Detaljplaner används av kommuner som ett sätt att reglera användningen av mark- och vattenområden. Plankartan som hör till detaljplanen är det juridiska dokumentet där kommunen använder sig av planbestämmelser vid utformningen av planområdet. Till plankartan följer det en planbeskrivning som anger syftet och redovisar hur planen ska genomföras och vilka konsekvenser den har på sakägare, miljön och andra som kan komma att beröras av detaljplanen. Vid bristfälliga planbestämmelser och planbeskrivningar kan konsekvenserna för de drabbade medföra kostsamma och utdragna processer. Enligt tidigare studier innehöll 17 % av antagna detaljplaner olämpliga planbestämmelser. Enligt tidigare bestämmelser så var kommunen inte tvungen att samråda med lantmäterimyndigheten vid alla planförfaranden. Lantmäterimyndighetens roll var under samrådet att verka för att planbestämmelser som kunde påverka det fastighetsrättsliga genomförandet var utformade på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. Lantmäterimyndighetens roll ändrades dock i samband med den lagändring som trädde i kraft 1 januari 2015. Regeringen ville effektivisera plangenomförande och detta ledde till att lantmäterimyndigheten fick en tydligare och utökad roll i planprocessen. Denna studie har som syfte att undersöka hur kommunernas ställningstagande till yttranden från lantmäterimyndigheten i samband med samråd och granskningstiden ser ut. Resultatet efter samråd visar att 12 % av detaljplanerna innehöll brister som påtalats av lantmäterimyndigheten men som kommunerna inte åtgärdat. Efter granskningstiden så gick procentandelen ner till 7 % av detaljplanerna. Vid granskning om det var någon skillnad i ställningstaganden mellan kommuner med kommunal lantmäterimyndighet och kommuner med statlig lantmäterimyndighet visade undersökningen att det inte förekom några större skillnader. Studien tyder på att kommunerna lyssnar på de synpunkter och råd lantmäterimyndigheten framför och följaktligen åtgärdar påtalade brister. Detta i sin tur leder förhoppningsvis till ett effektivare plangenomförande. / Detail development plans are a way for the municipalities to regulate the use of land and water territories. The map that follows with the detail development plan is a legal document used by the municipalities to shape the area of the plan by using plan regulations. With the map follows a plan description which describes the purpose of plan, presents the implementation of the plan and the consequences it has on interested parties, the environment and other parties that could be affected by the detail development plan. In the case of deficient plan regulations och plan description the consequences for the afflicted parties can lead to costly and drawn out processes. Earlier studies showed that 17 % of all approved detail development plans contained deficient plan regulations. According to earlier regulations, the municipalities did not have to consult with the cadastrial authorities for every planning proposal. During this time, the role of the cadastral authority was to make sure the plan regulations refering to property law were correct in their configuration not to cause negative consequenses to the implementation of the detail development plan. The role of the cadastral authories changed in conjunction with a constitutional amendment to the law which took effect 1 januari 2015. The government wanted to make the planning implementation more effective and one way to achieve this was to give the cadastral authority a more distinct and extended role during the planning process. The purpose of this study is to examine how the municipalities respond to comments made by the cadastral authority during the review time. The result shows that after the first review time 12 % of the detail development plans that the cadastral authority made remarks on had not been corrected by the municipalities. After the second review time, the procentage had decreased to 7 % of all detail development plans. When comparing the actions taken by municipalities with communal cadastral authority and municipalities with state cadastral authority the analysis showed that there where no significant differences between them. The studie indicates that the municipalities listen to the opinions and advice given by the cadastral authority, thereby deficient plan regulations and plan descriptions are amended accordingly. This will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of the detail development plans.

