’évaluation des risques sont comparés aux approches utilisant le principe de précaution, révélant certaines limites lors de la conception d’un projet. Un premier modèle théorique de la conception intégrant les principales dimensions du principe de précaution est ainsi esquissé. Ce modèle propose une vision globale permettant de juger un projet intégrant des principes de développement durable et se présente comme une alternative aux approches traditionnelles d’évaluation des risques, à la fois déterministes et instrumentales. L’hypothèse du principe de précaution est dès lors proposée et examinée dans le contexte spécifique du projet architectural. Cette exploration débute par une présentation de la notion classique de «prudence» telle qu’elle fut historiquement utilisée pour guider le jugement architectural. Qu’en est-il par conséquent des défis présentés par le jugement des projets d’architecture dans la montée en puissance des méthodes d’évaluation standardisées (ex. Leadership Energy and Environmental Design; LEED) ? La thèse propose une réinterprétation de la théorie de la conception telle que proposée par Donald A. Schön comme une façon de prendre en compte les outils d’évaluation tels que LEED. Cet exercice révèle cependant un obstacle épistémologique qui devra être pris en compte dans une reformulation du modèle. En accord avec l’épistémologie constructiviste, un nouveau modèle théorique est alors confronté à l’étude et l’illustration de trois concours d'architecture canadienne contemporains ayant adopté la méthode d'évaluation de la durabilité normalisée par LEED. Une série préliminaire de «tensions» est identifiée dans le processus de la conception et du jugement des projets. Ces tensions sont ensuite catégorisées dans leurs homologues conceptuels, construits à l’intersection du principe de précaution et des théories de la conception. Ces tensions se divisent en quatre catégories : (1) conceptualisation - analogique/logique; (2) incertitude - épistémologique/méthodologique; (3) comparabilité - interprétation/analytique, et (4) proposition - universalité/ pertinence contextuelle. Ces tensions conceptuelles sont considérées comme autant de vecteurs entrant en corrélation avec le modèle théorique qu’elles contribuent à enrichir sans pour autant constituer des validations au sens positiviste du terme. Ces confrontations au réel permettent de mieux définir l’obstacle épistémologique identifié précédemment. Cette thèse met donc en évidence les impacts généralement sous-estimés, des normalisations environnementales sur le processus de conception et de jugement des projets. Elle prend pour exemple, de façon non restrictive, l’examen de concours d'architecture canadiens pour bâtiments publics. La conclusion souligne la nécessité d'une nouvelle forme de « prudence réflexive » ainsi qu’une utilisation plus critique des outils actuels d’évaluation de la durabilité. Elle appelle une instrumentalisation fondée sur l'intégration globale, plutôt que sur l'opposition des approches environnementales. / This thesis is a contribution to the general theory of design thinking. In the prevalent demand for a sustainable development, the main objective of this research is the construction of a theoretical model of design thinking that contextualizes standard sustainability evaluation tools. The basis of these normative tools is analyzed in four dimensions: ontological, methodological, epistemological and teleological. Indications of potential counter-productive effects of these norms for design thinking confirm the need for a theory of qualitative judgment. Our central hypothesis revolves around the benefits of the underlying conceptual framework of the ‘precautionary principle’ for design thinking, the first formulations of which goes back to the early seventies in Germany, and was in fact created as a way to address the failures of traditional scientific evaluation tools or methods. The thesis comprises five parts. Beginning with a historical perspective, a review of classical models of design thinking, specifically focuses on the evolving approaches for addressing sustainable development. Theories of “green design” coming from the early sixties, theories of ecological design of the seventies and eighties are finally converging on the developing theories of “sustainable design” formulated in the early nineties. The underlying theories of the precautionary principle are then reviewed and explored for the specific context of design within the perspective of sustainability. Current methods of standard risk assessment methods are compared to a precautionary approach, revealing their conceptual limits for design thinking. A preliminary theoretical model for design thinking is then constructed adopting the theories underlying the precautionary principle. This model represents a global vision for judging the design project in a context of sustainability, rather than on traditional approaches for risk assessment, which are purposive and instrumental. The precautionary principle is further explored for the specific context of architectural design. This exploration begins with a historical perspective of the classical notion of ‘prudence’ for guiding architectural judgment. In light of the contemporary issues related to sustainability, we then examine the challenges of judging architectural projects given the increasing international prominence of such standard evaluation methods (i.e. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED). The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of design thinking as proposed by Donald A. Schön is introduced such that the use of tools, like LEED can be contextualized. This exercise reveals an epistemological barrier, which shall be taken into consideration when reformulating the theoretical model. In accordance with a constructivist epistemology, a new theoretical model is therefore confronted to the study and illustration of three contemporary Canadian architectural competitions adopting the standard evaluation method LEED. A preliminary set of ‘tensions’ identified in the judgment process and design thinking is further categorized into their conceptual counterparts. These are: (1) analogical/logical conceptualization; (2) epistemological/methodological uncertainty; (3) interpretive/analytic comparability; and (4) universal/contextual relevance of the proposal. These conceptual tensions are considered as vectors that come into correlation with the theoretical model, enriching it, yet without validating it, in the positivist sense of the word. These confrontations with the real, help better define the epistemological barrier identified above. This thesis therefore highlights the often underestimated impact of environmental standards on the judgment process and design thinking, with particular, albeit non restrictive, reference to contemporary Canadian architectural competitions for public buildings. It concludes by stressing the need for a new form of “reflective prudence” in design thinking along with a more critical use of current evaluation tools for sustainability founded on a global integration rather than on the opposition of environmental approaches.

