Denna uppsats utgår från att förändring är kopplad till lärande, vilket i sin tur sker i relationer genom kommunikation. Studien bidrar till kunskap om organisatoriskt lärande och digitalisering inom socialtjänsten. Digitalisering är en förändring men kommer också att initiera förändring och skapa lärande i en organisation. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur ett digitalt verktyg kan användas som stöd i en lärande organisation. Metoden som används är semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av data med hjälp av ett digitalt verktyg. Studien visar att ett digitalt verktyg kan användas för att samla in den kunskap och de erfarenheter som gjorts i en organisation inom socialtjänsten. Den teoretiska ram som används är Scheins förändringsteori och en analysmodell som bygger på teman som förändring, lärande, drivkraft och digitalisering. Resultaten visar att för att få bästa effekt och ha möjlighet att skapa organisatoriskt lärande måste införandet av ett digitalt verktyg planeras och vara väl genomtänkt. Införandet måste förankras hos medarbetarna och medarbetarna måste få stöd under hela införandet och ges möjlighet att förstå varför verktyget ska användas och hur. Det är viktigt att den person som ställer frågor i ett digitalt verktyg också ger feedback till respondenterna och tydligt visar vilket värde svaren har för hela organisationen. Begränsningarna med studien är att den endast genomfördes i en organisation under speciella förutsättningar. / This essay assumes that change is linked to learning, which in turn takes place in relationships through communication. The study contributes to knowledge about organizational learning and digitalization in social services. Digitalisation is a change but will also initialize change and create learning in an organisation. The purpose of the study is to find out how a digital tool can be used for support in a learning organisation. The method used are semi-structured interviews and collection of data by a digital tool. The research indicates that a digital tool can be used to collect the knowledge and experiences made in an social service organisation. The theoretical frame that are used is Schein's theory of change and an analytical model based on the themes of change, learning, drive and digitalisation. The results indicate that in order to have the best effect and have the opportunity to create organisational learning, the introduction of a digital tool must be planned and well thought out. The introduction needs to be anchored in the employees and the employees need to be supported throughout the introduction and given the opportunity to understand why the tool should be used and how. It is important that the person who asks questions in a digital tool also provides feedback to the respondents and clearly shows the value of the answers for the entire organisation. The limitations of the study are that it was only conducted in one organisation with special conditions.

The purpose of this essay is to critically review the archival investigation report to conclude what suggestions the investigation has led to, what criticism it has met, and if it is possible to identify any flaws with the investigation. I have made a text analysis of the report and the responses from referral bodies. The investigation concludes that there is need for a new and modernised archival law to follow the changes in a more digitalised society. The report also highlights the importance to include private archive institutions in the new law to protect their records for future research and as a part of our cultural heritage. There is a focus on mass digitising of analogue records from 1970 and onwards, to be able to make them available in digital form. The investigation also states that all archives should report information about their stocks to the National Archives Database. To finance the suggested changes, the investigation proposes a redistribution of funds. The referral bodies agree that a modernised archival law is important, since the current one is over 30 years old. They concur that the private archives need protection and want all archives to be included in the new law, not just the ones that are funded by state funds. A majority criticise a mass digitisation of the older archives. They state that it is more important to implement e-archives and make solutions for long-preservation of the information that is “born digitally” today. Otherwise, there is a risk that the information will be lost for future research. The Swedish National Archives, Riksarkivet, is suggested to be given the task to improve the national archives database to make it more user-friendly and easier for governmental authorities and private archives to provide information about their stocks in a national information system. The referral bodies also agree that the funds presented in the report are not enough to implement the changes suggested. Even though the name of the report is From Here to Eternity,” my conclusion is that investigation fails to present suggestions for long-term preservation of digitally born information and how to ensure that the information will be accessible in the future.