Discussions about the significance of the social license phenomenon have been increasing over the last two decades, yet the trend has been to approach it from a company perspective. Over the same period, there have been increasing challenges in mine-community relations, and company interventions have not led to the desired outcomes. A credible process for achieving a social licence within a complex and historically sensitive context is currently not in place, which has perpetuated the feelings of dissatisfaction and has led to serious conflict between mining communities and companies. The literature revealed a lack of clarity on the role of the community in the process, necessitating an interrogation of the phenomenon from a community perspective. Legitimacy theory was used as the basis of the study. The multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of the study necessitated the use of qualitative methods and an inductive approach, based upon a case study within two South African mining communities. The results of the study demonstrated that communities are limited in influencing the social licence, and this highlighted the need to incorporate community specific legitimacy, which more closely reflects the reality within communities (their diversity, informality, broad representation, and dynamic nature). The lack of agreement (emanating from communities, government and industry) on legitimate community leadership significantly also impacts on the social licence process. Communities are unable to articulate their expectations to mining companies, and the requirements for a social licence are not being satisfied. The study also highlighted the deep and complex nature of discourse transition, and that mining companies must concentrate on understanding context and produce context-specific interventions. This research contributes by extending the theorisation of legitimacy, as it relates to the social licence, by adding the concept of community legitimacy and proposes a community leadership framework, to incorporate this aspect. A conceptual model, which integrates the context-specific nuances, is therefore proposed for sectors which are dependent upon achieving accord with stakeholders via a social contract, and are experiencing increasing complexity and social tensions relating to their operations. Such a framework would facilitate engagement through representative structures and result in a more robust social licence outcome. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / PhD / Unrestricted

Each year approximately 2,000 new detailed development plans are accepted in Sweden. When an area is covered by a new detailed development plan, it is often necessary that land has to be acquired to adjust the property units to the new plan. The owner conditions of the property units can usually be adjusted through negotiations between the seller and the buyer. But in some situations, when no agreements can be reached, it is possible to use coercive measures to purchase the land. Compulsory purchases are only permitted when certain legal criteria’s are met. The legal ability of compulsory purchases also affects voluntary negotiations since they function as "game rules". The compensations that are given in compulsory purchases then functions as a sort of minimum level of the compensations given in voluntary negotiations. The purpose of this thesis is to study the compensation that should be given in different situations when land is being compulsory purchased. Furthermore, the purpose is also to study the motives behind the legislation regarding compulsory purchases. In order to find an answer to the purpose of this thesis, a study has been made with a representative property unit. In the study, land was taken with coercive measures in four different situations from the property unit when a new detailed development plan covered the property unit. The four different situations were chosen to illustrate the differences between the given compensations. In the four different situations two different legal systems were applied. First, the existing legal system in Sweden was applied and then an alternative system based on principles that earlier could be found in the, now no longer existing, Act regarding development cooperation units (SFS 1987:11, lag om exploateringssamverkan) was applied. The result of the study shows that the compensation given depends upon the allowed land use in the new detailed development plan and upon which legal system that is applied. In the current Swedish legal system, the allowed land use for the specific property unit in the detailed development plan had the largest impact on the compensation given. In the alternative system, the total allowed land use in the detailed development plan was of importance for the given compensation together with what the property owner had contributed to the development area. / Varje år antas cirka 2000 detaljplaner i Sverige. När ett område detaljplaneläggs behöver mark vanligtvis förvärvas för att anpassa fastigheterna till de nya förhållandena. Ägarförhållandena kan vanligtvis anpassas via förhandlingar mellan köpare och säljare. Men i vissa situationer, om ingen överenskommelse kan nås, är det tillåtet att använda tvångsregler för att förvärva marken. Tvångsreglerna får bara användas när kriterier uppställda i lagen är uppfyllda. Även vid frivilliga förhandlingar fyller tvångsreglerna en funktion eftersom de då fungerar som spelregler. Lagstiftningens ersättningsbestämmelser utgör en slags miniminivå för ersättningens storlek. Syftet med denna uppsats är dels att studera vilken ersättning som betalas i olika situationer när mark tvångsförvärvas inom detaljplanelagt område och dels att studera de motiv som ligger till grund för lagstiftningens utformning. För att besvara syftet har en typfallsstudie genomförts där mark frångick en typfastighet för fyra olika markåtkomstsituationer när en ny detaljplan blev gällande över området. Situationerna valdes för att tydliggöra att ersättningen som utgår vid olika markåtkomstsituationer kan variera. I studien tillämpades både dagens ersättningssystem samt ett konstruerat ersättningssystem som baserades på den upphävda lagen om exploateringssamverkan (ESL). Framkomna resultat visar att ersättningen kan variera dels beroende av vad marken ska användas till och dels beroende av vilket ersättningssystem som tillämpas. I det nu gällande ersättningssystemet är den största påverkan på ersättningen vad marken får användas till enligt detaljplanen. I det alternativa ersättningssystemet är det detaljplanens totala utformning som styr ersättningsbeloppet tillsammans med vad respektive fastighetsägare bidragit med till planområdet.

