Whoonga is a relatively new addition into the drug market. The need for this study was prompted by the devastating effects this new arrival has had in the lives of young people addicted to it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whoonga on the learning of affected youth in Kwa-Dabeka Township. This study adopted a qualitative method and employed a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of participants with regard to whoonga use and their learning. Data was collected through purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted, using semi-structured and unstructured questions with the help of an interview guide. Observations were also conducted to collect more data. This was done in the classroom during teaching and learning, as well as outside the classroom during recess. The study employed a social learning theoretical framework on the experiences of participants with regard to the use of whoonga. Four participants from one high school in Kwa-Dabeka Township were involved in the study. Themes that emerged from the study were that all the participants were totally ignorant of what they were getting themselves into before they started using whoonga. Peer pressure, coupled with curiosity made their decision to use whoonga easy. Challenges that participants face now on daily basis are far beyond their young age. The findings have indicated that learning is a situation of near impossibility for the participants. The findings have also depicted a picture of young people who are trapped in a vicious cycle of one of life‟s harshest living conditions in terms of their encounters with parents, school and the communities they come from. Despite their hopes for a brighter future one day, participants see no end in sight for their suffering at the hands of this unforgiving, destructive drug at this point in time. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Whoonga is a relatively new addition into the drug market. The need for this study was prompted by the devastating effects this new arrival has had in the lives of young people addicted to it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whoonga on the learning of affected youth in Kwa-Dabeka Township. This study adopted a qualitative method and employed a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of participants with regard to whoonga use and their learning. Data was collected through purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted, using semi-structured and unstructured questions with the help of an interview guide. Observations were also conducted to collect more data. This was done in the classroom during teaching and learning, as well as outside the classroom during recess. The study employed a social learning theoretical framework on the experiences of participants with regard to the use of whoonga. Four participants from one high school in Kwa-Dabeka Township were involved in the study. Themes that emerged from the study were that all the participants were totally ignorant of what they were getting themselves into before they started using whoonga. Peer pressure, coupled with curiosity made their decision to use whoonga easy. Challenges that participants face now on daily basis are far beyond their young age. The findings have indicated that learning is a situation of near impossibility for the participants. The findings have also depicted a picture of young people who are trapped in a vicious cycle of one of life‟s harshest living conditions in terms of their encounters with parents, school and the communities they come from. Despite their hopes for a brighter future one day, participants see no end in sight for their suffering at the hands of this unforgiving, destructive drug at this point in time. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão, e o uso de álcool e outras drogas, nos profissionais de enfermagem da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e transversal com 74 enfermeiros e 96 auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem das equipes de Saúde da Família de Uberlândia (MG). Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário sobre informações sociodemográficas e ocupacionais, um questionário para triagem do uso de álcool, tabaco e outras substâncias (ASSIST), o Teste para Identificação do Uso de Álcool (AUDIT) e a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse (DASS-21). O nível de significância (valor de p) foi estabelecido em 0,05 para todas as variáveis. Foram realizadas análises descritiva dos dados apresentados em frequência absoluta e relativa; e análise bivariada dos dados, com Teste de Qui-Quadrado e Teste Coeficiente de correlação por postos de Spearman. O estudo mostrou que a maioria dos profissionais são do sexo feminino (93,8%), estado civil casados (66,1%), da faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (42%), técnicos de enfermagem (48,2%). Quanto ao uso de drogas, 44,6% dos participantes referiram usar álcool em binge, 2,7% fazem uso de risco de tabaco, e 0,9% de sedativos. Foi encontrado que 16,2% dos entrevistados possuem algum grau de depressão, assim como 15,3% estresse e 20,2% ansiedade. O consumo de álcool em binge e de tabaco foi associado ao sexo masculino, e o uso de sedativos ao número de vínculos. Houve uma correlação positiva da depressão com: o tempo de trabalho de 6 a 10 anos de atuação (p=0,04), o uso de álcool (p=0,047), o estresse (p=0,000), e a ansiedade (p=0,000). O uso problemático de álcool, seja de forma abusiva (0,002), ou em binge (p=0,020) também está correlacionado com o uso de tabaco. Por fim, conclui-se que o consumo de álcool entre os profissionais de enfermagem apresentou índices semelhantes ao da população geral, a ocorrência de depressão apontou uma frequência preocupante nesse público; além de perceber que a literatura sobre o uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas por profissionais de enfermagem da Estratégia de Saúde da Família é escassa, merecendo maiores investigações nesse público; destaca-se também a importância de maiores investimentos em atenção à saúde do trabalhador junto a esse contexto. / This work aimed to analyze the levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and the use of alcohol and other drugs, among the nursing personnel who work with Family Health Strategy. It was developed a quantitative, exploratory and cross-sectional analysis with 74 nurses and 96 nursing technician and auxiliaries, in the city of Uberlandia – MG, Brazil. For the data collection, it was used a questionnaire about sociodemographic and occupational topics, and other questionnaires, such as: ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and DASS – 21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale). The significance level (p) was stablished in 0.05 for all variables. Descriptive analyses of the data presented in absolute and relative frequency were conducted; as well as bivariate data analyses, using the chi-squared test and the Spearman´s correlation coefficient test. This study showed that the biggest part of nursing professionals are female (93.8%), married (66.1%), aged between 30 and 39 years old (42%), nursing technician (48,2%). Related to drugs abuse, among the interviewed professionals, 44.6% mentioned to use alcohol in binge, 2.7% presented risky consumption of tobacco and 0.9% use sedatives. It was detected that 16.2% presented some level of depression, 15.3% of stress and 20.2% of anxiety. The binge drinking and the use of tobacco was associated to males, and the use of sedatives to the employment number. There was a positive correlation with duration of employment between 6 and 10 years (p=0.04), the alcohol consumption (p=0.047), stress (p=0.000) and anxiety (p=0.000). The problematic consumption of alcohol, whether in abusing way (p=0.002) or binge drinking (p=0.020) is also related to tobacco use. Finally, it was possible to conclude that the consumption of alcohol among the nursing professionals presented similar results when compared to the general population. The cause of depression indicated an alarming frequency among these professionals. In addition, it was possible to notice that the literature about the use of alcohol and other drugs among the nursing professionals of the Family Health Strategy is scarce, which deserves more investigation. It also highlights the importance of investments related to the worker´s health in this context. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-11-27T10:54:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Thays Colletes de Carvalho - 2018.pdf: 10167238 bytes, checksum: e63cc8b9621f34c961582121789dd84c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-27T11:56:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Thays Colletes de Carvalho - 2018.pdf: 10167238 bytes, checksum: e63cc8b9621f34c961582121789dd84c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T11:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Thays Colletes de Carvalho - 2018.pdf: 10167238 bytes, checksum: e63cc8b9621f34c961582121789dd84c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ionization is a crucial step in mass spectrometry (MS) and governs the versatility of this important analytical technique. Ionization is responsible for transferring atoms and molecules, in their respective ionized forms, into the high vacuum environment