Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små redovisningsbyråer samt dess påverkan på redovisningsprocessen.  Metod: Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie och en deduktiv forskningsansats har använts. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer och analyserades med hjälp av tematiska analys. Totalt intervjuades tio små redovisningsbyråer.  Resultat & slutsats: Digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små redovisningsbyråer kan delvis förklaras av den nyinstitutionella teorins isomorfismer. Dessa institutionella krafter har institutionaliserat digitaliseringen i byråerna i varierande utsträckning. Vi kan konstatera att den tvingande och härmande isomorfismen haft störst påverkan och att den normativa isomorfismen inte påverkat byråerna i lika hög utsträckning. Studien visar att digitaliseringen har påverkat redovisningsprocessens samtliga steg. Processen ser dock fortfarande likadan ut. Digitaliseringen har bara underlättat arbetet.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien lämnar ett teoretiskt bidrag till den befintliga litteraturen genom att visa att den nyinstitutionella teorins isomorfismer kan förklara hur digitaliseringen har institutionaliserats i små redovisningsbyråer. Studien lämnar ytterligare ett teoretiskt bidrag till den befintliga litteraturen genom att visa att redovisningsprocessens samtliga steg i små redovisningsbyråer har påverkats av digitaliseringen men att processen fortfarande är densamma, det vill säga att konsulten fortfarande utför samma tjänst men att arbetet underlättats. Studiens praktiska bidrag är att små redovisningsbyråer som inte har digitaliserat sin verksamhet bör göra det samt att studenter och nyexaminerade ekonomer bör ha en inblick i hur redovisningsarbetet har påverkats av digitaliseringen.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vidare studier kan undersöka digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små företag som upprättar sin redovisning internt samt dess påverkan på redovisningsprocessen i dessa företag. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the institutionalisation of digitalisation in small accounting firms and the impact it has on the accounting process. Method: We have conducted a qualitative study and a deductive research approach has been used. Data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of ten small accounting firms were interviewed. Result & Conclusions: The institutionalisation of digitalisation in small accounting firms can partly be explained by the isomorphisms of the new institutional theory. These institutional forces have institutionalized the digitalisation in the small accounting firms to varying extent. We can state that the coercive and mimetic isomorphism has had the greatest impact and that the normative isomorphism does not affect the small accounting firms to the same extent. The study shows that digitalisation has affected all the steps of the accounting process. However, the process still looks the same. Digitalisation has only facilitated the work. Contribution of the thesis: The study makes a theoretical contribution to the existing literature by showing that the isomorphisms of the new institutional theory can explain how digitalisation has been institutionalized in small accounting firms. The study makes another theoretical contribution to the existing literature by showing that all the steps in the accounting process in small accounting firms have been affected by the digitalisation but that the process continues to be the same, the accountant continues to provide the same service, but the work has been facilitated. The practical contribution of the study is that small accounting firms that have not digitized their business should do so, and that students and newly graduated economists should have an insight into how the accounting work has been affected by digitalisation. Suggestions for future research: Further studies can investigate the institutionalisation of digitalisation in small companies that employs in-house accountants and the impact it has on the accounting process in these companies.

The thesis analyses project HISPRA of The Municipal Library of Prague's Digitalisation Department - development of the project, schedule and funding. Other part of thesis presents Digitalisation Department, assumptions of establishment of the department, development, organization and staff, and hardware and software. Furthermore, there is a presentation of an object of digitization. The most important in this part of thesis is presentation of features of the historical documents about Prague. Furthermore, there is an introduction of document's selection strategy. Thesis also presents the various processes of digitization, including access to The Digital Library Kramerius.

Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen den Stimuli für die Digitalisierung (als Verwaltungsreform) und dem Digitalisierungsfortschritt bei Behörden und Verwaltungsleistungen. Es wird gezeigt, dass öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit eine positive Wirkung auf die Reformaktivitäten bei Digitalisierungsprojekten hat. Die Argumentation wird dabei von der Annahme getragen, dass „Öffentlichkeit“ zwar ein Treiber für Digitalisierung (im Sinne digitaler Bereitstellung) ist, diese aber nicht unmittelbar zu einer Verbesserung des Verwaltungshandelns und der Erreichung von Reformzielen beiträgt.