Trangia AB is a company located in Trångsviken, Sweden. They produce outdoor cooking equipment. Trangia have a large amount of users around Scandinavia and Germany but also a significant amount in Japan. The two main ways of preparing food in the Trangia cooking products is to either use their Stove 25, Stove 27 or to prepare food directly into their food-box called the Mess Tin. With an increase in production and expansion, some new projects are being introduced. The mission of this project is to, by appliance of a Design Thinking process, develop a set of cooking utensils for Trangia AB. The utensils should have user friendly, practical, functional and safe aspects and to be suitable for their markets. There are an abundance of cooking utensils on the market, but few that fit inside the Trangia Stove kitchens. The process of developing the kit followed a five step Design Thinking process with an implementation of Human Centered design. The two first stages, benchmarking the usage of stove kitchens and talking to real users was central. The later part of the project consisted of multiple iterations between the steps ideate, prototype and test on different levels. Two concepts that fit the mission is presented as the result, a kit of two utensils (The Kit) and one tool with allround performance (Ultimate tool). The ultimate tool is unique in the sense that it is a fusion between a spoon, ladle and a turner. The kit and the ultimate tool is sturdy and able to be stored within the Trangia Stoves and the Mess Tins. / Trangia AB är ett företag beläget i Trångsviken, Sverige som producerar matlagningsutrustning för utomhusbruk. Trangia når en stor målgrupp runt om i Skandinavien och Tyskland men också en betydelsefull del i Japan. De två främsta sätten att laga mat i Trangias produkter är att laga mat på deras stormkök Stove eller att laga mat direkt i deras matdosor, Mess Tin. I takt med en ökning i produktion och expandering så introduceras nya projekt. Målet med detta projekt är att genom applicering av en designprocess, ta fram och utveckla ett kit med matlagningsredskap för Trangia AB. Produktlösningen skall vara användarvänlig, praktiska, funktionella och samt anpassad för Trangias marknader. Det finns idag många matlagningsredskap på marknaden, men det finns inte många som ryms att packa ner i Trangias stormkök. Processen att utveckla produkterna följer en Design Thinking process i fem faser med en implementering av människocentrerad design. Under de första två faserna applicerades metoder med fokus på att göra användarundersökningar samt att faktiskt tala med användare. De senare delarna av projektet bestod av flertalet iterationer mellan idégenerering, prototypande och testande på olika nivåer. Två koncept som passar målbilden presenteras som resultat, ett kit (The Kit) av två redskap och ett universellt verktyg kallat Ultimate tool. Ultimate tool är unikt i aspekten att det är en blandning av en sked, en slev och en stekspade. Både The kit och Ultimate tool är tåliga och ryms att paketera i Trangias stormkök och matdosor

This project was implemented as a Master thesis project in Industrial design engineering (IDE). In collaboration with Billerud Karlsborg, the project was initiated to develop proposal for a technological solution for eliminating a manual handling work task in the production line for coated paper products. The design process was implemented  as a Participatory design approach, inviting the workers of the production unit to collaborate in design activites and workshops. The participatory approach was based on the Scandinavian perspective on Participatory design, with influences from the comtemporary views on collaborative design. The project included a holistic ergonomic analysis focused on the assessment of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors in the work task flagged by workers as a cause of work strain. The focused work task documented in detail and assessed through REBA and RULA assessment. The work task involves manual handling of a stack of residual paper that is rolled to a tube, by hand, and subsequently lifted and pushed to a grinder inlet for