of mass spectrometers, where they are discriminated as a function of their m/z ratio. Among the several techniques of ionization of MS, the technique of ionization by Paper spray (PS) is one of the simplest, versatile and can be implemented easily in MS system. In this work, several PS-MS applications in the forensic area were developed, demonstrating their ability to screen new synthetic drugs as a complementary tool to the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and as a tool to monitor Date-rape Drugs in blood. In the first application, PS-MS was shown to be an effective and rapid method for the identification of synthetic drugs lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe) in bottles, both by the isotopic profile of the substances and by the fragmentation presented in tandem mass spectrometry. In the second application, the TLC was coupled to the PS-MS in order to achieve greater reliability in the CCD results. In this way, a CCD method for the analysis of cocaine and adulterants (caffeine, benzocaine, lidocaine and phenacetin) was optimized by evaluating its sensitivity and selectivity. In order to improve the Detection and Quantification Limits for cocaine and adulterants, the spots were analyzed by PS-MS, obtaining improvements in the. Finally, in order to solve the low PS-MS selectivity, a new substrate was developed, especially when the analytical target is in complex mixtures, such as blood. It is a membrane coated with a molecularly printed polymer (MIP) with dual function: simultaneous extraction and ionization of targets in the same device. The developed membrane was applied in the determination of benzodiazepines in blood samples from alleged date rape- drugs victims. Blood is a complex sample containing several compounds that can suppress the analyte signal. With this modification, any suppression is avoided, obtaining excellent results, both qualitative and quantitative. In conclusion, PS-MS is a fast and low-cost technique that can replace or complement conventional analyzes in a laboratory of expertise, increasing the productivity of Brazilian justice. / A ionização é uma etapa crucial em espectrometria de massas (MS) e rege a versatilidade desta importante técnica analítica. A ionização é a responsável por transferir átomos e moléculas, em suas respectivas formas ionizadas, para o ambiente de alto vácuo dos espectrômetros de massas, onde são discriminados em função de sua razão massa sobre carga (m/z). Dentre as diversas técnicas de ionização de MS, a técnica de ionização por Paper spray (PS) é uma das mais simples, versátil e pode ser implementada facilmente em sistema de MS. Nesse trabalho diversas aplicações do PS-MS na área forense foram desenvolvidas, demonstrando sua capacidade para screening de novas drogas sintéticas, como ferramenta complementar ao método de cromatografia de camada delgada (TLC) e como ferramenta para monitorar “boa noite cinderela” em sangue. Na primeira aplicação, o PS-MS mostrou ser um método eficaz e rápido para identificação de drogas sintéticas dietilamida do ácido lisérgico (LSD), 2,5-dimetoxi-4-cloroanfetamina (DOC), 2,5-dimetoxi-4- bromoanfetamina (DOB), 25C-NBOMe, 25B- NBOMe e 25I-NBOMe) em selos, tanto pelo perfil isotópico das substâncias, quanto pela fragmentação apresentada na espectrometria de massas tandem. Já na segunda aplicação, acoplou-se TLC ao PS-MS visando alcançar maior confiabilidade nos resultados de TLC. Desta maneira, otimizou-se um método de TLC para análise de cocaína e adulterantes (cafeína, benzocaína, lidocaína e fenacetina) avaliando sua sensibilidade e seletividade. Com intuito de melhorar os Limites de Detecção e Quantificação para a cocaína e adulterantes, os spots foram analisados por PS-MS, obtendo melhorias nos resultados. Por fim, com o intuito de resolver a baixa seletividade do PS-MS, um novo substrato foi desenvolvido, principalmente quando o alvo analítico está em misturas complexas, como sangue. Trata-se de uma membrana recoberta com um polímero molecularmente impresso (MIP) com dupla função: extração e ionização simultânea de alvos em um mesmo dispositivo. A membrana desenvolvida foi aplicada na determinação de benzodiazepínicos em amostras de sangue de supostas vítimas de benzodiazepínicos. O sangue é uma amostra complexa que contém vários compostos que podem suprimir o sinal do analito. Com essa modificação qualquer supressão é evitada, conseguindo-se ótimos resultados, tanto qualitativos quanto quantitativos. Sendo assim, o PS-MS é uma técnica rápida e de baixo custo, que pode substituir ou complementar as análises convencionais em um laboratório de perícia, aumentando a produtividade da justiça brasileira.