Two of the global megatrends today are the green and digital transition. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, and an increasing scarcity of resources coincide with rapid technological development which is fundamentally altering societies. Acknowledging the importance of this topic, the purpose of this study was to investigate how six large companies in Sweden perceive the potential of the new EU twin strategy which seeks to converge the green and digital transition. Through six semi-structured in depth-interviews, the study investigates how prepared these companies are for the twin transition, what challenges and opportunities they perceive with the EU twin strategy, and how their perceptions could be put in a broader context. The result shows that the companies perceived the twin strategy in a positive light, although only 1 out of 6 companies were aware of the twin strategy before the interviews. The potential of the twin strategy was often expressed in terms of creating new business opportunities while reducing environmental impact. The results indicate that the companies are more prepared for the twin transition in some areas and less in others, where the main identified challenges relate to implementation of technology and regulations, management of supply chains, digital maturity, balancing goals and values, and ensuring return from green and digital investments. / Två av de globala megatrenderna idag är den gröna och digitala omställningen. Klimatförändringar, förlust av biologisk mångfald och en ökande knapphet på resurser sammanfaller med den snabba tekniska utvecklingen som håller på att förändra samhällen i grunden. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur sex stora företag i Sverige uppfattar potentialen i EU:s nya tvillingstrategi som syftar till att förena den gröna och digitala omställningen, med tanke på vikten av detta ämne. Genom sex semistrukturerade djupintervjuer undersöker studien hur förberedda dessa företag är för tvillingövergången, vilka utmaningar och möjligheter de ser med EU:s tvillingstrategi och hur deras uppfattningar skulle kunna sättas in i ett bredare sammanhang. Resultatet visar att företagen uppfattar tvillingstrategin i ett positivt ljus, även om endast 1 av 6 företag kände till tvillingstrategin innan intervjuerna. Potentialen i tvillingstrategin uttrycktes ofta i termer av att skapa nya affärsmöjligheter och samtidigt minska miljöpåverkan. Resultaten tyder på att företagen är mer förberedda för tvillingövergången inom vissa områden och mindre inom andra, där de främsta identifierade utmaningarna handlar om implementering av teknik och regelverk, hantering av försörjningskedjor, digital mognad, balansering av mål och värderingar samt säkerställande av avkastning från gröna och digitala investeringar.

Digitalisering är något som är allt mer utbrett i samhället, på arbetsplatser och i våra hem. Arbetsmiljöarbetet är idag delvis digitaliserat och hur arbetet genomförs kan se olika ut beroende på vilken typ av arbetsplats det gäller. Även processen kring en skyddsrond, vilken utförs för att bedöma risker i den fysiska arbetsmiljön, varierar mellan liknande arbetsplatser. Dokumentering utförs till stor del manuellt och data som samlas in går ej att överblicka på ett användbart sätt. Riskerna är att viktig information går förlorad och att digitalisering som redan är implementerad inte når sin fulla potential. Mer konkreta konsekvenser utgörs av att organisationer kan gå miste om förtjänster samt leda till bristande arbetsmiljöarbete. Studien genomfördes i form av en kartläggning där elva skyddsombud intervjuades. Data från intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom ett affinitetsdiagram. Analysen resulterade i teman som berörde krångliga processer, avsaknad av information, psykosocial arbetsmiljö och samarbete. Även att digitala verktyg kan skapa mer problem än de löser. Slutsatsen är att arbetsprocesserna kan bli mer tidseffektiva, data som samlas in kan bli mer korrekt och därmed utgöra ett tydligt beslutsunderlag som lättare kan visualiseras och integreras i en organisations verksamhet. Bättre tillgång till data i en organisation kan även leda till bättre förutsättningar för uppföljning av arbetsmiljöarbetet. Kring utmaningar dras slutsatsen om att befintliga arbetsprocesser inte får försvåras. / Digitalisation is widely spread in society, in our workplaces and in our homes. The work environment work is partially digitalized and how the work is carried out differs amongst work places. Even the process with the work environment inspection round, which is performed to assess risks in the physical work environment, is different amongst similar workplaces. The documentation is substantially carried out manually and the collected data lack a useful overview. The risks due to the latter is loss of information as well as that implemented digitalisation does not reach its full potential. In concrete, the consequences are constituted by missed earnings for companies and lacking work environment work. The study was conducted in the form of a survey where eleven work environment representatives were interviewed. The collected data were analyzed through an affinity diagram.The analysis resulted in themes that referred to complicated processes, lack of information, psychosocial work environment and collaboration. As well that digital tools can create more problems than they would solve. The conclusion is that work processes can be more time effective, collected data can be more correct and hence constitute a distinct decision basis that is more easily visualized and integrated into the operations of a company. Better access to data in an organization can also lead to better prerequisites for follow-up on work environment work. The conclusion regarding the challenges of digitalisation is that it should not make existing processes more difficult.

