Since 2006 there have been two major changes to the Swedish Education Act. In January 2006, the first change, concerning nine-year compulsory school, took effect. The Act now requires that Personal Development Plans (i.e. individuella utvecklingsplaner – IUP) be introduced for students in elementary school, special schools for disabled children, Sami schools and special schools. The second change came into effect in July 2008. The content of the personal development plan was expanded to contain not only plans for future development, but also teachers’ written assessments of students’ knowledge and learning process. To implement the new regulations and support teachers’ work, many schools have turned to digital tools. The combination of new regulations and digital tools has generated new, unexplored circumstances for teachers, students and parents. The aim of this thesis is to provide a greater understanding of the work process with students ́ personal development planning and the role of digital documentation in this process. The aim is also to investigate students’, teachers’ and guardians’ experiences and participation. The main focus is on experience of the work processes associated with the recent reform of methods for communicating students’ knowledge and learning processes. To better understand this new educational situation, students’, parents’ and teachers’ experience of working according to the new regulations has been analysed and problematized. The research questions address how the use of digital tools influences the process, in what ways the process affects students’ and parents’ participation and in what ways the students’ identity work is affected by the communication and work process. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews, a survey study and a document analysis. The material was analysed through an inductive thematic analysis. The analysis draws on activity theory and theories focusing on participation at higher and lower levels, and on social relationships through concepts of power and control, as well as visible and invisible pedagogy. Patterns in the material were analysed using concepts of communicative and strategic communication, negotiation of influence, self-regulation and techniques for disciplining, positioning processes and the individual’s approach to a prevailing norm. The concept of cultural capital has also been used as an analytical concept. Students, parents and teachers all state that the process is now, finally, about the student’s personal learning. Thus, the study shows that students’ goals and personal planning do not significantly affect teaching in schools. Responsibility for achieving the goals is left to the student alone. Students can decide when and how they will work towards the goals in the plan. The follow-up process is concentrated to the discussion on progress with parents each semester where new goals are set for the student. The study also shows that the process with the personal development plans is focused on students’ behaviour and on transforming students into model students who perform at their absolute best. The study also shows that parents are entering as a new player – their child’s representative in negotiation. Teachers on the other hand are trying to manage the work process rationally by copying and pasting written opinions among several students and formulating and adapting students’ goals to suit their teaching. Students’ personal development plans are significant texts where players other than the student and his or her parents or teachers, are able to scrutinize and criticise the content as the student’s plans are public documents. All in all, the study shows that the whole work process with students’ personal development plans requires both awareness and understanding of the importance of language and wording. The work process is not only about learning; it is also about power, control and negotiation. / ”Ja, det blir typ mycket bättre koll på, jag tror det blir bättre så här koll på vad man behöver träna på”, beskriver Ella 11 år. Ella refererar till de ändringar i grundskoleförordningen som gör gällande att alla elever i grundskolan ska ha en individuell utvecklingsplan med skriftliga omdömen och vad hon tror att de nya bestämmelserna kommer att leda till. Vad får de nya bestämmelserna och arbetsprocessen med de individuella utvecklingsplanerna för betydelse för elever, föräldrar och lärare? Vad får användningen av ett digitalt verktyg i sammanhanget för betydelse? Handlar arbetsprocessen med de individuella utvecklingsplanerna med skriftliga omdömen enbart om att synliggöra elevers kunskaper och lärande eller innefattar den även något annat? Den här avhandlingen handlar om den arbetsprocess som sker när elever, föräldrar, och lärare förbereder och genomför utvecklingssamtal samt upprättar individuella utvecklingsplaner för elevernas lärande med stöd av ett digitalt verktyg. Syftet med avhandlingen är att med stöd av aktivitetsteori och teorier om delaktighet och inflytande samt makt- och kontrollprinciper ge en ökad förståelse för arbetsprocessen med de individuella utvecklingsplanerna. Syftet är också att utforska betydelsen av digital dokumentation och hur arbetet inverkar på möjligheterna till delaktighet och inflytande samt elevernas identitetsarbete i arbetsprocessen. Både elever, föräldrar och lärare uttrycker i studien att det nu äntligen handlar om elevens eget lärande och att arbetet med de individuella utvecklingsplanerna möjliggör ett förändrat arbetssätt i den riktningen. Studien visar dock att arbetsprocessen med elevers individuella utvecklingsplaner handlar om mer än enbart elevens lärande. I studien framträder fenomen som makt, kontroll och förhandling. Det framträder också en förestä̈llning om en mönsterelev som förväntas bidra till ett gott arbetsklimat och som presterar sitt allra yttersta. Eleverna, förldrarna och lärarna deltar i skapandet av mönstereleven frå̊n olika perspektiv, med olika motiv och med olika strategier. Elevers individuella utvecklingsplaner med skriftliga omdömen är betydelsefulla texter vars innehåll både kan granskas och kritiseras av andra än eleven, dess föräldrar och lärare i och med att utvecklingsplanen är en offentlig handling. Detta kräver både en medvetenhet och kunskap om arbetsprocessen och vad språket och formuleringarna i de skriftliga omdömena om eleven kan få för betydelse.