This study discusses self-care enunciated in harm reduction strategies targeted at drug users. Such strategies call themselves potentiating an ethical stance, as it allows these drug users become then the protagonists of their own actions, and gain freedom in their choices in their life decisions. From this statement, and in the face at Michel Foucault s thought, the survey asks whether the self-care of harm reduction would be related to an ethical dimension liberating, or a moral imperative of care in the field of health practices. Analyzes run through a path that include the articulation of three research plans: a history, a politician and ethical, built at the same time that cross. The onslaught historical presents the first formulation of a notion of social medicine in Germany, France, England and Brazil, as well as their relationships with the notion of medical police, practices militarization and biopolitics. On the political dilemmas are analyzed instances drawn between legal and health to address the issue of drugs. Amid the political and historical discussions, research hypothesizes that practices harm reduction meets an update of social medicine. The plan calls into question the ethical statements of self-care strategies present in harm reduction, opposed to the joint ethics and politics in Foucault s thought in its historical research of antiquity / A presente pesquisa discute o cuidado de si enunciado nas estratégias de redução de danos direcionadas aos usuários de drogas. Tais estratégias intitulam-se potencializadoras de uma postura ética, pois possibilita a esses usuários de drogas tornarem-se, então, protagonistas de suas próprias ações, e adquirir liberdade em suas escolhas, em suas decisões de vida. A partir dessa afirmação, e em face ao pensamento de Michel Foucault, a pesquisa questiona se o cuidado de si da redução de danos seria condizente a uma dimensão ético-libertadora, ou a um imperativo moral do cuide-se no campo das práticas de saúde. As análises percorrem um caminho que compreende a articulação de três planos de investigação: um histórico, um político e um ético, construídos ao mesmo tempo em que se atravessam. A investida histórica apresenta as primeiras formulações de uma noção de medicina social na Alemanha, na França, na Inglaterra e no Brasil, bem como suas relações com a noção de polícia médica, práticas de militarização e biopolítica. No plano político são analisados dilemas traçados entre as instâncias jurídicas e da saúde ao tratar da questão das drogas. Em meio às discussões históricas e políticas, a pesquisa levanta a hipótese de que as práticas de redução de danos condizem a uma atualização da medicina social. O plano ético põe em questão os enunciados do cuidado de si presentes nas estratégias de redução de danos, contrapostas à articulação ética e política no pensamento de Foucault em sua pesquisa histórica da Antiguidade.

Due to the speed at which the crack has earned place in society and because it has been considered, nowadays, a major social problem, this work aimed to analyze the social representations assigned to the users of crack and its use in the perspective of users, their families and health professionals. The study was conducted according to the referential of the Theory of Central Core. The survey was conducted in four CAPS, where thirty crack users, twenty relatives and thirty health professionals were interviewed. Data collection used an interview with evocative questions. The data were organized and processed by the EVOC software and the socio demographic data were analyzed by the software SPSS. In the group of users, the most significant representations regarding crack relate to the issue of dependency, as well as in the group of relatives, although using different terms. In turn, health professionals held to the motivation for the consumption and the consequences that this use entails. It was found that the groups, in general, define crack as a drug that destroys the person in various spheres of life and is highly addictive. About inductive term crack users, the most significant representations concern the care, focusing on the need of assistance this user has, given that its destructive power hinders its abandonment. However, there were some specifics among groups. The results indicate the hopelessness of users finding support from people to confront this drug. Similarly, the family presented negative evocations, although not directed to the user, but to changes in the family caused by the problems arising from the use of crack. In professional discourses, the difficulty in daily contact with these users prevailed, which limit its work with them. It was noted, finally, the absence of changes prospect with regard to the future of crack users between the groups and a noticeable disbelief in relation to their recovery. These results indicate important concerns, such as the challenges faced by health professionals concerning their performance against the dependence of the crack and the difficulties of treatment and prevention measures. Therefore, it is expected that this study provides support for establishing future studies in social psychology and mental health, and the creation of new shares that increase attention to these users, as well as their adherence to treatment. / Pela velocidade com que o crack tem ganhado lugar na sociedade e por ser considerado, hoje, como um grande problema social, este trabalho tomou como objeto de estudo as representações sociais acerca do usuário de crack. O postulado da Teoria das Representações Sociais é apreendido pelas diversas áreas de conhecimento, tornando-se eixo de pesquisas importantes para a revelação da realidade, possibilitando a investigação de fenômenos com abrangência social, como a drogadição. Desse modo, a pesquisa buscou analisar as representações sociais acerca do usuário de crack atribuídas por usuários em acompanhamento, familiares e profissionais que os acompanham no CAPS. Pretendeu-se, ainda, analisar a relação entre essas representações e as práticas do serviço do CAPS no acompanhamento dos usuários de crack. O estudo com abordagem quanti-qualitativa foi desenvolvido de acordo com o referencial da Teoria do Núcleo Central. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro CAPS, sendo três localizados no interior do estado de Sergipe e um na capital, Aracaju. Participaram do estudo trinta usuários de crack, trinta profissionais e vinte familiares. Para coleta de dados, elaborou-se um roteiro para uma entrevista aberta com temas norteadores. Foi utilizada ainda, a técnica de evocação livre. Para análise de evocações, os dados foram organizados e processados através do software EVOC. Para análise discursiva foi utilizado o software Alceste, desenvolvido por Max Reinert. Os resultados da pesquisa servirão como contribuição para estudos futuros na área da psicologia social e da saúde mental, visando um maior entendimento da substância psicoativa crack, suas implicações e repercussões.