re-purposing. While the ergonomic analysis confirm that there are postural risk factors present, the pace of work suggests that adequate resting for preventing work stain related to the focused task is possible during work. However, the percieved work strained is suggested to originate from work task in close connection to the focused task. A proposal for a concept that sufficiently eliminates the risk factors found in the focused task is developed based on a human-centered design and anthropometric principles. The development concludes with the construction of a prototype, but time constraints denies evaluation of the prototype with end users. The concept is therefore presented as renders of a 3D-model. / Det här projektet har utförts som ett examensarbete inom Civilingenjör Teknisk design, på uppdrag av Billerud Karlsborg. Syftet med projektet var att utveckla ett tekniskt lösningsförslag till ett av Billerud utvalt arbetsmiljöproblem vid en av arbetstationerna i pappersbruket i Karlsborg. I samarbete med arbetarna i den berörda produktionslinjen genomfördes en participativ designprocess, innefattade planering och genomförande av participativa designaktiviteter och workshops baserade på de skandinaviska teorierna kring participativ design, med influens från nyare perspektiv kring co-design. Som en del i arbetet utfördes en övergipande ergonomisk analys avseende belastningsergonomiska riskkällor vid en fokuserad arbetsstation, med en detaljerad kartläggning av den arbetsuppgift som arbetarna upplever som problematisk. Den fokuserade arbetsuppgiften innefattar manuell hantering av en restprodukt som behöver rullas ihop för hand och därefter lyftas samt skjutas till en kvarn för återvinning. Den ergonomiska analysen utfördes med hjälp av REBA- och RULA-bedömningar, vilka bekräftade att en potentiell risk för belastningsergonomiska skador i det arbetssätt som utövas, men där produktionstakten och systemets styrning tyder på att tillräcklig vila är möjlig under arbetet för att motverka skador från lågintensivt muskelarbete. Arbetsmiljöproblemet bedöms däremot inte vara obefintligt då arbetarnas totala arbete innefattar ytterligare moment av fysisk belastning, och där arbetsmiljöproblemet eventuellt kan vara ett resultat av närliggande moment till den fokuserade arbetsuppgiften. Som lösningsförslag på problemet utvecklas ett koncept som eliminerar de funna riskkällorna i den avgränsade arbetsuppgiften, med utgångspunkt i användarcentrerad design och utefter antropometriska riktlinjer. Utvecklingen av en fysisk prototyp för utvärdering med arbetarna påbörjades, men hann inte slutföras innan projektet avslutades. Istället presenteras konceptet genom rendingar av en 3D-modell.

由於資訊科技的發展，提供顧客商品與服務的溝通等價值觀也隨之改變，新興服務業是依賴網際網路和資訊技術所發展而來的，全球產業結構呈現出“工業型經濟”向“服務型經濟”轉型的總趨勢，服務逐步被重視。人類社會第四次的革命“服務革命”，就是服務科學，社會和技術共同演進的科學，以資訊科技為基礎改革服務整體。加上網路效應，讓人們可以透過共同設計思考，為世界帶來創意及新事物的催化劑，將跨領域的人才結合起來，利用群策群力及不同領域的思考藝術互相激盪，激發出創意。將這些觀點整合起來，提出一個共同創造服務的架構，讓人們在獲得服務的同時，也參與創造服務，得到服務的最佳化。本研究透過服務科學的服務組成、服務流程、以及服務價值三方面來探討，並採用結合協同式共同演化基因演算法、互動式基因演算法所組合成的協同互動式共同演化基因演算法，以共同演化的方式，達到使用者的設計需求。系統共分四大模組：設計問題定義模組、設計建議模組、協同互動式共同演化模組、評估模組，將設計思考、共同創作並演化的概念，並透過互動式基因演算法修正適應函數評估的偏差，讓顧客設計過程中，得到最佳化的服務。本系統之預期貢獻分為：(1)利用服務科學創新設計服務e化傳遞。(2)為服務科學提供應用典範與原件發展方向。 / The notion of service science addresses the use of information technology to reform services in terms of designing thinking and value co-production, bringing the catalyst of the innovation to the service world. This paper proposes a novel e-service platform about interior design featuring (semi-)automated mutualism of co-produced values. This platform encompasses a few autonomous cognitive learning components to guarantee effective accomplishment of reaching a user's design demand. These components include models of interior design concepts, cooperative co-evolutionary genetic algorithm (CGA) and interactive genetic algorithm (IGA). The intended contributions of this platform are two-folds: (1) Showcase an intelligent service design as characterized by the sixth quadrant of Figure1. (2) Provide some intelligent service design components (e.g., CICGA) for unfolding future systematic service innovation in service science.