In 2019, the world was faced with a global pandemic. For many workplaces, this meant acomprehensive transition to teleworking. The flexibility and digitalisation of workingconditions has led to different experiences from an individual perspective. The purpose of thisstudy is to provide an increased understanding of how the transition to distance education andreturn to local education has affected the self-perceived work effort. The intention is thus tocontribute with knowledge whether telework and new work systems can constitute a futureform of work, central to Swedens university.The design of the study is of a qualitative nature where the results are based on interviews fromteachers and students at Örebro University, who have worked or are working remotely. Thetheoretical framework of the study consists of Allvins et al. theory of flexibility and boundlesswork and Giddens (1983) theory of structuration. The results of this study indicate that the selfperceivedopportunity for good work effort differs, but that the working conditions within theflexible work are similar to those of Allvin et al. (2006) describe. The study also shows thatmotivation has decreased as a result of telework, something that can be put in relation toboundless work (Allvin et al., 2006). The result of the informant's work performance issomething that has also become both better and worse. There is thus a shared experience inhow individuals experience distance work as enabling or hindering. Finally, a lesson can belearned; that a moderate degree of flexibility enables individual adaptation in life and this inturn increased motivation and loyalty to the work (Hill et al., 2008:151). This is knowledge ofimportance in the face of the decline of on-site work. / År 2019 ställdes världen inför en global pandemi vilket, för många arbetsplatser, innebar enomfattande omställning till distansarbete. Flexibiliseringen och digitaliseringen avarbetsförhållandena har lett till skilda upplevelser utifrån ett individperspektiv. Studiens syfteär att ge ökad förståelse för hur omställningen till distansundervisning samt återgång tillplatsundervisning påverkat upplevd arbetsinsats. Avsikten är därmed att bidra med kunskapom distansarbete och nya arbetssystem kan utgöra en framtida arbetsform, centralt för Sverigesuniversitet.Studiens utformning är av kvalitativ karaktär där resultatet baseras på intervjuer från lärare ochstudenter på Örebro universitet, som har arbetat eller arbetar på distans. Studiens teoretiskaramverk utgörs av Allvins et al. (2006) teori om flexibilisering och det gränslösa arbetet samtGiddens (1984) struktureringsteori. Denna studies resultat tyder på att den självupplevdaarbetsinsatsen skiljer sig åt men att arbetsförhållandena inom det flexibla arbetet liknar de somAllvin et al. (2006) beskriver. Studien visar även att motivationen minskat till följd avdistansarbetet något som kan ställas i relation till det gränslösa arbetet (jfr. Allvin et al., 2006).Resultatet av informanternas arbetsprestation är något som också blivit både bättre och sämre.Det finns alltså en delad upplevelse i hur individerna upplever distansarbetet sommöjliggörande eller hindrande. Slutligen kan en lärdom dras; att en måttlig grad avflexibilisering möjliggör individuell anpassning i livet och detta i sin tur ökad motivation ochlojalitet inför arbetet (Hill et al., 2008:151). Detta är således kunskap av betydelse införtillbakagången av platsbelagt arbete.