Due to the speed at which the crack has earned place in society and because it has been considered, nowadays, a major social problem, this work aimed to analyze the social representations assigned to the users of crack and its use in the perspective of users, their families and health professionals. The study was conducted according to the referential of the Theory of Central Core. The survey was conducted in four CAPS, where thirty crack users, twenty relatives and thirty health professionals were interviewed. Data collection used an interview with evocative questions. The data were organized and processed by the EVOC software and the socio demographic data were analyzed by the software SPSS. In the group of users, the most significant representations regarding crack relate to the issue of dependency, as well as in the group of relatives, although using different terms. In turn, health professionals held to the motivation for the consumption and the consequences that this use entails. It was found that the groups, in general, define crack as a drug that destroys the person in various spheres of life and is highly addictive. About inductive term crack users, the most significant representations concern the care, focusing on the need of assistance this user has, given that its destructive power hinders its abandonment. However, there were some specifics among groups. The results indicate the hopelessness of users finding support from people to confront this drug. Similarly, the family presented negative evocations, although not directed to the user, but to changes in the family caused by the problems arising from the use of crack. In professional discourses, the difficulty in daily contact with these users prevailed, which limit its work with them. It was noted, finally, the absence of changes prospect with regard to the future of crack users between the groups and a noticeable disbelief in relation to their recovery. These results indicate important concerns, such as the challenges faced by health professionals concerning their performance against the dependence of the crack and the difficulties of treatment and prevention measures. Therefore, it is expected that this study provides support for establishing future studies in social psychology and mental health, and the creation of new shares that increase attention to these users, as well as their adherence to treatment. / Pela velocidade com que o crack tem ganhado lugar na sociedade e por ser considerado, hoje, como um grande problema social, este trabalho tomou como objeto de estudo as representações sociais acerca do usuário de crack. O postulado da Teoria das Representações Sociais é apreendido pelas diversas áreas de conhecimento, tornando-se eixo de pesquisas importantes para a revelação da realidade, possibilitando a investigação de fenômenos com abrangência social, como a drogadição. Desse modo, a pesquisa buscou analisar as representações sociais acerca do usuário de crack atribuídas por usuários em acompanhamento, familiares e profissionais que os acompanham no CAPS. Pretendeu-se, ainda, analisar a relação entre essas representações e as práticas do serviço do CAPS no acompanhamento dos usuários de crack. O estudo com abordagem quanti-qualitativa foi desenvolvido de acordo com o referencial da Teoria do Núcleo Central. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro CAPS, sendo três localizados no interior do estado de Sergipe e um na capital, Aracaju. Participaram do estudo trinta usuários de crack, trinta profissionais e vinte familiares. Para coleta de dados, elaborou-se um roteiro para uma entrevista aberta com temas norteadores. Foi utilizada ainda, a técnica de evocação livre. Para análise de evocações, os dados foram organizados e processados através do software EVOC. Para análise discursiva foi utilizado o software Alceste, desenvolvido por Max Reinert. Os resultados da pesquisa servirão como contribuição para estudos futuros na área da psicologia social e da saúde mental, visando um maior entendimento da substância psicoativa crack, suas implicações e repercussões.

