Stockholms läns regionala planeringsorgan vill utveckla sitt arbete med digitalisering inom regional planering med inriktning på ekologisk hållbarhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att bidra till detta arbete genom att jämföra och identifiera sätt som digitaliseringen behandlas i regional planering i syfte att nå ekologisk hållbarhet. Begreppet ”digitalisering” syftar på den process där teknik och digital information blir en del av samhället. Konceptet ”smart city” identifierades som intressant och tolkades om för en ”smart region”, och vad det skulle kunna innebära. Ingångar i frågorna skaffades i en workshop med Stockholmsregionens Tillväxtoch Regionplaneförvaltning, samt i en intervju med sakkunnig. Det genomfördes en studie av fem storstadsregioners regionplanedokument, och av litteratur om regional planering, digitalisering och ekologisk hållbarhet. Sju strategier för digitalisering och ekologisk hållbarhet i regional planering identifierades utifrån de regionala planeringsdokumenten. En digital plattform identifierades som ett möjligt sätt att arbeta med tjänster som är kopplade till strategierna. I litteraturen hittades analysverktyg vilka användes för att identifiera hur strategierna med digitalisering kan innebära ökad ekologisk hållbarhet. Efter det diskuterades hur den digitala plattformen kan samverka med regional planering, samt hur den digitala plattformen och samarbetsplattformen kan tolkas ur en planeringsteoretisk vinkel. / The Stockholm County regional planning agency wants to develop its work on digitalisation in Regional Planning with a focus on ecological sustainability. The purpose of this report is to contribute to this work by comparing and identifying ways that digitalisation is treated in regional planning in order to achieve ecological sustainability. The concept of "digitalisation" refers to the process where technology and digital information becomes a part of the community. The concept of "smart city" was identified as interesting and was interpreted for a "smart region", and what this could entail. Starting points to the issues were gathered in a workshop with the Stockholm region's Growth and Regional Planning Administration, as well as in an interview with an expert. A study was conducted of the five metropolitan regions’ regional planning documents, and of literature on regional planning, digitalisation and ecological sustainability. Seven strategies for digitalisation and ecological sustainability in regional planning were identified on the basis of the regional planning documents. A digital platform was identified as a possible way to work with services that are linked to the strategies. In the literature analysis tools were found which were used to identify how the strategies of digitalisation can lead to increased environmental sustainability. After that it was discussed how the digital platform can interact with regional planning, as well as how the digital platform and the collaboration platform can be understood from a planning theoretical angle.