Diss. Uppsala : Univ., 2002.

I arbetet för en hållbar utveckling är frågorna angående mark- och vattenområdens användning högst central. För att uppnå effektiv användning är det grundläggande att mark- och vattenområden används för de ändamål som de anses mest lämpade för. I vissa fall kan åtgärder behöva utföras för att ett område ska bli lämpligt för sitt ändamål. För att säkerställa att åtgärderna utförs, innan användningen av marken ändras, kan villkor om detta läggas in som planbestämmelse i detaljplan. Planbestämmelsen kallas villkor för lov eller startbesked. I denna studie behandlas villkor som är beroende av att en anläggning byggs ut. Paragrafen för detta återfinns i plan- och bygglagen (PBL) 4 kap. 14 § 1.  Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien är att undersöka om och i så fall hur Sveriges kommuner använder sig av planbestämmelsen. För att komma fram till detta kartlägger studien vilka kommuner som använder sig av planbestämmelsen och i vilken utsträckning. Vidare studeras också i vilka sammanhang som planbestämmelsen används. Studien undersöker dessutom definitioner av begrepp i PBL, förarbeten och rättspraxis samt hur kommunerna tolkat några av begreppen. För att undersöka detta användes både en kvantitativ, kvalitativ och juridisk metod. I studien granskas samtliga 290 kommuners detaljplaner som vann laga kraft under år 2016. Resultatet av studien visar att bland totalt 1142 detaljplaner återfanns planbestämmelsen i 36 utav planerna. Användning av planbestämmelsen förekommer bland 25 kommuner med en geografisk spridning över nästan hela landet, med viss koncentration vid Sveriges landsgräns. I detaljplaner vid strand- samt fjällnära lägen syntes en frekvent användning av villkorade lov eller startbesked. I resultatet framkom även att planbestämmelser avseende anläggningar för avlopp finns högst representerade, därefter anläggningar för vatten följt av trafik. Användning av villkor avseende energi finns med i endast ett sammanhang. De begrepp som berörs i resultatet är komma till stånd och väsentlig ändring. Utredningar av definitioner för de olika begreppen i paragrafen visar att det i PBL, förarbeten eller rättspraxis inte finns tydliga definitioner. Resultatet visar att kommunernas tolkning av begreppet komma till stånd i de flesta fall överensstämmer med det som kan bedömas rimligt för att uppfylla syftet med planbestämmelsen. / The questions about the use of land and water plays a central part in the work for a sustainable development. To achieve an efficient usage, it’s important that land and water is used for the purpose it’s most suited for. In some cases, different actions are necessary for an area to be suitable for its purpose. To ensure that actions are executed, before the usage of land changes, different conditions can be established as a plan regulation in detail development plans. The plan regulation is called conditions for permit or starting clearance. This study address the conditions dependent of a facility development. The paragraph can be found in the Planning and Building Act 4 Chap. 14 § 1. The main purpose of this study is to investigate if and in such case how the municipalities of Sweden use the plan regulation. To achieve this the study mapped which municipalities that use plan regulations and in what extent. It’s also investigated in what context the plan regulations are used. The study also examines definitions of terms stated in the Planning and Building Act, preparatory work or legal praxis and how the municipality interpret some of these terms. To investigate this fact both a quantitative, qualitative and legal method were used. The study covers all the detail development plans that went into legal force during 2016 among all the 290 municipalities in Sweden.  