According to UNESCO (2021) 43% of museums faced closure in the first quarter of 2021 due to an ongoing pandemic. Those that could, offered digital experiences to maintain links with their visitors, and for those institutions without the skills or resources to reach out to their visitors, their very existence remained in a state of flux. The situation in Sweden was no different and, prior to UNESCO’s published figures of 2021, the Swedish Government (2020) instigated an inquiry to establish the necessary interventions required to reignite the heritage sector post pandemic. The inquiry found a history of challenging problems for the sector. One problem recognised was the need for a digitalised sector to sustain heritage, and secondly, the motivation for this research, the lack of skills and resources in the sector. The aims of this research therefore were twofold. Firstly, to identify what digital skills andeducation are needed in galleries, libraries, archives, and museums, (GLAM) and secondly, to test the hypothesis that Higher Education curricula in Sweden requires a programme of analysis and restructure. Notwithstanding a review of past literature review to reflect on previous research of skills and education in the sector, an in-depth analysis of the Governmental inquiry also took place. As a secondary research activity, a sample of respondents were selected to represent small and large institutions across the sector. Comments, experiences, and opinions regarding lack of resources and skills, were extrapolated from recorded interviews, surveys and responses to the Governmental Inquiry which were noted and logged. Secondly, an analysis of skills required in current job vacancies in the sector took place. Additionally, perspectives from sector unions were sought, and finally, a limited survey of employee thoughts on current skills and what skills they believed they needed for the future was completed. The results indicated that discourse of skills and the digital vision in the sector have been ongoing for many years and that a global pandemic had to be the instigator for governmental intervention. There is also a traditional approach to the education of graduates in galleries, archives, and museums, unlike those educated to work inlibraries. archives and researchers via digital humanities programs. For those entering the profession in museums and galleries, there is little, if any exposure to digital practices. Barriers to change included financing, infrastructures, and a lack of leadership development in the sector. Digital transformations it was felt, requires a top-down approach and leadership is currently not in situ.

Businesses have historically had a negative impact on the environment by contributing to pollution, the increase of greenhouse emissions, neglection of responsible waste disposal, and deforestation among other things. Governments around the globe have been trying to align to goals and principles to decrease the negative impacts of humans, and it is now time for companies to step up and contribute to a more sustainable society. The research question for this study is “what can be the challenges when working with sustainability frameworks as an IT consultant firm?”. To answer this, research within Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), green ICT, and sustainable business have been conducted. In addition to this, the relation of two sustainability frameworks within IT consultant strategies have been assessed. Other than that, a case study have been carried out at an IT consultant firm. A result of this case study is a mapping of processes and their work with digital sustainability and sustainability frameworks. Two of the greatest challenges discussed in this study are about measuring and communicating the sustainability impact of projects. / Historiskt har företag haft en negativ påverkan på miljön genom att bland annat bidra till föroreningar, ökade växthusgasutsläpp, försummelse av ansvarsfull avfallshantering och avskogning. Regeringar runt om i världen har försökt att justera sina mål och principer för att minska människans negativa påverkan på klimatet, och det är nu hög tid för företag att börja bidra till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Forskningsfrågan för denna studie är “vilka utmaningar kan uppstå när en IT-konstulfirma arbetar med hållbarhetsramverk?. För att besvara denna fråga har forskning inom Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT), grön IKT, hållbart företagande kombinerats och redovisats. Utöver detta har integrationen av två hållbarhetsramverk i en IT-konsultfirmas arbetsprocess undersökts. Studien har genomförts hos en IT-konsultfirma, och deras processer och arbete med digital hållbarhet och hållbarhetsramverk har kartlagts genom efterforskningar och intervjuer. De två största utmaningarna som diskuteras i denna studie är att mäta och kommunicera projekts hållbarhetseffekter.