Digitaliseringen har påverkat samhället på många olika sätt, företag och konsumenter är inget undantag. E-handeln är i en stark tillväxtfas och man ser även hur olika branscher tar plats på den nya digitala marknaden. Skönhetsindustrin är en av dessa branscher som vuxit de senaste åren inom e-handeln. I takt med detta är det av intresse att undersöka varför konsumenter väljer att handla skönhetsprodukter online. Denna kvalitativa undersökning har studerat hur kvinnor i åldern 25-40 år väljer att handla skönhetsprodukter och hur faktorer som bekvämlighet, pris och information är avgörande vid köp. Studien undersöker det traditionella konsumentbeteendet jämfört med den nya digitala konsumenten och hur digitalisering påverkar hur konsumenter handlar skönhetsprodukter. Genom digitala verktyg som mobiltelefon har digitalisering bidragit till ett förändrat konsumtionsmönster där digitala verktyg som sociala medier och influenser börjat ta plats. Studiens syfte är att både kartlägga och förstå faktorerna som är av vikt vid inköp av skönhetsprodukter online, i syfte att bidra till kunskap för företag på den konkurrerande nya digitala marknaden. / Digitalisation has affected society in many ways, companies and consumers are no exception. E-commerce is in a strong growth phase and one can also see how different industries are taking their place in the new digital market. The beauty industry is one of those industries that has grown in the recent years in the field of e-commerce. In line with this, it is of interest to examine why consumers choose to shop for beauty products online. This qualitative study has studied how women between 25-40 years of age choose to buy beauty products and how factors such as convenience, price and information are crucial when buying. The study examines traditional consumer behaviour compared to the new digital consumer and how digitalisation affects how consumers buy beauty products. Through digital tools such as mobile phones, digitalisation has contributed to a changed consumption pattern where digital tools such as social media and influences have begun to take place. The aim of the study is to understand the factors that are important when purchasing beauty products online to contribute to knowledge for companies in the competing new digital market.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små redovisningsbyråer samt dess påverkan på redovisningsprocessen.  Metod: Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie och en deduktiv forskningsansats har använts. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer och analyserades med hjälp av tematiska analys. Totalt intervjuades tio små redovisningsbyråer.  Resultat & slutsats: Digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små redovisningsbyråer kan delvis förklaras av den nyinstitutionella teorins isomorfismer. Dessa institutionella krafter har institutionaliserat digitaliseringen i byråerna i varierande utsträckning. Vi kan konstatera att den tvingande och härmande isomorfismen haft störst påverkan och att den normativa isomorfismen inte påverkat byråerna i lika hög utsträckning. Studien visar att digitaliseringen har påverkat redovisningsprocessens samtliga steg. Processen ser dock fortfarande likadan ut. Digitaliseringen har bara underlättat arbetet.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien lämnar ett teoretiskt bidrag till den befintliga litteraturen genom att visa att den nyinstitutionella teorins isomorfismer kan förklara hur digitaliseringen har institutionaliserats i små redovisningsbyråer. Studien lämnar ytterligare ett teoretiskt bidrag till den befintliga litteraturen genom att visa att redovisningsprocessens samtliga steg i små redovisningsbyråer har påverkats av digitaliseringen men att processen fortfarande är densamma, det vill säga att konsulten fortfarande utför samma tjänst men att arbetet underlättats. Studiens praktiska bidrag är att små redovisningsbyråer som inte har digitaliserat sin verksamhet bör göra det samt att studenter och nyexaminerade ekonomer bör ha en inblick i hur redovisningsarbetet har påverkats av digitaliseringen.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vidare studier kan undersöka digitaliseringens institutionalisering i små företag som upprättar sin redovisning internt samt dess påverkan på redovisningsprocessen i dessa företag. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the institutionalisation of digitalisation in small accounting firms and the impact it has on the accounting process. Method: We have conducted a qualitative study and a deductive research approach has been used. Data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of ten small accounting firms were interviewed. Result & Conclusions: The institutionalisation of digitalisation in small accounting firms can partly be explained by the isomorphisms of the new institutional theory. These institutional forces have institutionalized the digitalisation in the small accounting firms to varying extent. We can state that the coercive and mimetic isomorphism has had the greatest impact and that the normative isomorphism does not affect the small accounting firms to the same extent. The study shows that digitalisation has affected all the steps of the accounting process. However, the process still looks the same. Digitalisation has only facilitated the work. Contribution of the thesis: The study makes a theoretical contribution to the existing literature by showing that the isomorphisms of the new institutional theory can explain how digitalisation has been institutionalized in small accounting firms. The study makes another theoretical contribution to the existing literature by showing that all the steps in the accounting process in small accounting firms have been affected by the digitalisation but that the process continues to be the same, the accountant continues to provide the same service, but the work has been facilitated. The practical contribution of the study is that small accounting firms that have not digitized their business should do so, and that students and newly graduated economists should have an insight into how the accounting work has been affected by digitalisation. Suggestions for future research: Further studies can investigate the institutionalisation of digitalisation in small companies that employs in-house accountants and the impact it has on the accounting process in these companies.

The thesis analyses project HISPRA of The Municipal Library of Prague's Digitalisation Department - development of the project, schedule and funding. Other part of thesis presents Digitalisation Department, assumptions of establishment of the department, development, organization and staff, and hardware and software. Furthermore, there is a presentation of an object of digitization. The most important in this part of thesis is presentation of features of the historical documents about Prague. Furthermore, there is an introduction of document's selection strategy. Thesis also presents the various processes of digitization, including access to The Digital Library Kramerius.

Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen den Stimuli für die Digitalisierung (als Verwaltungsreform) und dem Digitalisierungsfortschritt bei Behörden und Verwaltungsleistungen. Es wird gezeigt, dass öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit eine positive Wirkung auf die Reformaktivitäten bei Digitalisierungsprojekten hat. Die Argumentation wird dabei von der Annahme getragen, dass „Öffentlichkeit“ zwar ein Treiber für Digitalisierung (im Sinne digitaler Bereitstellung) ist, diese aber nicht unmittelbar zu einer Verbesserung des Verwaltungshandelns und der Erreichung von Reformzielen beiträgt.