The result of the study discovered that 36 out of 1142 detail development plans included plan regulations. The use of the plan regulation was discovered in 25 municipalities almost all over the country, with certain concentration at the border of Sweden. The study shows that plan regulations was frequently used in detail development plans close to waterfronts and alps. The result also shows that plan regulations were most represented in cases of sewerage facilities, followed by water supply facilities and traffic. The use of plan regulations when it comes to energy facilities was only represented in one case. The terms that is concerned in the result is carry out and significant changes. Investigations of the definitions of the different terms in the paragraph shows that there weren’t any clear definitions in either Planning and Building Act, preparatory work or legal praxis. Most of the cases shows that the municipality interpret the term carry out according with what is reasonable to fulfil the purpose of the plan regulation.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The occurrence of disasters around the world has in the past few decades increased at an alarming rate, which has necessitated an urgent need for mitigation strategies. As part of its planning and precautionary measures in responding to disasters, the City of Cape Town(CoCT) established a Disaster Risk Management Centre (DRMC) to co-ordinate such occurrences. This study is focused on investigating to what extent the CoCT’s DRMC has prepared individuals and communities to stay resilient.South Africa lies within a region of Southern Africa that has a semi-arid to arid climate,thereby making most parts of the country vulnerable to numerous disasters. Given the prevalence of the localised disasters in the country, they have the potential to overwhelm the capacity of any affected community. Furthermore, in 2011, the CoCT was approached by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives(ICLEI) to sign up as a Role Model City for the “Making Cities Resilient--My City is Getting Ready’’ Campaign, in collaboration with UNISDR. It became the first in South African City to be granted “Role Model City’’ status, becoming the second African city to be designated as a ‘‘Role Model City’’.The findings of this study indicate that the CoCT, through its DRMC, has tried to heighten awareness in communities to prepare them against disasters. Another important finding is that there is inadequate involvement of communities in CoCT training programmes. Poorer communities, which are mostly affected by disasters, barely receive any form of capacity building, that is, through training. In addition, the language of communication used in brochures, leaflets and other forms of media is mostly in English and Afrikaans, while the majority of people living in informal settlements speak isiXhosa. The study provides an insight into the need to consolidate strategies to address disaster management

Många medborgare har ibland svårigheter med att förstå delar av detaljplaner och plankartor som presenteras av Sveriges kommuner. Det presenterade materialet kan uppfattas som komplex och det krävs ibland god kunskap inom området för att fullt förstå sig på detaljplaner. I samband med detta står även kommuner inför svårigheter när det kommer till att locka till sig flera medborgare till medborgardialoger. Ungdomar är speciellt underrepresenterade i medborgardeltagande och vissa anser till och med att deras röst inte blir hörd (Alinazari & Alvinder, 2018). I syfte till att öka medborgardeltagande och förståelse för detaljplaner finns det idag flera tillvägagångssätt som kommuner kan använda sig av. Detta kan vara allt från 3D-visualiseringar till att använda Virtual Reality (VR). I vissa fall går det även att använda mobiltelefonen för att använda VR. Användningen av VR är väldigt nyligen etablerat och det är idag endast ett fåtal kommuner som använder sig av det. Många kommuner känner inte till möjligheterna med VR eller har varken kunskap eller möjlighet till att använda det. Genom att etablera smartphone-VR kan medborgare i alla åldrar, med fokus på ungdomar i studien ta del av visualiseringar och VR-material var som helst och när som helst. Den här studien  testade hur smartphone-VR kan användas som ett kompletterande visualiseringsunderlag för detaljplaner tillsammans med andra visualiseringsformer med hjälp av programvaran Juxtapose (2019). Tillhandahållandet av smartphone-VR presenterades med hjälp av online tjänsten RoundMe (2019). De visualiserade modellerna skapades i Sketchup. Vilket är ett visualiseringsprogram som både är lättillgängligt och idag brukas av många kommuner. Frågor om det visuella innehållet