Sedan upptäckten av endogen ekonomisk tillväxt under senare delen av 1980-talet har det gång på gång visats i studier att tillväxt uppstår inifrån ekonomin, där FoU är en medverkande faktor. På samma sätt har forskning och utveckling visats bidra till tillväxten med produktivitetshöjande kunskap som överförs till ekonomin. Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på digitaliseringens roll i FoU och hur den kan fungera som ett verktyg för innovation. / Since the adoption of the endogenous growth theory in the late 1980s it has time and again been shown that growth is an endogenous effect of an economic system, in which knowledge and innovation are common contributing factors. Likewise, investments conducted in Research and Development has also been demonstrated to contribute to economic growth with productivity increasing knowledge spilling over in the economy. This study focuses on the role of digtalisation in R&D and how it could be an important tool for innovation development.

Med den höga utvecklingstakt som teknik och digitala system för närvarande har, öppnas möjligheter till en omfattande utveckling och förändring av fastighetsbranschen. För fastighetsförvaltare innebär det att de olika processerna kan effektiviseras och optimering av arbetsprocesser, ofta genom utökat användande av digitala fastighetssystem och hjälpmedel, kan göras. Detta resulterar i att arbetsprocesser förändras, både i förvaltningsskedet och dessförinnan, genom produktionen av fastigheten. För att undersöka dessa förändringar i branschen har detta arbete genom ett antal intervjuer och en litteraturstudie, undersökt hur informationen som finns i byggprojekt och projektledarens roll ska hanteras och vilken inverkan digitaliseringen har vid överlämning från byggskede till förvaltning.  Resultaten visar att de förvaltande företagen bör involveras i stor utsträckning i tidiga skeden av projektet. Detta involverande bör ske i projekteringen, men likaså bör de bjudas in till byggmöten, för att dels kunna komma med information och dels erhålla information från övriga parter.  Likaså är det viktigt att projektorganisationen, inklusive förvaltaren tidigt inleder arbete med att sortera information som primär eller sekundär inför förvaltningsskedet. Där den primära utgör information kring den dagliga driften och underhållet, denna hålls aktuell och uppdaterad av förvaltningen. Den sekundära informationen är sådan som kan vara bra att ha om särskilda situationer uppstår, men inte behöver hållas uppdaterad då den endast syftar till att användas vid dessa särskilda händelser. För att underlätta indelningen av informationen är det inte enbart kompetensen om de olika perspektiven som krävs, utan även förståelse för varandras arbete och behov mellan de olika parter involverade i projektet. För en effektiv överlämning är det viktigt att den mottagande organisationen är beredd att ta emot den digitala information som levereras genom någon typ av digitalt verktyg, exempelvis fastighetssystem och dylika verktyg för förvaltning och övervakning av fastigheter. Dessa system kan både minska kostnader, underlätta underhållsplaner, effektivisera den allmänna förvaltningen och öka hållbarheten vid förvaltning och underhåll av fastigheten.  Det är slutligen viktigt att projektet inte avslutas för hastigt, så information och erfarenheter som erhållits förloras utan att dokumenteras, således är det av stor vikt att erfarenhetsåterföringen får stor prioritet över lag. / With the high rate of development in tech and digital systems of today, new possibilities appear for large changes, and evolution within the real estate sector. This results in potentials to enhance and optimise the work processes of the facility managers. Generally, this can be achieved through further implementation of CMMS, and other digital aids. The development will result in a need to change of routines among the workers in facility management, as well as during the construction and design stage of the project. To investigate these changes and the development in real estate, several interviews and a literature review on the subject has been performed. Through these, a more thorough study of how the information in construction projects is managed, how the role of the project manager is affected, and lastly what impact the digitalisation has on the handover from construction phase to facility management.  The results show how the facility managing companies should be involved in the early stages of the project. Preferably their involvement should start in the design stage, and continue during the project, to provide valuable input and receive information from involved parties. It is also important that the project organization, including the facility management, start work on separating information into primary and secondary information aimed at the management stage. Where the primary information consists of operation and maintenance information to be kept up to date by the facility management. The secondary information can be stored in an archive ready to be used in case something unexpected happens but does not need to be updated like the primary. To aid the separation of the information it is not only expertise about the diverse perspectives that is important but also an understanding of each individual way of working and the different needs between the many different parties involved.  For a smooth and efficient handover, it is essential that the receiving organisation is prepared to receive the digital information being delivered through some sort of digital tool, like MMS or similar systems for facilitating and monitoring properties. These systems may both lower costs and ease maintenance planning, streamline the general facility management and improve the sustainability in operation and maintenance of properties.  Finally, it is important that the project does not end too abruptly, so that information and experiences acquired gets lost without being documented. It is consequently of great importance that experience feedback is given a significant priority in every project.