In 2019, the world was faced with a global pandemic. For many workplaces, this meant acomprehensive transition to teleworking. The flexibility and digitalisation of workingconditions has led to different experiences from an individual perspective. The purpose of thisstudy is to provide an increased understanding of how the transition to distance education andreturn to local education has affected the self-perceived work effort. The intention is thus tocontribute with knowledge whether telework and new work systems can constitute a futureform of work, central to Swedens university.The design of the study is of a qualitative nature where the results are based on interviews fromteachers and students at Örebro University, who have worked or are working remotely. Thetheoretical framework of the study consists of Allvins et al. theory of flexibility and boundlesswork and Giddens (1983) theory of structuration. The results of this study indicate that the selfperceivedopportunity for good work effort differs, but that the working conditions within theflexible work are similar to those of Allvin et al. (2006) describe. The study also shows thatmotivation has decreased as a result of telework, something that can be put in relation toboundless work (Allvin et al., 2006). The result of the informant's work performance issomething that has also become both better and worse. There is thus a shared experience inhow individuals experience distance work as enabling or hindering. Finally, a lesson can belearned; that a moderate degree of flexibility enables individual adaptation in life and this inturn increased motivation and loyalty to the work (Hill et al., 2008:151). This is knowledge ofimportance in the face of the decline of on-site work. / År 2019 ställdes världen inför en global pandemi vilket, för många arbetsplatser, innebar enomfattande omställning till distansarbete. Flexibiliseringen och digitaliseringen avarbetsförhållandena har lett till skilda upplevelser utifrån ett individperspektiv. Studiens syfteär att ge ökad förståelse för hur omställningen till distansundervisning samt återgång tillplatsundervisning påverkat upplevd arbetsinsats. Avsikten är därmed att bidra med kunskapom distansarbete och nya arbetssystem kan utgöra en framtida arbetsform, centralt för Sverigesuniversitet.Studiens utformning är av kvalitativ karaktär där resultatet baseras på intervjuer från lärare ochstudenter på Örebro universitet, som har arbetat eller arbetar på distans. Studiens teoretiskaramverk utgörs av Allvins et al. (2006) teori om flexibilisering och det gränslösa arbetet samtGiddens (1984) struktureringsteori. Denna studies resultat tyder på att den självupplevdaarbetsinsatsen skiljer sig åt men att arbetsförhållandena inom det flexibla arbetet liknar de somAllvin et al. (2006) beskriver. Studien visar även att motivationen minskat till följd avdistansarbetet något som kan ställas i relation till det gränslösa arbetet (jfr. Allvin et al., 2006).Resultatet av informanternas arbetsprestation är något som också blivit både bättre och sämre.Det finns alltså en delad upplevelse i hur individerna upplever distansarbetet sommöjliggörande eller hindrande. Slutligen kan en lärdom dras; att en måttlig grad avflexibilisering möjliggör individuell anpassning i livet och detta i sin tur ökad motivation ochlojalitet inför arbetet (Hill et al., 2008:151). Detta är således kunskap av betydelse införtillbakagången av platsbelagt arbete.

Since the turn of the millennium an extensive digitalisation of the European cultural heritage has been underway. The aim is to make the common cultural heritage accessible to everyone and promote developments in education, tourism and the creative industry, among others. Historically, archival documents and works of art have been closely related as archival documents has served as a proof of an artworks history and autheticity, its’ provinance. Since the turn of the millennium the archive has become a recurring theme in contemporary art. Informed by post structuralist theories of the archive as both a material place and a structure for power and history. In this paper the relation between archival documents and artworks are being examined. By studying the digitalisation project of Thielska Galleriet in Stockholm the aim is to answer how documents of Richard Bergh’s letter archive, preserved at Thielska Galleriet, are being affected when made digitally available together with the museum’s art collection. The study is framed by the archive science theory the accessparadigm. Occuring at the turn of the 21st century the paradigm correlated with the change from paper to digital information storage, changing the focus of the archive from custody to access. The analysis is taking an interdisciplinary approach in relation to the concepts provenance and authenticity, established in both archive science and art history and is further framed by the art historical dissertation The Archive Art Phenomenon: History and Critique at the turn of the Twenty-First Century by Sarah Callahan (Stockholm University 2018). The case study shows that the relation between archival documents and artworks at Thielska Galleriet has been blurred in different ways historically. Though faithful to concepts of provenance and authenticity, the digitalisation project faced some challenges regarding how the status of some archival documents changed when registered in correlation with the art collection in the database. Seen through the lens of the Archive Art Phenomenon, archival documents might be considered artworks if they are conceptualised as such. Access to the digitalised archives and art collection of Thielska Galleriet opens up for considering the archival documents in new ways. The use of Richard Berghs letter archive in artistic work and processes is one such potential.