In forensic chemistry, a quicker and more accurate analysis of a sample is always being pursued. Speedy analyses allow the analyst to provide quick turn-around times and potentially decrease back-logs that are known to be a problem in the field. Accurate analyses are paramount with the futures and lives of the accused potentially on the line. One of the most common methods of analysis in forensic chemistry laboratories is gas chromatography, chosen for the relative speed and efficiency afforded by this method. Two major routes were attempted to further improve on gas chromatography applications in forensic chemistry.<br> The first route was to decrease separation times for analysis of ignitable liquid residues by using micro-bore wall coated open-tubular columns. Micro-bore columns are much shorter and have higher separation efficiencies than the standard columns used in forensic chemistry, allowing for faster analysis times while maintaining the expected peak separation. Typical separation times for fire debris samples are between thirty minutes and one hour, the micro-bore columns were able to achieve equivalent performance in three minutes. The reduction in analysis time was demonstrated by analysis of ignitable liquid residues from simulated fire debris exemplars.<br> The second route looked at a relatively new detector for gas chromatography known as a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrophotometer. The VUV detector uses traditional UV and far-ultraviolet light to probe the pi and sigma bonds of the gas phase analytes as well as Rydberg traditions to produce spectra that are nearly unique to a compound. Thus far, the only spectra that were not discernable were from enantiomers, otherwise even diastereomers have been differentiated. The specificity attained with the VUV detector has achieved differentiation of compounds that mass spectrometry, the most common detection method for chromatography in forensic chemistry labs, has difficulty distinguishing. This specificity has been demonstrated herein by analyzing various classes of drugs of abuse and applicability to “real world” samples has been demonstrated by analysis of de-identified seized samples.<br>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Methamphetamine (MA) is a widely abused psychostimulant that has been shown to evoke an array of neurobiological abnormalities and cognitive deficits in humans and in rodent models (Marshall & O'Dell, 2012). Alterations in cognitive function after repeated drug use may lead to impaired decision-making, a lack of behavioral control, and ultimately the inability to abstain from drug use. Human studies have shown that alterations in neurobiology resulting from prolonged MA use may lead to a number of cognitive deficits, including impairments in executive function, learning, memory, and impulsivity. These impairments, specifically those that engage the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or hippocampus (HC), may persist or recover based on the duration of abstinence. In rodents, repeated intermittent injections of MA yield protracted changes in neurobiology and behavior, which have been shown to effectively model a number of the biological and cognitive abnormalities observed in addiction. In order to assess the temporal evolution of impaired cognitive function throughout abstinence, sensitization was first induced in rats (7 x 5.0 mg/kg MA over 14 days). MA-treated rats initially exhibited a robust increase in locomotion that transitioned to stereotypy as the induction phase progressed. Then, the effects of MA sensitization on social interaction (SI), temporal order recognition (TOR) and novel object recognition (NOR) was assessed at one-day and 30-days post induction. No differences were observed in SI in either group or after a single injection of MA. However, an acute injection of 5.0 mg/kg of MA 30-minutes prior to testing dramatically reduced SI time. Impairments in TOR and NOR were observed in MA-treated rats after one day of abstinence, and impairments in TOR, but not NOR, were observed on day 30 of abstinence. No differences in TOR and NOR after a single injection of MA or saline were observed. These data establish that after 30 days of abstinence from a sensitizing regimen of MA, the ability to recall the temporal sequence that two stimuli were encountered was impaired and that was not attributable to impaired novelty detection. These data also suggest that at least some of the neurocognitive abnormalities caused by chronic MA administration may normalize after prolonged abstinence, since the ability to detect novelty recovered after 30 days of abstinence. These data provide compelling support that, since MA-sensitization caused temporal deficits in memory, PFC and HC function may be differentially impaired throughout the time course of abstinence.