The research question that moves the present work is whether and how competition law shall play a role in making our society more ‘sustainable’, intending this term in a broad meaning, and therefore linked to social, economic and environmental sustainability. The question raises from the awareness of the problems that are affecting our society, also if we refer at its democratic foundations. In particular, we considered that issues such as increasing income inequalities, raising market concentration rates and the even faster climate changes are topics that cannot be outside the academic analysis of the various policies. Therefore, if we try to answer at the question if competition law shall play a role in this context, the analysis should start from the very foundations of this discipline. At this purpose, in our research, we scrutinised how the most representative competition law regimes in the world - i.e., the US antitrust law and the EU competition law systems – developed during their history. This analysis is conducted by reading through legislative sources, policy statements, judicial decisions and scholar works. What emerges is that competition law shall not only be focused on mere economic and econometric objectives, such economic efficiency, but it was intended more as a structural instrument, created for preventing the concentration of an excessive degree of economic power on the same subject or on a bounce of entities. Therefore, after having affirmed this structuralist aim of competition law, it is possible to understand how every other objective shall be considered as a by-product of a healthy competitive process, and not as an end of competition law in itself. This is particularly clear in the European context, as competition law ought not to be intended as a separate or lone subject, but as a field of law well rooted into the EU and its Member States’ constitutional traditions. After having established that competition law shall play a role in the transition towards a more sustainable society, the focus moves on how this task shall be performed. For this purpose, the present research scrutinised the issues we mentioned before, by making a comparative analysis between the EU and the U.S. competition law and antitrust models and, inside the EU environment, among the various solutions adopted in the Member States. This analysis first needed to be carried out by means of an empirical assessment of the issue at stake, especially from an economic standpoint. Then, the legal tools needed in order to reach the desired outcomes were scrutinised, first by making reference to the solutions already adopted by enforcers and Courts on the basis of the existing rules, and, subsequently, new tools are analysed and proposed. In particular, the research establishes a connection between income inequalities and the increasing rates of market concentration. The latter dynamic was deemed particularly intense in the digital market context, which are characterised by market dynamics which escape from the common understanding of competition, as they lead the market to tip in favour of a firm, usually the first mover. In a nutshell, they are characterised by a sort of winner takes all structure. This field represents the core of this research, as it is where excessive market concentration shows most its detrimental effects and the need to a structuralist approach to competition law appears much needed. Therefore, this work aims to provide its contribution to the very active academic debate on this field. However, this research does not want to be limited to the digital market problem but is directed at casting lights on the need for a multi-value approach to competition law at 360 degrees, which can turn into a multi-tool enforcement to better tailor the application of competition rules to all the analysed issues, which are however interrelated thanks to the broad concept of ‘sustainability’ outlined above, in line with the Brundtland Report on sustainability issued in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development. What emerges is that competition law ought to play a role in the transition towards a more sustainable economy and society. This depends on policy choices, and this work is aimed – in the realm of the current scholar debate on this topic – at providing its constructive contribution. However, what is important to affirm is that policy choices directed at establishing the multi-value and multi-tool competition law described above are not only based on progressive or hipster academic ideas, but they are deeply rooted into our societies’ constitutional traditions, and, in the end, in a healthy conception of the liberal economy itself.

