Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur uttalsundervisning inom andraspråksinlärning för vuxna påverkas av plötsliga nationella restriktioner. Forskningsfrågorna som har bearbetats är hur lärare i två länder med olika nationella strategier för hanteringen av Coronapandemin uppfattar att restriktionerna har påverkat deras uttalsundervisning, hur de uppfattar att den förändrade situationen har påverkat elevernas uttalsutveckling och vilka skillnader som kan förekomma i uttalsundervisningen som följd av de olika nationella strategierna. Mitt arbete har genomförts med hjälp av lärarintervjuer i Norge och Sverige. Lärarna är alla aktiva inom andraspråksinlärning för vuxna. Mina resultat har även jämförts med litteratur inom samma område. Intervjuundersökningen visar att alla informanter har kunnat bedriva fortlöpande uttalsundervisning tack vare bland annat digitala lösningar. De olika nationella strategierna som Norge och Sverige har valt har inte resulterat i stora skillnader i uttalsundervisningen. Den har förändrats på samma sätt i båda länder, men den temporära förändringen har haft olika tidsramar.

The covid-19 pandemic has been present in more than a year and we still do not know what method that is right or wrong. The answer to this question will probably not be able to be answered before the pandemic is over and maybe some more years after that. The differences between the Nordic countries are immensely when it comes to the handling of the pandemic and the results gotten from the different strategies. The country that sticks out and that has gained attention from the rest of the world, with its unique strategy is Sweden. The well discussed topic has both praise and critic, even though most are sceptic over the chosen methods of handling the pandemic. Most countries have gone with drastic measures and been strict with lock downs and clear restrictions maintained over a long period of time. However, Sweden has chosen their own path, and if you look at the Swedish values, the open liberal society one might ask oneself, would it even be possible to do it any other way? In this study we will research what factors make Sweden act so different in handling the pandemic and why it is so different compared to the Nordic neighbour country’s that also share similar values and culture. WHO: s data indicates that death per 1 000 000 does not make Sweden stand out, contrary to that it is Denmark, Norway and Finland that sticks out when comparing to the rest of Europe and statistically doing well in comparison with the rest of the world.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The formation, evolution and eruption of solar active regions is a main theme in solar physics. Ultimately the goal is predicting when, where and how an eruption will occur, which will greatly aid space weather forecasting. Special kinds of S-shaped active regions (sigmoids) facilitate this line of research, since they provide conditions that are easier to disentangle and have a high probability for erupting as flares and/or coronal mass ejections (CME). Several theories have been proposed for the formation, evolution, and eruption of solar active regions. Testing these against detailed models of sigmoidal regions can provide insight into the dominant mechanisms and conditions required for eruption. This thesis explores the behavior of solar sigmoids via both observational and magnetic modeling studies. Data from the most modern space-based solar observatories are utilized in addition to state-of-the-art three-dimensional data-driven magnetic field modeling to gain insight into the physical processes controlling the evolution and eruption of solar sigmoids. We use X-ray observations and the magnetic field models to introduce the reader to the underlying magnetic and plasma structure defining these regions. By means of a large comprehensive observational study we investigate the formation and evolution mechanism. Specifically, we show that flux cancellation is a major mechanism for building the underlying magnetic structure associated with sigmoids, namely magnetic flux ropes. We make use of topological analysis to describe the complicated magnetic field structure of the sigmoids. We show that when data-driven models are used in sync with MHD simulations and observations we can arrive at a consistent picture of the scenario for CME onset, namely the positive feedback between reconnection at a generalized X-line and the torus instability. In addition we show that topological analysis is of great use in analyzing the post-eruption flare- and CME-associated observational features. Such analysis is used to extend the standard 2D flare/CME models to 3D and to find potentially large implications of topology to understanding 3D reconnection and the seed populations of energetic particles in CMEs.

Bakgrund: KOL är en progressiv inflammatorisk sjukdom som påverkar lungvävnaden och luftvägarna. Ett karakteristiskt symtom är dyspné som kan leda till rädsla för ansträngning. De flesta uppnår inte rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet. Under 2020 ökade trycket på hälso-och sjukvården, insatser minskade och hos riskgrupper har fysisk och psykisk ohälsa ökat. Fysioterapeuter har en viktig roll att hitta strategier för att vidmakthålla fysisk aktivitet, vilket kan försvåras under en pandemi. Syfte: Att undersöka hur personer med kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom upplever sina möjligheter till fysisk aktivitet under covid-19 pandemin och hur de upplever att detta påverkar deras livskvalité. Metod: Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer hos deltagare med KOL genomfördes som analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Dataanalysen gav tre kategorier. Resultatet visade upplevelser av minskad fysisk aktivitet, försämrat psykiskt välmående och minskat socialt stöd. Slutsats: Studien gav en möjlig förklaring till vad som påverkar möjligheterna till fysisk aktivitet under covid-19. Minskat socialt stöd och ökad oro/rädsla i relation till fysisk aktivitet påverkade vidmakthållandet av fysisk aktivitet och deltagarnas upplevda livskvalité.