ställdes i en enkät som deltagarna fick besvara. Statistiken som alstrades av enkäterna sammanställdes med enkel linjär regressionsanalys. Detta möjliggjorde undersökandet ifall det fanns en statistisk signifikans mellan de besvarade frågorna i enkäten. Även ifall det fanns något samband mellan upplevd förståelse och faktisk förståelsen för det presenterade materialet. Deltagarna i studien får även rangordna den egna uppfattade förståelsen för det presenterade materialet. Den faktiska förståelsen mättes utifrån deltagarnas enkätsvar. Med hjälp av de besvarade enkäterna visade det sig att det fanns en delvis ökande förståelse för detaljplaner med hjälp av Juxtapose och smartphone-VR som komplement. Den största implikationen av resultatet var att personer med bakgrund inom samhällsbyggnade hade lägst faktisk förståelse för det presenterade visualiseringarna. Implementeringen av detta i praktiken kan därför vara en genomförbar lösning till att öka ungdomars förståelse för detaljplaner. Implementeringen behöver inte bara innebära att ungdomars förtåelse ökar utan även att det kan locka flera medborgare till att delta i medborgardialoger. / A lot of Swedish citizens struggle to understand parts of detailed development plans when they are presented by Municipalities. The presented material can at often times be seen as difficult to understand and previous knowledge regarding development plans are usually needed to fully understand them. In occurrence with this, Swedish municipalities find themselves struggling in order to attract participants to public participation events regarding upcoming development plans. Today’s youth is especially difficult to attract and also integrate into planning dialogue events and are thus greatly underrepresented and some youth even feel like their voice goes unheard (Alinazari & Alvinder, 2018). In order to change this downgrade in citizens dialogue attendance, and to increase citizens knowledge regarding detailed development plans, municipalities could use a couple of new techniques. These techniques range from the use of 3D-renderings to using Virtual Reality (VR), which also in some cases could be used with the help smartphones. The use of VR is although a pretty fresh establishment to the market which means that there’s only a few municipalities who actually established it as part of their citizens dialogue techniques. The majority of Sweden's municipalities don’t even know that it is possible to use VR in citizens dialogue nor have the knowledge of how to use it. By implementing smartphone based VR with a sharp focus on youth, they would be able to take part of 3D/VR based development plans anywhere at any time. This study aimed to test how smartphone based VR could be used as a complementary visualization material to development plans with the help of other visualizations such as the software Juxtapose. The provision of smartphone based VR was  handed out with the help of an online service called RoundMe (2019), which took part in this study. The visualized material which were present in the study had been made with Sketchup. A software which not only is easy to access but also widely used by Sweden's municipalities. Questions regarding the different visualizations was handed out through a questionnaire. The summed up statistics was then analysed with the help of simple linear regression analysis. The participants were also able to rank their own understanding of the presented material. The actual representation of their knowledge was analysed with the help of their answers from the questionnaire. The result of the study could with the help of the answered questionnaires be analysed and the answered that followed was that the complementary use of visualized material and VR could actually increase the understanding of development plans. The biggest noted implication during the study was that participants with a urban planning background had the lowest actual knowledge of the presented visualizations. The implementation of this could thus be of viable use when it comes to improving on younger people's understanding of development plans. And also mean that other societal groups learning would improve and interest more people to attend at public consultation events.