A successful company today is focusing on minimizing costs, maximizing customer satisfaction, and increasing productivity. E-commerce is a tool to achieve the requirements that a company needs to reduce costs. Maximizing customer satisfaction and increasing productivity is a way to implement the requirements that are needed for a company to be successful today. E-commerce is being used on a daily basis in many different industries and the evolution of digitalization makes it possible for a company to increase customers as e-commerce makes the company more accessible. The duty of e-commerce is to make stronger bonds between companies, customers, and suppliers in the business cycle. Better communication, increased effectiveness, and opportunities for more jobs are benefits that e-commerce has contributed. The focus of this study is to gain an understanding of the possible changes that the implementation of e-commerce has brought to the retail industry in terms of work organization and digital competence. Other research areas that the study is focusing on include digitalization and value-added service. The main reason why this study is focusing on subjects like digitalization and value-added service is that digitalization is the core of building an e-commerce company. Many companies are using e-commerce as a complement to their business, and this is where the value-added service utility is being used.  The study shows that the implementation of e-commerce in a company affects the working procedure through opportunities for flexibility. From the interview we can come to the conclusion that it also creates opportunities for more effective sustainability work. We used Malmo Universities search engine to be able to find the sources we needed, and that includes peer-reviewed material. Course literatures were also used to improve the information on our bachelor thesis about e-commerce. E-commerce is frequently being studied from an economic perspective, and therefore we choose to limit our study to focus more on economic sustainability than ecological sustainability. This is the reason why we think that the future studies should focus on ecological sustainability. / Ett framgångsrikt företag fokuserar idag på att minimera kostnaderna, maximera kundnöjdheten och öka produktiviteten. E-handel är ett verktyg för att uppnå de krav som ett företag behöver för att minska kostnaderna. Att maximera kundnöjdheten och öka produktiviteten är ett sätt att genomföra de krav som krävs för att ett företag ska vara framgångsrikt idag. E-handel används dagligen i många olika branscher och utvecklingen av digitaliseringen gör det möjligt för ett företag att öka antalet kunder då e-handel gör företaget mer tillgängligt. E-handelns uppgift är att skapa starkare band mellan företag, kunder och leverantörer i konjunkturcykeln. Bättre kommunikation, ökad effektivitet och möjligheter till fler arbetstillfällen är fördelar som e-handeln har bidragit med. Fokus för denna studie är att få en förståelse för de eventuella förändringar som implementeringen av e-handel har inneburit för detaljhandeln när det gäller arbetsorganisation och digital kompetens. Andra forskningsområden som studien fokuserar på är digitalisering och mervärdestjänster. Den främsta anledningen till att denna studie fokuserar på ämnen som digitalisering och mervärdestjänster är att digitalisering är kärnan i uppbyggnaden av ett e-handelsföretag. Många företag använder e-handel som ett komplement till sin verksamhet, och det är här som nyttan av mervärdestjänst används.  Studien visar att implementeringen av e-handel i ett företag påverkar arbetsförfarandet genom möjligheter till flexibilitet. Utifrån intervjun kan vi dra slutsatsen att det även skapar möjligheter för ett effektivare hållbarhetsarbete. Vi använde oss av Malmö universitets sökmotor för att kunna hitta de källor vi behövde, och det inkluderar peer-reviewed material. Kurslitteratur användes också för att förbättra informationen i vår kandidatuppsats om e-handel. / <p>Genom zoom.</p>