The corona pandemic has led to many different changes in society, where many companies have had to adapt and readjust to teleworking. This has resulted in different challenges within the working life, for both employers and employees. One of these challenges is how to manage work motivation among the employees. The purpose with this study is therefore to increase awareness of which factors that are important for work motivation among the employees during a forced telework. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to increase awareness of what conditions the employer creates for the work motivation and how the conditions have become valuable for the work motivation among the employees. Previous research about work motivation includes a discussion between intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation. Furthermore, it also presents different perspectives of work motivation, both through an individual and organizational. The previous research in the field of teleworking shows that combining teleworking with office work is the most preferable way, since there are several advantages and disadvantages with teleworking. This study is based on qualitative interviews with employees and management within a construction and maintenance company. The result of the study shows that the most important motivational factors for work motivation among employees are related to intrinsic work motivation. These factors are the work itself, responsibility, confirmation and accomplishment. The result also shows that the management of the company has created favorable conditions for the work motivation during the teleworking period. Lastly, the result shows how the conditions that the company has created have become valuable for the work motivation during the readjustment to teleworking. The adjustments that the management have made have created the right conditions for the employees. Because of these adjustments, the employees have been able to perform their working tasks without further issues. Thus the created conditions by the company has contributed to maintaining the work motivation among the employees. / Coronapandemin har tvingat samhället till olika förändringar, däribland att många företag behövt ställa om till distansarbete. Det har resulterat i olika utmaningar inom arbetslivet, både för arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. En av dessa utmaningar är arbetet med de anställdas arbetsmotivation. Syftet med denna studie är därför att ge en ökad förståelse för vilka faktorer som är viktiga för arbetstagares arbetsmotivation vid ett påtvingat distansarbete. Vidare ämnas studien ge en ökad förståelse för vilka förutsättningar arbetsgivaren skapar för arbetsmotivationen, samt hur dessa förutsättningar fått betydelse för de anställdas arbetsmotivation. Tidigare forskning om arbetsmotivation diskuterar kring inre- och yttre motivationskällor samt arbetsmotivation ur ett individuellt och organisationellt perspektiv. Den tidigare forskningen inom ämnet distansarbete visar att kombinationen av distans- och kontorsarbete är att föredra, då det finns både för- och nackdelar med att arbeta hemifrån. Denna studie baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med anställda och ledning inom ett bygg- och förvaltningsföretag. Studiens resultat visar att de viktigaste motivationsfaktorerna för de anställdas arbetsmotivation är relaterade till en inre motivation. Dessa faktorer är själva arbetet, ansvar, prestation samt bekräftelse. Resultatet visar även att företagets ledning har skapat förutsättningar för medarbetarna som är gynnsamma för arbetsmotivationen under det påtvingade distansarbetet. Slutligen framkommer det att de förutsättningar som företagets ledning har skapat har haft betydelse för medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation under omställningen från kontorsarbete till distansarbete. De anställda har genom dessa åtgärder kunnat utföra sina arbetsuppgifter utan större problem. Således har Företagets skapade förutsättningar bidragit till att bibehålla arbetsmotivationen hos de anställda.

In December 2019, a new coronavirus spread across the world, leading to the respiratory infectious disease COVID-19. In many ways, the everyday life of millions of people was turned upside down. Drastic measures to stop the virus from spreading were taken and different guidelines were given from authorities worldwide. The general guidelines and recommendation issued by the Public Health Agency of Sweden are however not binding. Both scientists and one of the leading analysis and research companies, Novus, in Sweden has pointed out the importance of institutional trust among citizens during the pandemic. Without this trust, do we follow the guidelines and general advice given to us by authorities? In social science the opinions on how trust works differ. The theoretical starting points of this thesis are therefore two opposing theories on social capital and institutional trust: one  by Robert Putnam and one by Bo Rothstein. These theories do not however focus on either trust among students or trust in crisis. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to gain knowledge about the social capital among students in Swedish universities during the Corona crisis. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate if, and how, students’ social capital correlates with their institutional trust and if any of these trusts is correlated to their behavioural pattern during the Corona crises. The study is achieved by forming and analysing three hypotheses inspired by theories on social capital. The chosen method in this study is an online survey questionnaire that collects data from 193 students, which then is analysed through bar charts, crosstabs, trivariat analysis and last regression analysis. The result of the study shows that there is a strong correlation between students social capital and their institutional trust during the Corona crisis which goes in line with Rothsteins theory on social capital. The analysis also shows that students who are actively involved in an organization has a higher social capital in general than people who are not, which goes in line with Robert Putnams theory on social capital. Further, the study shows that students with a high trust in the government has changed their travel habits outside the region in line with the guidelines. Apart from this, most students do follow the given guidelines no matter what their institutional trust. Nor social capital correlate in a significantly way with students behavioural pattern in this study.