Title: Implementation of Personal Development Plans in Non-Governmental Organisations Author: Michaela Čížková Abstract The aim of this thesis is to identify factors which might prevent or help non-profit organizations in implementation of Personal Development Plans as a mean of employee development in the Czech Republic. Theoretical part of this paper describes non-profit organisations in context of their specificity in frame of employee development and introduces the variables, which influence this subject and which it is necessary to take into consideration when planning the implementation of Personal Development Plans. The empirical part uses the Grounded Theory method to research phenomena, which can serve as prerequisite in successful implementation of PDP, either in the initial phase or when solving issues caused by this tool. Conclusion and discussion chapter is dedicated to interpretation of the research results from perspective of employee development, their comparison with professional resources and the possible implication for non-profit organisations in the Czech Republic. Key words: Personal Development Plans (PDP), employee development, Non-Profit Non- Governmental Organisations, Human Resource Management

According to Swedish law municipalities have to assess if detailed development plans may lead to a significant effect on the environment, a screening. In this the- sis  we have investigated how municipalities present their assessment in the de- tailed development plan brief. We have examined all plans that came into legal force in 2012 in the county of Stockholm 259 plans in total. Of all the plans, 223 include a screening in the detailed development plan brief. We have studied the municipalities explanations, why they make a screening on detailed development plans, if the municipalities provide a statement whether a significant environmental impact may occur or not, and if the municipalities justi- fied their statement. Furthermore, we have studied whether municipalities state that consultations have taken place and if they refers to environment-related doc- uments in their screening. We also have classified the explanation and the justifi- cations as clear or unclear. Finally, we investigated what impact the acreage of the plan has on the screening. Almost all plans with a screening in the detailed development plan brief make statement. About a quarter of the plans making a statement lacks justifications. For more than half of the plans with statement and justification, the justification is unclear. We have observed that plans prepared in a simplified way have poorer screenings. Furthermore, the result implies that the quality of screenings is higher for plans concerning national interest and/or shore protection and for plans primarily con- cerning green land. We can see that the number of plans that may lead to signifi- cant environmental effects increases with larger plan areas, as does the amount of clear justifications. Out of all plans, only 3.5 percent was considered being able to cause such a significant effect on the environment that an environmental impact assessment was conducted. Finally, we suggest a law enforcement that the screenings must be presented in the detailed development plan brief. Additionally, we think that the legislation con- cerning screenings has to be clearer, simpler and more specific. / Vi tycker slutligen att det ska lagstadgas att kommuners bedömning av detaljpla- ners miljöpåverkan ska redovisas i planbeskrivningen. Vidare anser vi att lagtex- ten på området måste förtydligas, bli mer specifik och förenklas. Enligt gällande rätt ska kommuner göra en bedömning av om planer kan medföra betydande miljöpåverkan, en så kallad behovsbedömning. I detta examensarbete har  undersökts  hur  kommuner  redovisar  sin  bedömning  i  planbeskrivningen. Samtliga detaljplaner som vann laga kraft år 2012 i Stockholms län studerats, to- talt 259 planer. Av samtliga planer har 223 stycken en behovsbedömning i plan- beskrivningen. Vi har studerat om kommunerna förklarar varför de behovsbedömer detaljplaner, om kommunerna gjort ett ställningstagande till om en betydande miljöpåverkan kan uppkomma och om kommunerna motiverat sina ställningstaganden med skäl. Vidare har studerats om kommunerna redovisat att samråd enligt förordningen om miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar ägt rum och om kommunerna hänvisar till miljöre- laterade dokument i bedömningen. Vi har även klassat förklaringen och skälen som tydliga respektive otydliga. Därtill har vi studerat hur planområdenas storlek påverkar behovsbedömningen. Nästan alla planer med en behovsbedömning i planbeskrivningen har ett ställ- ningstagande. Cirka en fjärdedel av planerna med ställningstagande saknar skäl och mer än hälften av planerna med skäl har otydliga skäl. Vi har observerat att planer som upprättas med enkelt planförfarande har behovs- bedömningar av lägre kvalité. Vidare talar resultatet för att kommunerna genom- för  behovsbedömningarna bättre när planer berör riksintresse och/eller strand- skydd samt när planer främst avser grönmark. Vi kan se en ökning av antal miljö- bedömningar och andelen tydliga skäl ju större planareorna blir. Av samtliga pla- ner ansågs endast 3,5 procent kunna medföra en betydande miljöpåverkan.