In a world that faces global warming and other major environmental challenges, it is essential that students learn about the principles of sustainability so that they can apply these principles in their future lives and careers. This is particularly so in fields such as interior architecture and design, which will impact how well humans can move toward a sustainable way of life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a participatory teaching approach for students of interior design that incorporates ecological thinking. It is particularly intended for use at universities and other places of higher education where such contexts are not currently available and, furthermore, where the teaching has been primarily of a didactic, teacher-centred form. The teaching approach was developed and tested through the involvement of students and staff at a technical institute in Kuwait – a country with severe environmental problems in which teaching at all levels has traditionally been rigidly didactic. A review was carried out of literature on learning theories, design principles, and sustainability paradigms that bore upon the research aim. Following this, a method was chosen, based on action research that involved running different types of workshops, in order to measure the impact of the teaching styles that are ideal to deliver ecological knowledge.

臺灣文具產業發展至今超過一甲子歲月，環境局勢已經不同以往。各國特色文具來臺競逐池城，大陸東南亞低價文具搶食外銷市場；少子化與電子化縮減市場機會，環保意識加深品質要求；衣食無虞的現代消費者，追求心靈層次滿足。臺灣文具業者下一步該怎麼走？文具強國日本的發展可供借鏡。日本文具業者賦予文具產品新的意義，讓消費者使用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。 本研究探討臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的思考想法，從如何賦予產品新的意義，以及如何設計產品樣式，到如何運用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。以Verganti提出的設計力創新為理論基礎，融合Brown的設計思考，以及劉維公的生活風格定義與風格競爭力描述，整理成研究架構。本研究採取解釋性個案研究法，選取偷花（歲時紀）、Micia美日手藝館（Mini Cute印章）、好幫手彩藝（UBook）三家企業個案進行深入訪談，了解企業個案設計意義創新產品的整體歷程。 分析比較企業個案資料所得之結論如下。於構思創新方案階段，企業個案以產品設計團隊親自觀察產品的極端使用者，探尋產品隱藏需求；並以企業的價值理念做為首要評估項目，揉合產品原始意義與特殊用途，構思產品新的意義。於產品樣式設計階段，為了維持意義創新產品之產品意義與價值理念於開發過程前後一致，企業個案掌握設計自主權；為了獲得市場認同，選擇消費者偏好的生活文化題材開發產品內容，並提供產品原始意義觀點下的實用功能。於生活風格提案階段，企業個案以意義創新產品、周邊商品、互動場域構成各種美學體驗形式，讓消費者在體驗過程理解意義創新產品的產品意義與價值理念。意義創新產品開創認同產品價值的消費新市場，但若通路欠缺解說過程，則銷售成績較不好。 最後依據結論給予臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的建議，臺灣文具業者宜多研究文具產品於各種生活脈絡中的使用情形，挖掘產品潛在的新意義；在產品樣式設計過程，宜擁有設計自主權，並招募擁有設計管理與行銷管理的跨領域人才，控管意義創新產品的開發流程；宜發展各種美學體驗形式，宣傳意義創新產品，但也必須設想意義創新產品在無人解說的實體通路該如何因應。 / The The Taiwanese stationery industry has developed over more than 60 years, and both the market and the competition have changed a lot in that time. Many foreign stationery companies began operating in Taiwan, and companies in China and Southeast Asia are getting into the world market with lower-price stationery. Due to the decrease of birth rate and the trend of computerization, the market opportunity for physical stationery has decreased by 30% within the last five years. Consumer demand for sustainable products and packaging forces the industry to think innovatively about their products. After being satisfied with the basic needs in life, consumers are looking for a higher level of emotional and spiritual satisfaction from their non-essential purchases. What is the next step for the Taiwanese stationery industry? Recent developments in the Japanese stationery industry provide a good example of how innovation within an industry can lead to increased customer satisfaction by creating New-Meaning Products. A New-Meaning Product is realized when a well-known product with a specific function is integrated with additional form and function in a new way. For example, a video game console which can encourage kids to exercise is a New-Meaning Product. In many cases, the New-Meaning Product can have a powerful effect on the customer's lifestyle. This thesis discusses the process of developing New-Meaning Products by The Taiwanese stationery industry. This process ranges from how to redefine the stationery, design the prototype, and create a new lifestyle for the customer with New-Meaning Products. The research structure is based on Verganti’s design-driven innovation theory, Brown’s design thinking, and Wei-Gong Liu’s definition of lifestyle and the description of the magic power of style. This thesis applies the method of Explanatory Case Study and chooses three business cases – Flowerthief (Chronology Schedule Book), Micia (Mini Cute Stamp), and UBook (UBook) – to do further research and discussion to understand the innovation process of New-Meaning Products. The conclusions of the business cases analysis are as below. At the step of innovation program planning, the product design team would observe the extreme users, and search for the valuable insights and ideas. In addition, they list enterprise value as the main assessment to derive New-Meaning Products. At the step of product design, in order to keep the consistency of the concept of the new meaning