Since the turn of the millennium an extensive digitalisation of the European cultural heritage has been underway. The aim is to make the common cultural heritage accessible to everyone and promote developments in education, tourism and the creative industry, among others. Historically, archival documents and works of art have been closely related as archival documents has served as a proof of an artworks history and autheticity, its’ provinance. Since the turn of the millennium the archive has become a recurring theme in contemporary art. Informed by post structuralist theories of the archive as both a material place and a structure for power and history. In this paper the relation between archival documents and artworks are being examined. By studying the digitalisation project of Thielska Galleriet in Stockholm the aim is to answer how documents of Richard Bergh’s letter archive, preserved at Thielska Galleriet, are being affected when made digitally available together with the museum’s art collection. The study is framed by the archive science theory the accessparadigm. Occuring at the turn of the 21st century the paradigm correlated with the change from paper to digital information storage, changing the focus of the archive from custody to access. The analysis is taking an interdisciplinary approach in relation to the concepts provenance and authenticity, established in both archive science and art history and is further framed by the art historical dissertation The Archive Art Phenomenon: History and Critique at the turn of the Twenty-First Century by Sarah Callahan (Stockholm University 2018). The case study shows that the relation between archival documents and artworks at Thielska Galleriet has been blurred in different ways historically. Though faithful to concepts of provenance and authenticity, the digitalisation project faced some challenges regarding how the status of some archival documents changed when registered in correlation with the art collection in the database. Seen through the lens of the Archive Art Phenomenon, archival documents might be considered artworks if they are conceptualised as such. Access to the digitalised archives and art collection of Thielska Galleriet opens up for considering the archival documents in new ways. The use of Richard Berghs letter archive in artistic work and processes is one such potential.

With digital presence becoming an increasingly big part of museums, more resources have been put on digital interactions. This thesis studies how Malmö Museums can enforce their digital strategy by taking advantage of the Norwegian method – Tingens Metod (Method of Things), and by renewing their digital presence. Because of the COVID-19 crisis and the technological advancements of the past decade, museums are using digital technologies more than ever before to reach their visitors. By using Tingens Metod, we have been able to show how collaborative digital workshops with different participating groups can open the museum process to be an open dialogue between museum creators and the museum’s visitors. The workshops have led to a democratisation of artefacts, and a new-found appreciation for the conservation that occurs at museums. These workshops have also shown that participants would like to use digital tools and interactions in their exploration of a museum’s wide collection of artefacts. The results of this thesis project have led to the creation of a two-part prototype. First, the Tingens Metod workshops are adapted to become a recurring playtest programme at the museum. Second, an overall renewed digital presence which reimagines the museum’s digital presence in a modern and reimagined way should be available on platforms that visitors are using. Together these two parts form a proposed prototype which can be adapted by Malmö Museums in their continued effort to reach their long-term digital strategy goals.

With digital presence becoming an increasingly big part of museums, more resources have been put on digital interactions. This thesis studies how Malmö Museums can enforce their digital strategy by taking advantage of the Norwegian method – Tingens Metod (Method of Things), and by renewing their digital presence. Because of the COVID-19 crisis and the technological advancements of the past decade, museums are using digital technologies more than ever before to reach their visitors. By using Tingens Metod, we have been able to show how collaborative digital workshops with different participating groups can open the museum process to be an open dialogue between museum creators and the museum’s visitors. The workshops have led to a democratisation of artefacts, and a new-found appreciation for the conservation that occurs at museums. These workshops have also shown that participants would like to use digital tools and interactions in their exploration of a museum’s wide collection of artefacts.The results of this thesis project have led to the creation of a two-part prototype. First, the Tingens Metod workshops are adapted to become a recurring playtest programme at the museum. Second, an overall renewed digital presence which reimagines the museum’s digital presence in a modern and reimagined way should be available on platforms that visitors are using. Together these two parts form a proposed prototype which can be adapted by Malmö Museums in their continued effort to reach their long-term digital strategy goals.

Thesis (M.A. (Information Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The digitalisation of library services is concerned with ensuring that almost all systems used to render services are ICT incorporated. This is of utmost importance since we are moving towards the 4th industrial revolution. Public libraries need to upgrade their systems to ensure that the service rendered is digitalised. Failure to digitalise libraries may lead to public libraries being obsolete and library staff may lose their users. The purpose of this study is to examine the digitalisation of library services as a magnifying factor towards improving public library services in Limpopo public libraries. The quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. The questionnaire was used to collect data from Limpopo public library staff population. Convenience sampling techniques were used to select libraries in all five districts in Limpopo Province, which are Capricorn, Mopani, Vhembe, Waterberg and Sekhukhune. The instrument used to collect data from all library staff was a self-administered questionnaire. Eighty-seven questionnaires were distributed, filled, interpreted and analysed. Findings revealed that the library staff have a positive attitude towards digitalisation. The study also found that library staff do have the necessary Information and Communication Technology skills. Most libraries lack ICT systems and operate under financial constraints. The study recommends that training should be implemented more than once a year in public libraries and that it should be relevant towards the library staff needs. The government should also finance libraries for promotional and maintenance of ICT systems to ensure that a positive attitude is held up high by the library staff.