In order to achieve Net Zero emissions in the UK by 2050 and decarbonize the energy sector the integration of increased volumes of additional renewable wind energy is critical. Distribution network operators face challenges in increasing the capacity of this variable source of energy onto the electricity networks. Distribution network operators in Scotland have integrated more wind energy onto their networks to date and have learnings through experience that are worth investigating. The research conducted in this thesis is a comparative analysis of the Network Development Plans of three UK distribution Network Operators, Scottish Power Energy Networks in southern Scotland, Scottish and Southern Energy Networks in northern Scotland, and UK Power Networks in the southeast of England area.  The method used is a comparative analysis of the Network Development Plan documents using a set of pre-selected variables while also allowing for other new emergent variables to be included in the analysis and results. The pre-defined variables are grid capacity, flexibility, grid integration technologies, market structures, planning and regulatory framework, operational experience, efficiency, and location / wind availability. Variable codewords were used to perform the document search and related keywords were used where returns were insufficient. Two further variables emerged frequently in the texts as a result of keyword searches which were transmission links and energy storage and were also included in discussions. Results of the research reveal that Scottish Hydro Electricity Power Distribution, who operate in the north of Scotland, and Scottish Power Energy Networks who operate in the south of Scotland, appear to have a more innovative and proactive approach to grid integration technologies, stakeholder engagement, and innovation projects for increased wind energy integration. UK Power Networks have a larger investment plan approved by the UK electricity and gas markets regulator, Ofgem, but lack of experience in integration of large volumes of wind energy leaves it lagging behind its counterparts when it comes to integration and management of wind energy. Findings from analysis of the Network Development Plans is backed up in literature which claim that energy storage, smart grid technologies, and infrastructure upgrades are critical for integration of wind energy to transform it into a reliable and predictable energy source and manage its integration on to the electricity networks.

No description available.

Although decentralization is a common ingredient of the third wave of democracy currently underway in Latin America, few investigations have been conducted on the tools used to prepare local actors for increased responsibility. This study begins to fill that void. It examines the ability of municipal development plans (MDP) to effectively achieve the goals that underlay their formulation and, consequently, promote decentralization within Guatemala. Over the course of my service in the Peace Corps I witnessed and participated in the formulation of various MDPs. This experience provided the foundation for this research. I interviewed representatives of the three organizations most actively involved in the formulation of MDPs and a number of local participants including mayors, community leaders, representatives of community-based organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations. This research demonstrates that municipal development plans are an effective tool for the promotion of decentralization. Despite this, the research reveals that the short and medium-term relevance of each process employed in the formulation of MDPs depends on which actor groups are focused upon. These findings focus attention on the value of formulating MDPs. Although it is impossible to gauge long-term effectiveness at this time, it is apparent that the process of MDP formulation helps to create higher expectations of government by citizens, increases the capacity of local government to effectively assume increasing levels of responsibility, and enhances governance structures at the local level. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Syftet med min studie var att undersöka hur elever i årskurs 7 upplever att utvecklingssamtal och dess förberedelser är en del i deras lärandeprocess, om uteblivna skriftliga omdömen påverkat lärprocessen, samt vilka likheter och skillnader det finns mellan elevledda jämfört med lärarledda utvecklingssamtal. Med en enkätundersökning jämfördes attityder hos elever från två olika skolor; Tätortsskolan som använde skriftliga omdömen och lärarledda utvecklingssamtal och Storstadsskolan utan skriftliga omdömen och med elevledda utvecklingssamtal. Mina resultat visar: Att större andel av eleverna som fått skriftliga omdömen anser att de fått information om hur de ligger till i de olika ämnena. Att skriftliga omdömen är mindre bra på att kommunicera till elever hur de ska göra för att utvecklas. Att en stor del av elever med lägre betyg inte förbereder sig inför elevledda utvecklingssamtal och är svåra att engagera i sin lärprocess. Att det är stor skillnad på elevledda respektive lärarledda samtal beträffande vem eleverna tycker pratar mest, men det är inga signifikanta skillnader i hur de olika typerna av samtal bidrar till elevernas lärprocess. / The main goal of my study was to investigate how pupils in lower secondary school appreciate parent-teacher conferences with preparations as part of their learning process. The main issues were how written assessments affect the parent-teacher conferences and how pupils value teacher-led parent-teacher conferences compared to student-led parent-teacher conferences. A written survey-investigation was used in order to compare the attitudes of pupils from two different schools. One school used written assessments and teacher-led conferences; the other school did not use written assessments and had student-led conferences. My findings show: That a bigger part of the pupils receiving written assessments think that they are informed about their knowledge levels in relation to the requirements. That written assessments are not optimal to communicate to pupils how to improve their work. That a major part of pupils with lower grades did not prepare themselves for the student-led conferences and thus were difficult to involve in this type of learning. That the pupils in student-led conferences are more involved in the conversations but that there were no significant differences between the different types of conferences in the perspective of their learning processes.

Denna studie handlar om social hållbarhet och om hur fyra olika kommuner i den fysiska planeringen hanterar och metodiskt arbetar med detta ämne. Syftet är att undersöka vilken prioritet som frågor kring social hållbarhet har i den kommunala planeringsprocessen och hur man metodiskt arbetar med dessa frågor. Syftet är också att undersöka den sociala hållbarhetens potentiella koppling till blandstaden. Undersökningen har genomförts genom att studera kommunernas översiktsplaner, utvalda detaljplaner och de policydokument som planerna hänvisar till. Innehållet har sedan analyserats i relation till teorier kring social hållbarhet och blandstaden. Intervjuer med tjänstemän på samhällsbyggnadsenheterna på respektive kommun har också genomförts för att få en bild av hur man i planprocessen hanterar detta. Resultatet visar på att man i kommunernas översiktsplaner på liknande sätt avhandlar ämnet social hållbarhet och att man även har liknande målsättningar och visioner kring ämnet. I de studerade detaljplanerna skiljer sig dock i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt social hållbarhet behandlas i planbeskrivningarna. Större planer tenderar att ha större inslag av reflektioner kring planens inverkan på sociala hållbarhetsfrågor, medan många mindre planer inte alls avhandlar ämnet. Genom de intervjuer som genomfördes framkom att planering kring dessa frågor anses svårt och man många gånger inte anser sig ha specifika metoder som kan att påverka den fysiska planeringen. Alternativt anser man inte att kommunen som organisation använder de metoder som finns. De konkreta metoder som kommunerna använde var; markanvisning, medborgardialog och socialkonsekvensanalys. En tjänsteman nämnde att hen personligen använde Göteborgsmatrisen och en annan hade kontinuerliga möten med lokala mäklare för att följa flyttrender bland kommunens invånare. Samtliga tjänstemän talade om "blandstad", om än i varierande termer, som tätt sammankopplat med socialt hållbara städer och samhällen. De reflektioner som resultatet av denna undersökning slutligen genererat handlar om socialkonsekvensanalysens potentiella roll som konkret metod för kommuner att tillämpa men också om ett eventuellt behov av en lagstiftning liknande den som finns för upprättande av en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning. Båda dessa verktyg borde kunna användas på ett analyserande sätt för att värdera och bedöma eventuella åtgärders inverkan på sociala och ekologiska värden. / This bachelor thesis is about social sustainability, more specifically it is about how four different municipal areas handles issues about social sustainability in their spatial planning. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the priority of this topic and which methods that are used to deal with this subject. The purpose is also to investigate the possible connection between social sustainability and mixed use-city. The analysis has been made by studying comprehensive plans, detailed development plans and other documents connected to the plans. The content of these document has then been analyzed in relation to theories about social sustainability and mixed use-city. Municipal officials have been interviewed to get at more nuanced view on how social sustainability is incorporated into the process of planning. The result shows that the four comprehensive plans in a similar way talk about the aims of planning for social sustainability. In the detailed development plans the difference however is significant, varying to what extent and in what way social sustainability is described the planning specification. Bigger plans tend to include the subject in a more extensive way, whilst smaller many plans don't incorporate social sustainability at all. During the interviews many of the officials said that planning for social sustainability is difficult matter and called for more concrete methods, and for the municipality to use the methods available, to affect the spatial planning. The methods used were; land allocation, civil dialogue and social impact assessment. One official mentioned that he/she personally used the Gothenburg-matrix and another had regular meetings with local brokers. All officials talked about mixed use in connection to social sustainability. The conclusion that the result of this analysis finally led to is about the social impact assessment as a suitable method for planning for social sustainability, but also about the potential need for a legislation. Perhaps that could be the way to include social sustainability into the process of planning.

This research explores the responses of eleven teachers, drawn from teaching, managerial, policy, and union levels, to their involvement in the development and implementation of Teacher Review and Development (TRAD) and Individual Development Plans (IDP). Through a case study methodology that uses a phenomenological approach, this research found that TRAD and IDP had little credibility as tools of teacher development or appraisal for teachers because of a range of complexities that included the politicisation of the processes, a lack of financial and resource support, and varied quality control measures. The research elicited a list of criteria for successful design and development of appraisal processes. These are detailed in Chapter Five of the thesis. They are rigorous monitoring and modelling of the processes, clear goals with stated end dates and recognition for involvement, appraisal that is integrated in existing work practices and based on shared understandings of work value, the provision of resources and time targeted at the appraisal process, a commitment to identifying and acting on inefficiencies, appraisal that is focused on teacher development and not directly linked to salary "reward". The research concludes that authentic teacher review and development will not take place until teachers themselves take on the responsibility, as a professional group, external to their employer, for the design of teacher review and development.

Studiens syfte har varit att beskriva hur IUP som fenomen fungerar i skolan. Frågeställningarna för studien har berört vilka konsekvenser arbetet med IUP anses ha för elevernas måluppfyllelse, vilka möjligheter och hinder IUP ger med tanke på elevernas lärande, samt hur attityden kring IUP ser ut för pedagoger och elever. Studien har varit av kvalitativ karaktär och sett ur pedagogernas perspektiv, där sex pedagoger för grundskolans äldre åldrar intervjuats. Resultatet visade att arbetet med IUP är bra på så vis att det möjliggör att alla elever blir sedda samt att eleverna blir medvetna om sitt eget lärande. Till de negativa aspekterna hörde problematiken med formuleringar som kan generera missförstånd, att en del elever inte ser IUP som betydelsefullt, att en IUP inte kan garantera att elever når målen, samt den arbetsbelastning pedagogerna anser att arbetet med IUP kan ge. I studien har även uppmärksammats att pedagoger i sitt arbete med IUP stundtals utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande, medan inriktningen i Skolverkets allmänna råd i högre grad kan sägas utgå från ett kognitivt perspektiv. Avslutningsvis vill jag tacka alla pedagoger som medverkat, samt min handledare Lena Heindorff.