and core value of the products before and after manufacturing, the company holds the decision-making power of design. To gain market recognition, they develop the product content based on the life cultural topics the consumers like, and provide the practical functions behind the product original meaning. At the step of lifestyle proposal, they construct variable types of aesthetics experience based on the New-Meaning Product, peripheral products, and interactive field to help consumers understand the New-Meaning Product and enterprise value. The New-Meaning Products has developed new consumer market for product recognition. However, the lack of product exposition will have negative impact on sales performance. This thesis sums up by giving advice to the Taiwanese stationery industry on the development of a New-Meaning Product. First, the Taiwanese stationery companies should research more about the usage of stationery in all aspects of life, and explore the potential meaning in the existing products. To maximize the potential to create New-Meaning Products, the companies should retain decision-making power during the product design process, hire talent with design and marketing management experience, and prudently monitor the sustainability of their products. Lastly, they should pioneer marketing techniques to establish an emotional and spiritual link between the potential consumers and the new-meaning products, enabling customers to visualize the lifestyle benefits that the New-Meaning Products can provide.

Submitted by Adriana Macedo Marques (adriana_macedo@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-16T17:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final adriana para deposito com folha de aprovacao.pdf: 11541506 bytes, checksum: 36e0a127cb85d7dc9e530906b33622d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-03-16T18:32:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final adriana para deposito com folha de aprovacao.pdf: 11541506 bytes, checksum: 36e0a127cb85d7dc9e530906b33622d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2018-03-16T18:47:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final adriana para deposito com folha de aprovacao.pdf: 11541506 bytes, checksum: 36e0a127cb85d7dc9e530906b33622d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T18:47:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final adriana para deposito com folha de aprovacao.pdf: 11541506 bytes, checksum: 36e0a127cb85d7dc9e530906b33622d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / The present action research aimed to identify the possibilities of design thinking to enable innovative public services, by analyzing the results obtained in an action carried out in the professional practice of the researcher, within a project directed to reformulate the services provided to the taxpayer by the Attorney General's Office of the National Treasury of Brazil (PGFN). The action was planned and executed in the stages of understanding, observation, ideation, point of view and prototyping suggested by the Double Diamond in design thinking, resulting in a diagnosis of the problem situation and in the prototypes of the ideas formulated for solution. The research’s conclusions about the possible contributions of design thinking to iplement innovation in the public service were: i) formulation of a diagnosis of the problem situation from the point of view of the taxpayer, not the administration, and from that diagnosis solutions consistent with the user needs; ii) increase the degree of empathy and collaboration in teamwork; iii) interdisciplinarity in the treatment of public problems; iv) learning provided by the action and the research; v) networking and partnership building; vi) development of the process of awareness raising and awareness; vii) suitability of action-research method in the organizational area and in design thinking research / A presente pesquisa-ação objetivou identificar as possibilidades do design thinking para a implementação de serviços públicos inovadores, a partir da análise dos resultados obtidos em uma ação realizada na prática profissional da pesquisadora, dentro de um projeto de reformulação dos serviços prestados ao contribuinte pela Procuradoria-Geral da Fazenda Nacional (PGFN). A ação foi planejada e executada nas etapas de entendimento, observação, ideação, ponto de vista e prototipação sugeridas pelo Duplo Diamante no design thinking, tendo-se chegado a um diagnóstico da situação-problema, bem como aos protótipos das ideias formuladas para solução. As conclusões propiciadas pela pesquisa acerca das possíveis contribuições do design thinking para a implementação de inovação no serviço público foram: i) formulação de um diagnóstico da situação-problema sob o ponto de vista do contribuinte, e não da administração, e a partir desse diagnóstico soluções mais condizentes com as necessidades dos usuários dos serviços; ii) aumento do grau de empatia e colaboração nos trabalhos em equipe; iii) interdisciplinaridade no tratamento dos problemas públicos; iv) aprendizagem proporcionada pela ação e pela pesquisa; v) networking e formação de parcerias; vi) desenvolvimento do processo de tomada de consciência e conscientização; vii) cabimento do método da pesquisa-ação na área organizacional e em pesquisas de design thinking