Die Systematische Toxikologische Analyse (STA) stellt auf Grund der großen Vielfalt und der ständigen Zunahme an toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen eine der größten Herausforderungen in der chemischen Analyse dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher die Eignung der Flüssigchromatographie in Kombination mit der Hybrid-Quadrupol-Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie (LC-QTOF-MS) für diesen Zweck untersucht. Dazu wurden eine Datenbank mit über 7360 und eine CID-Spektrenbibliothek mit mehr als 2720 toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen erstellt und geeignete Probenvorbereitungsmethoden entwickelt. Die Erprobung der Methoden erfolgte an dotierten Blut- und Haarproben. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Analyse im Auto-MS/MS-Modus (Messzyklen von MS- und MS/MS-Spektren) eine Identifizierung basischer Substanzen mittels CID-Spektren zwischen 0,5 und 2 ng/ml im Blut ermöglichte. Die Nachweisgrenzen der für 24 Wirkstoffe validierten Methode in Haaren lagen bei 3 bis 15 pg/mg. Die Eignung der LC-QTOF-MS zur STA von Haarproben wurde an 30 Drogentodesfällen und 60 Todesfällen mit bekannter chronischer Medikamenteneinnahme zu Lebzeiten sowie an 77 Blutproben nachgewiesen. Für die Suche nach Metaboliten wurde ein Metaboliten-Tool entwickelt. In der praktischen Anwendung auf Datenfiles von Blut- und Haarproben erwies sich das Tool als wertvolles Hilfsmittel zur Identifizierung unbekannter Peaks und zur Bestätigung von Suchergebnissen in der Datenbank. Zur automatischen Konzentrationsabschätzung identifizierter Substanzen wurde ein Tool „Estimate Concentration“ geschaffen. Die Überprüfung des Verfahrens an realen Blut- und Haarproben durch Vergleich mit HPLC-DAD- und GC-MS-Ergebnissen wies eine gute Übereinstimmung der Konzentrationen auf. Insgesamt zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass die LC-QTOF-MS zurzeit die am besten geeignete Methode für die STA darstellt. Auch bei einem erst später aufkommenden Verdacht kann eine gezielte Suche in dem bereits gemessenen Datenfile durchgeführt werden. / Due to the large variety and the steady increase of toxicologically relevant substances, systematic toxicological analysis (STA) is one of the most difficult tasks in analytical chemistry and, therefore, a steady topic of research and methodical improvement. For this reason, the suitability of liquid chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for STA was investigated. For this purpose, a database of more than 7360 and a CID spectra library of more than 2720 toxicologically relevant substances and suitable methods for sample preparation were developed. The application was evaluated at spiked blood and hair samples. It was found that the analysis in Auto-MS/MS mode (alternating measurement cycles of MS and MS/MS spectra) allowed substance identification in blood using CID spectra between 0.5 and 2 ng/ml for basic substances. The detection limits of the validated method in hair ranged from 3 to 15 pg/mg for 24 drugs. The suitability of LC-QTOF-MS for STA was tested for hair samples from 30 drug-related death cases and from 60 death cases with known chronic medication as well as for 77 blood samples. For the search of metabolites, a metabolite tool was developed. In the practical application to data files from blood and hair samples, the tool proved to be very helpful for identification of unknown peaks and for confirmation of results obtained only from the database without CID spectra. A tool "Estimate Concentration" was created for automatic estimation of concentrations of identified substances. The application to real blood and hair samples and the comparison of the concentrations with results from HPLC-DAD and GC-MS showed good agreement. Overall, these investigations showed that LC-QTOF-MS is currently the most favorable method for STA. Because of the comprehensive registration of all substances in a sample, the data files can be checked for the presence of certain poisons even later without new measurements.