This research was geared towards the investigation of management strategies (factors) that affect the performance ofMSMEs in Kenya. Many developed countries record a time in history when entrepreneurial activities led to revival of economical growth after decline. This implies MSMEs is a very vital sector especially for a developing country like Kenya. MSMEs stagnate and their performance is uncertain according to writers such as Namusonge, Management inadequacies have been suggested in several studies. The objectives of this research was to, 1. To identifY the critical management factors affecting the performance of MSMEs in Kenya; ii. To establish the process through which managerial factors affect the performance of a MSMEs in Kenya ; m. To determine the integrative effect of various management factors in the MSMES in Kenya; IV. To establish the effect of demographics and management factors on performance, v. To establish effects of external environment on internal management factors A conceptual model was formulated from the literature review showing relationships of the management strategies and the environment they operate in. These relationships became the basis for the hypotheses which were later tested. In chapter 4, a mini research (pilot study) was conducted in May 2007,whose main aim was to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The 36 questionnaires returned were analysed through descriptive method. Results obtained indicated the instruments were reliable and the results valid. A few corrections suggested were made. The major correction was addition of question 35 to collect financial information. The data collection was done between mid August and mid October 2007.In chapter 5, the researcher analysesd the results of the survey after receiving 180 questionnaires. Time was a constraint. In chapter 6, the hypotheses and conceptual model were analysed and the results obtained suggested that, most strategies did not affect the profitability separately but severally. The integrated effect of the management strategies and the associated factors had a higher impact on performance of the MSMES than any individual strategies. In chapter 7, the conclusions, summaries and Recommendations are given. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management and Policy)

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study examines the Western Cape municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and questions whether these IDPs include Information and Communication Technology (ICT) initiatives that promote development. IDPs are used by municipalities as multi-sectoral plans that provide situation analyses of municipal areas and determine development priorities in municipal areas. These development priorities must be met within certain budget and time constraints. Globalisation and the technological revolution have led to the rapid development and convergence of technology. Technology, such as the Internet and cellular telephones, has had various influences on society. One of these influences includes the possible application of ICT for the purpose of development. Therefore both IDPs and ICT can be applied for developmental purposes. The study thus brings together two seemingly unrelated concepts, namely Integrated Development Plans and Information and Communication Technology and aligns them with one another through the concept of development. The study includes three main objectives. Firstly, the Integrated Development Plans of the municipalities in the Western Cape were examined to ascertain whether these municipalities address ICT in their IDPs. Secondly, the nature of the ICT initiatives was determined. This refers to whether the ICT initiatives are for use in the community or for use in the municipality. Finally, a framework was developed, which includes the classification of the different types of municipalities, together with the different types of ICT initiatives. Recommendations were made based on this framework. The various theoretical issues discussed in this study include the transformation of local government in South Africa and the establishment of developmental local government. Various issues concerning the use of ICT for development are also discussed and they include the ‘Information Society’, the ‘Digital Divide’ and ICT for development. This discussion emphasises that success of ICT initiatives for development depends on the nature of the underlying policy agenda; this agenda must be demand-driven and pro-poor. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die Wes-Kaap munisipale Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne (GOP’s) en bevraagteken of dié GOP’s Inligting en Kommunikasie Tegnologie (IKT) inisiatiewe wat ontwikkeling bevorder, insluit. GOP’s word deur munisipaliteite as multi-sektorale planne gebruik wat toestandsontledings van munisipale gebiede voorsien en die ontwikkelingsprioriteite in munisipale gebiede bepaal. Hierdie ontwikkelingsprioriteite moet binne sekere begrotings- en tydsbeperkings bevredig word. Globalisering en die tegnologiese revolusie het tot die spoedige ontwikkeling en samevoeging van tegnologie gelei. Tegnologie, soos die Internet en selulêre telefone, het verskeie uitwerkings op die samelewing teweeggebring. Een van die uitwerkings sluit die moontlike aanwending van IKT vir ontwikkelingsdoeleindes in. Beide GOP’s en IKT kan dus vir ontwikkelingsdoeleindes aangewend word. Die studie bring daarom twee oënskynlik onverwante onderwerpe, naamlik Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne en Informasie en Kommunikasie Tegnologie deur die konsep van ontwikkeling by mekaar uit. Die studie bevat drie hoof doelwitte. Eerstens om die Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne van die munisipaliteite in die Wes-Kaap te ondersoek om vas te stel of hierdie munisipaliteite IKT in hul GOP’s aanspreek. Tweedens is die aard van die IKT inisiatiewe vasgestel. Dit verwys na IKT inisiatiewe wat binne die gemeenskap óf binne die munisipaliteit plaasvind. Laastens is ’n raamwerk ontwikkel. Dit sluit ’n klassifikasie van die verskillende soorte munisipaliteite, asook die verskillende soorte IKT inisiatiewe in. Aanbevelings wat gemaak word, word op hierdie raamwerk gegrond. Verskeie teoretiese kwessies word ook verder in hierdie studie bespreek. Dit sluit die transformasie van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika en die totstandkoming van ontwikkelingsgerigte plaaslike regering in. Verskeie kwessies wat die gebruik van IKT vir ontwikkeling betref, word ook bespreek. Dit sluit die ‘Inligting-gedrewe Samelewing’, die ‘Digitale Gaping’ en IKT vir ontwikkeling, in. Hierdie bespreking beklemtoon dat die geslaagdheid van IKT inisiatiewe vir ontwikkeling van die aard van die onderliggende beleidsagenda afhang; dié agenda moet aanvraag-gedrewe en ten gunste van armes wees.