Since the dawn of humanity design has influenced human life. Today, facing the depletion of the socio-ecological system, increasing complex problems threaten humanity’s existence. Design has been a contributor to creating such problems, yet with appropriate tools can become a source for solutions. Design Thinking (DT) was identified as a possible approach that could contribute to Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD). The purpose of this thesis is to examine potential contributors and hindrances of the DT process with regards to SSD, and create a prototype for an integrated process that could help achieve more strategic and sustainable outcomes. With the use of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) as a lens to examine the above, along with interviews, Action Research and expert feedback, an integrated process was created. Results of the interviews and FSSD analysis helped shape two prototypes that were examined through the mentioned methods. It was indicated by participants of the Action Research and by experts that the prototype could help reach a strategic and sustainable outcome, and further refinement should be pursued. The final prototype is presented as part of the discussion, suggesting additional tools and actions that if included could create a possible Sustainable DT (SDT) process.

The scenario in which this doctoral thesis is developed is Colombia, a country with almost 50 million inhabitants, considered the third country with better environment for business in Latin America. Colombia has an environment con-ducive to business development, but with a low investment in R&D (Research, Development and Innovation). The investment currently has 0.2% of the GDP, and the typology of companies that make up the Colombian business network are in 99,5% of cases Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME's). This is a challenge for the nation that should consist in increasing the competitiveness of companies to improve economic growth in a new peace scenario. To achieve sustainable development in Colombia, it is necessary for companies to establish innovation strategies that allow them to grow not only in the gener-ation of new products and services, but also in the optimization of processes. The development of competencies in the area of human resources oriented to inno-vation and the proposal of new business models should be the axis that motivate the local economies and in this way that they support the social transformation of the regions of the country. Taking into account this scenario, the challenge of Colombian MSME's is the im-plementation of Design management processes that allow them to become inno-vative companies. In this sense, the ability of Design Thinking as a facilitating tool in the development and implementation of innovation in different compa-nies around the world has been demonstrated. This has been possible thanks to the variety of design-based models that have been created in order to support the development of innovation at all levels. In this thesis, it was evidenced that the innovation processes that employ meth-odologies close to the design not only use the Design Thinking, but that the de-sign process and the traditional design also play an important role in the imple-mentation of the innovation in the companies. There are a large number of methodologies and models based on design process-es that can be understood from Design Thinking, an expression first used by the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University that defines a systemic and integral process based on practices and Methods of design, where creativity is fundamental and innovation is the goal. Its method is based on a deep knowledge of the user, the integration of multidisciplinary profiles, and the solu-tion of the challenges and in the pilot trials of these solutions through proto-types that the same end users test before being produced. After analyzing the following six different models: 1) the Third Hybrid Space, 2) Innovation as a Learning Process, 3) Open Book for Social Innovation, 4) 101 Design Methods, 5) Human-Centered Design, and 6) The Double Diamond, the most suitable was two of them, The Double Diamond and the Open Book for So-cial Innovation, because they work the innovation from the three dimensions of the company: Strategic, Tactical and Operative and each of both from the factors: Innovation, Users, Market and Technology, a qualitative and quantitative analy-sis. At the same time, the set of design methods and methodologies that under the name of Design Practices for Business (PND - Prácticas de Diseño para los Negocios in Spanish) was used as the basis for defining the tools that would be used later in the new model to be created. The Double Hexagon is formulated as a model that, applying the PDN, allows a MSME's to implement innovation as a strategic factor that not only creates an innovation, but also implies that the company becomes an innovative company. / El escenario en el que se desarrolla esta tesis doctoral es Colombia, un país con casi 50 millones de habitantes, considerado el tercer país con mejor ambiente para los negocios en Latinoamérica lo que supone un entorno propicio para el desarrollo empresarial, pero con una baja inversión en I+D+i (Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación). La inversión presenta en la actualidad un 0,2% del PIB sumado a la tipología de empresas que conforman el tejido empresarial colom-biano con un 99,5% de Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (MIPYME). Ello presenta un reto como nación que debería consistir en un aumento de la compe-titividad de las empresas para mejorar el crecimiento económico en un nuevo escenario de paz. Para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en Colombia, es necesario que las empresas establezcan estrategias de innovación que les permita crecer no sólo en la gene-ración de nuevos productos y servicios, sino también en la optimización de los procesos. El desarrollo de competencias en el área de recursos humanos orienta-do a la innovación y la propuesta de nuevos modelos de negocio deben ser los ejes que motiven las economías locales y de esta manera que apoyen la trans-formación social de las regiones del país. Teniendo en cuenta este panorama, el reto de las MIPYPE colombianas es la im-plementación de procesos de gestión de Diseño que les permita transformarse en empresas innovadoras. En este sentido, se ha demostrado la capacidad que tiene el Design Thinking como herramienta de facilitación en el desarrollo e implemen-tación de la innovación en diferentes empresas alrededor del mundo. Esto ha sido posible gracias a la variedad de modelos basados en diseño que se han creado con el fin de apoyar el desarrollo de la innovación a todos los niveles. En esta tesis doctoral se evidenció que los procesos de innovación que emplean metodologías cercanas al diseño no sólo usan el Design Thinking, sino que el pro-ceso de diseño y el diseño tradicional también juegan un papel importante en la implementación de la innovación en las empresas. Existen un gran número de metodologías y modelos basados en procesos de diseño que pueden ser entendidos desde el Design Thinking, una expresión acuña-da por el Hasso Plattner Institute of Design en la Universidad de Stanford que define un proceso sistémico e integral basado en prácticas y métodos de diseño, donde la creatividad es fundamental y la innovación es el objetivo. Su método se basa en un profundo conocimiento del usuario, la integración de perfiles multidisci-plinarios, en la solución de los retos y en el pilotaje de estas soluciones a través de prototipos que prueban los mismos usuarios finales antes de ser producidos. Después de analizar seis modelos diferentes: 1) el Tercer Espacio Híbrido, 2) la Innovación como Proceso de Aprendizaje, 3) el Libro Abierto para la Innovación Social, 4) los 101 Métodos de Diseño, 5) el Human-Centered Design y 6) el Double Diamond desde las tres dimensiones de la empresa: Estratégica, Táctica y Operati-va y cada uno de estas desde los factores: Innovación, Usuarios, Mercado y Tec-nología, se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo que facilitó la selección final de dos de ellos como los más idóneos. Paralelamente se definió de manera global el conjunto de métodos y metodolo-gías de diseño que bajo el nombre Prácticas de Diseño para los Negocios (PND) sirviera de base para definir las herramientas que serían utilizadas posteriormen-te en el nuevo modelo a crear. El Doble hexágono se formula como un modelo que aplicando las PDN, permite que una MIPYME implemente la innovación como un factor estratégico, es decir, que no solo haga innovación, sino que sea una empresa innovadora. / L'escenari en el qual es desenvolupa aquesta tesi doctoral és Colòmbia, un país amb quasi 50 milions d'habitants, considerat el tercer país amb millor ambient per als negocis a Llatinoamèrica el que suposa un entorn propici per al desenvolupament empresarial, però amb una baixa inversió en R+D+i (Recerca, Desenvolupament i Innovació). La inversió presenta en l'actualitat un 0,2% del PIB sumat a la tipologia d'empreses que conformen el teixit empresarial colombià amb un 99,5% de Micro, Xicotetes i Mitges Empreses (MIPIME). Açò presenta un