With digital presence becoming an increasingly big part of museums, more resources have been put on digital interactions. This thesis studies how Malmö Museums can enforce their digital strategy by taking advantage of the Norwegian method – Tingens Metod (Method of Things), and by renewing their digital presence. Because of the COVID-19 crisis and the technological advancements of the past decade, museums are using digital technologies more than ever before to reach their visitors. By using Tingens Metod, we have been able to show how collaborative digital workshops with different participating groups can open the museum process to be an open dialogue between museum creators and the museum’s visitors. The workshops have led to a democratisation of artefacts, and a new-found appreciation for the conservation that occurs at museums. These workshops have also shown that participants would like to use digital tools and interactions in their exploration of a museum’s wide collection of artefacts. The results of this thesis project have led to the creation of a two-part prototype. First, the Tingens Metod workshops are adapted to become a recurring playtest programme at the museum. Second, an overall renewed digital presence which reimagines the museum’s digital presence in a modern and reimagined way should be available on platforms that visitors are using. Together these two parts form a proposed prototype which can be adapted by Malmö Museums in their continued effort to reach their long-term digital strategy goals.

With digital presence becoming an increasingly big part of museums, more resources have been put on digital interactions. This thesis studies how Malmö Museums can enforce their digital strategy by taking advantage of the Norwegian method – Tingens Metod (Method of Things), and by renewing their digital presence. Because of the COVID-19 crisis and the technological advancements of the past decade, museums are using digital technologies more than ever before to reach their visitors. By using Tingens Metod, we have been able to show how collaborative digital workshops with different participating groups can open the museum process to be an open dialogue between museum creators and the museum’s visitors. The workshops have led to a democratisation of artefacts, and a new-found appreciation for the conservation that occurs at museums. These workshops have also shown that participants would like to use digital tools and interactions in their exploration of a museum’s wide collection of artefacts.The results of this thesis project have led to the creation of a two-part prototype. First, the Tingens Metod workshops are adapted to become a recurring playtest programme at the museum. Second, an overall renewed digital presence which reimagines the museum’s digital presence in a modern and reimagined way should be available on platforms that visitors are using. Together these two parts form a proposed prototype which can be adapted by Malmö Museums in their continued effort to reach their long-term digital strategy goals.

Thesis (M.A. (Information Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The digitalisation of library services is concerned with ensuring that almost all systems used to render services are ICT incorporated. This is of utmost importance since we are moving towards the 4th industrial revolution. Public libraries need to upgrade their systems to ensure that the service rendered is digitalised. Failure to digitalise libraries may lead to public libraries being obsolete and library staff may lose their users. The purpose of this study is to examine the digitalisation of library services as a magnifying factor towards improving public library services in Limpopo public libraries. The quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. The questionnaire was used to collect data from Limpopo public library staff population. Convenience sampling techniques were used to select libraries in all five districts in Limpopo Province, which are Capricorn, Mopani, Vhembe, Waterberg and Sekhukhune. The instrument used to collect data from all library staff was a self-administered questionnaire. Eighty-seven questionnaires were distributed, filled, interpreted and analysed. Findings revealed that the library staff have a positive attitude towards digitalisation. The study also found that library staff do have the necessary Information and Communication Technology skills. Most libraries lack ICT systems and operate under financial constraints. The study recommends that training should be implemented more than once a year in public libraries and that it should be relevant towards the library staff needs. The government should also finance libraries for promotional and maintenance of ICT systems to ensure that a positive attitude is held up high by the library staff.