In the first half of the year 2020 the Coronavirus has, and still does as this thesis is being written, had an unpresidential impact on the world. In Sweden there are less restrictions than in some countries, but for Swedish firms with a high international presence in their operations, the challenges are still extensive. The situation caused by the Coronavirus pandemic is unique in both social sense and a business perspective. Our thesis is to fill the research gap that has been created in terms of how the business relationships are being affected by the impact of the virus. To conduct this thesis, the research was done during the crisis caused by the Coronavirus in order to capture the wanted effects it had. Choosing a qualitative study as the research method, with an abductive approach, the thesis is able to capture a deeper understanding of the studied firms’ relationships and what effects they experienced. The literature reviewed on this thesis helped us gain a better understanding of business relationships and what effects it can experience. With chosen theories a conceptual framework was established to connect the impact of the Coronavirus to how it affects the examined business relationships. This framework was used as a guide through the gathered empirical data. These empirical findings are highlighted and displayed in the empirical chapter and then analyzed in the following after. In the analysis chapter similarities and differences are discussed of the gathered empirical data with the conceptual theoretical framework as a frame. The last chapter, the conclusion of the analysis and answering the research questions followed by implications, limitations and further research suggestions on the subject. The findings of this study resulted in a deeper understanding, and the importance of, that communication between stakeholders intensifies during a time of uncertainty. The study also made it clear that nurturing a business relationship prior to a crisis may have effects to the relationship during the crisis.

As society grows, increasing populations and urbanisation also increase the risks diseases spreading. Tight living spaces, deforestation and global travel make it easier for these diseases to travel and spread across the world. The obligation for states to protect the lives and personal safety for its citizens include an obligation to do what is necessary to control the spread of these diseases. However, when these measures to control diseases cause intrusions in the private lives and freedom of movement of individuals in the state, the balance of interests must be carefully considered. This thesis aims to analyse the Swedish system of disease control and the principle of free will present therein, and how these are protected both under normal circumstances and under extraordinary circumstances such as a pandemic. Regarding all measures that constitute forced interventions, the principles of free will and proportionality are fundamental. This thesis discusses whether the considerations and balancing of interests in the Swedish system of disease control are satisfactory, or if changes should be made to either allow more intrusive measures or prohibit these further.

Corona-pandemin är en smittsam sjukdom som har drabbat världen hårt. Det här har inneburit olika utmaningar för samhället, organisationer, individer och ledare. Organisationer har fått förändra sina arbetssätt vilket har inneburit att ledarskapet även har behövt förändras. Uppsatsen undersöker vilken ledarskapsstil som används och varför ledarskapsstilen används under Corona-pandemin. Uppsatsens syfte är att förstå vilken ledarskapsstil som används och förstå varför ledarskapsstilen används under Corona-pandemin. Studien har en subjektivistisk ontologi, hermeneutisk epistemologi och växelverkar mellan induktiv och deduktiv forskningsansats, vilket gör att studien har en abduktiv forskningsansats. Genom litteraturstudier har studiens problematisering och forskningsfråga samt det teoretiska ramverket skapats. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ teknik genom åtta intervjuer med ledare som har varit aktiva och som leder individer under Corona-pandemin. Intervjuerna har analyserats genom färgkodning och empirin har analyserats med tidigare presenterad teori där det har funnits, annars har ny teori framställts. Studien visar att ledarskapsstilarna situationsanpassat ledarskap, transformativt ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap, tjänande ledarskap och krisledarskap används av ledare under Corona-pandemin och faktorerna samhället, organisatoriskt, individuellt, kulturellt och sammanhanget påverkar enligt ledarnas upplevelse ledarskapsstilen under Corona-pandemin.

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