repte com a nació que hauria de consistir en un augment de la competitivitat de les empreses per a millorar el creixement econòmic en un nou escenari de pau. Per a aconseguir un desenvolupament sostenible a Colòmbia, és necessari que les empreses establisquen estratègies d'innovació que els permeta créixer no solament en la generació de nous productes i serveis, sinó també en l'optimització dels processos. El desenvolupament de competències en l'àrea de recursos humans orientat a la innovació i la proposta de nous models de negoci han de ser els eixos que motiven les economies locals i d'aquesta manera que recolzen la transformació social de les regions del país. Tenint en compte aquest panorama, el repte de les MIPIME colombianes és la implementació de processos de gestió de Disseny que els permeta transformar-se en empreses innovadores. En aquest sentit, s'ha demostrat la capacitat que té el Design Thinking com a eina de facilitació en el desenvolupament i implementació de la innovació en diferents empreses al voltant del món. Açò ha sigut possible gràcies a la varietat de models basats en disseny que s'han creat amb la finalitat de recolzar el desenvolupament de la innovació a tots els nivells. En aquesta tesi doctoral es va evidenciar que els processos d'innovació que empren metodologies properes al disseny no solament usen el Design Thinking, sinó que el procés de disseny i el disseny tradicional també juguen un paper important en la implementació de la innovació en les empreses. Existeixen un gran nombre de metodologies i models basats en processos de disseny que poden ser entesos des del Design Thinking, una expressió encunyada pel Hasso Plattner Institute of Design en la Universitat de Stanford que defineix un procés sistemic i integral basat en pràctiques i mètodes de disseny, on la creativitat és fonamental i la innovació és l'objectiu. El seu mètode es basa en un profund coneixement de l'usuari, la integració de perfils multidisciplinaris, en la solució dels reptes i en el pilotatge d'aquestes solucions a través de prototips que proven els mateixos usuaris finals abans de ser produïts. Després d'analitzar sis models diferents: 1) el Tercer Espai Híbrid, 2) la Innovació com a Procés d'Aprenentatge, 3) el Llibre Obert per a la Innovació Social, 4) els 101 Mètodes de Disseny, 5) el Human-Centered Design i 6) el Double Diamond des de les tres dimensions de l'empresa: Estratègica, Tàctica i Operativa i cadascun d'aquestes des dels factors: Innovació, Usuaris, Mercat i Tecnologia, es va realitzar una anàlisi qualitativa i quantitatiu que va facilitar la selecció final de dues d'ells com els més idonis. Paral·lelament es va definir de manera global el conjunt de mètodes i metodologies de disseny que sota el nom Pràctiques de Disseny per als Negocis (PND) servira de base per a definir les eines que serien utilitzades posteriorment en el nou model a crear. El Doble hexàgon es formula com un model que aplicant les PDN, permet que una MIPIME implemente la innovació com un factor estratègic, és a dir, que no solament faça innovació, sinó que siga una empresa innovadora. En el segon hexàgon que correspon a l'Apoderament Col·laboratiu es genera de nou una transferència de coneixement i/o de tecnologia que li permet a la MIPIME continuar amb la seua innovació de manera autònoma. / Jiménez Ibáñez, JE. (2017). Análisis y desarrollo de un modelo de tutorización integral basado en el design thinking orientado a la innovación estratégica en empresas colombianas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90557 / TESIS

(in English): The diploma thesis deals with the use of design methods among Czech UX designers in the design of web and mobile applications. The aim of this work is to find out and critically describe how Czech UX designers use design methods in practice. The thesis analyse the design process of website, web and mobile applications, its various stages and procedures. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the basic terminology of the User Experience field and current research in the field, with emphasis on relevant terms and processes that occur in design practice. This part of the thesis is based on data obtained in the practical part, according to which popular approaches, frameworks, processes and methodologies of the UX field will be identified and described on the basis of professional literature. In the research part, qualitative research will be carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with Czech User Experience designers, focused on the identification of methods, procedures and principles and ways of their usage. At the end of the thesis, the obtained data will be evaluated and it will be identified whether Czech designers in their practice adhere to academic approaches, or what existing and theoretically described methodologies and procedures their design process...