Denna uppsats utgår från att förändring är kopplad till lärande, vilket i sin tur sker i relationer genom kommunikation. Studien bidrar till kunskap om organisatoriskt lärande och digitalisering inom socialtjänsten. Digitalisering är en förändring men kommer också att initiera förändring och skapa lärande i en organisation. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur ett digitalt verktyg kan användas som stöd i en lärande organisation. Metoden som används är semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av data med hjälp av ett digitalt verktyg. Studien visar att ett digitalt verktyg kan användas för att samla in den kunskap och de erfarenheter som gjorts i en organisation inom socialtjänsten. Den teoretiska ram som används är Scheins förändringsteori och en analysmodell som bygger på teman som förändring, lärande, drivkraft och digitalisering. Resultaten visar att för att få bästa effekt och ha möjlighet att skapa organisatoriskt lärande måste införandet av ett digitalt verktyg planeras och vara väl genomtänkt. Införandet måste förankras hos medarbetarna och medarbetarna måste få stöd under hela införandet och ges möjlighet att förstå varför verktyget ska användas och hur. Det är viktigt att den person som ställer frågor i ett digitalt verktyg också ger feedback till respondenterna och tydligt visar vilket värde svaren har för hela organisationen. Begränsningarna med studien är att den endast genomfördes i en organisation under speciella förutsättningar. / This essay assumes that change is linked to learning, which in turn takes place in relationships through communication. The study contributes to knowledge about organizational learning and digitalization in social services. Digitalisation is a change but will also initialize change and create learning in an organisation. The purpose of the study is to find out how a digital tool can be used for support in a learning organisation. The method used are semi-structured interviews and collection of data by a digital tool. The research indicates that a digital tool can be used to collect the knowledge and experiences made in an social service organisation. The theoretical frame that are used is Schein's theory of change and an analytical model based on the themes of change, learning, drive and digitalisation. The results indicate that in order to have the best effect and have the opportunity to create organisational learning, the introduction of a digital tool must be planned and well thought out. The introduction needs to be anchored in the employees and the employees need to be supported throughout the introduction and given the opportunity to understand why the tool should be used and how. It is important that the person who asks questions in a digital tool also provides feedback to the respondents and clearly shows the value of the answers for the entire organisation. The limitations of the study are that it was only conducted in one organisation with special conditions.

The purpose of this essay is to critically review the archival investigation report to conclude what suggestions the investigation has led to, what criticism it has met, and if it is possible to identify any flaws with the investigation. I have made a text analysis of the report and the responses from referral bodies. The investigation concludes that there is need for a new and modernised archival law to follow the changes in a more digitalised society. The report also highlights the importance to include private archive institutions in the new law to protect their records for future research and as a part of our cultural heritage. There is a focus on mass digitising of analogue records from 1970 and onwards, to be able to make them available in digital form. The investigation also states that all archives should report information about their stocks to the National Archives Database. To finance the suggested changes, the investigation proposes a redistribution of funds. The referral bodies agree that a modernised archival law is important, since the current one is over 30 years old. They concur that the private archives need protection and want all archives to be included in the new law, not just the ones that are funded by state funds. A majority criticise a mass digitisation of the older archives. They state that it is more important to implement e-archives and make solutions for long-preservation of the information that is “born digitally” today. Otherwise, there is a risk that the information will be lost for future research. The Swedish National Archives, Riksarkivet, is suggested to be given the task to improve the national archives database to make it more user-friendly and easier for governmental authorities and private archives to provide information about their stocks in a national information system. The referral bodies also agree that the funds presented in the report are not enough to implement the changes suggested. Even though the name of the report is From Here to Eternity,” my conclusion is that investigation fails to present suggestions for long-term preservation of digitally born information and how to ensure that the information will be accessible in the future.