Introduction: This is a two years master's thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies. The purpose of this thesis was to critically examine discourses of sustainable cultural tourism, and how different sustainability dimensions and ideals can coexist and be applied in practice. The starting point was a case study of the World Heritage Site “The Hanseatic town of Visby”, where the relationship between the conservation and the availability of the world heritage site was investigated. The research questions that were formulated were which actors and agendas that cooperate in the production of sustainable heritage tourism, how global and national guidelines for sustainable cultural tourism correspond to the local development work of the Visby world heritage city, which are the prominent discourses in the documents on sustainable heritage tourism in the world heritage city of Visby and how they are described as well as whether there is opposition between the conservation and the availability of cultural heritage, and what potential solutions to such opposition can look like. Theory: Prior to the study, previous research on sustainability, sustainable heritage tourism and the world heritage site Visby has been studied and used as a springboard for the thesis research questions. The theoretical perspectives that were used in the analysis consisted of theories regarding sustainable tourism, posthumanism, system theory and authorized heritage discourse, AHD. Method: The method chosen for the study was Laclau & Mouffes discourse analysis. This enabled a closer examination of the development plans and documents on sustainable heritage tourism produced by local, national and global actors. This was complemented with short interviews with thirteen stakeholders. Results and analysis: The result and analysis showed that several different actors and agendas are involved in the production of sustainable heritage tourism. However, there are difficulties in letting all actors get their voices heard and being part of the decision-making process, such as the local population, which are often disregarded. In addition, interaction between different actors could get better with more clearly defined areas of responsibility. The result also showed that, in particular, the concepts of sustainability and sustainable develop-ment were used in the documents about the development of the world heritage city of Visby, but the concept of sustainable heritage tourism was rarely used. The Swedish National Heritage Board and the region of Gotland are currently working on developing sustainable tourism strategies. At present, however, there is unclear correspondence between global guidelines and local application, where it is up to the municipalities to interpret and apply Unesco’s guidelines themselves, which may be difficult since the guidelines are quite general and vague. The study also showed that there are three clear discourses in the documents about sustainable heritage tourism. Under the overall discourse of sustainable tourism in Visby there is an ecological discourse, an economic discourse and a social discourse. In all documents, sustainable tourism is described as consisting of three discourses, but there is great freedom of interpretation in the use of the term. The discourses are also prioritized and described differently in different documents. Conclusion: The study's conclusion is that there are both oppositions and solutions. Both documents and interviews show that there are oppositions between ecological, economic and social interests in a place like the world heritage site in Visby. At the same time, there are also various suggestions for how the different dimensions can coexist and the actors were generally optimistic. Basically, it is about finding a balance between conservation and accessibility, taking into account both contemporary and future interests. Suggested solutions are to work further with information and knowledge, improve interaction between different actors, work with conservation-based development, productize heritage, better interaction with the local society, develop creative industries in historical buildings, and include visitors in the conservation work. However, most voices agree that the issue is difficult and complex and requires more knowledge and research.