In December 2019, a new coronavirus spread across the world, leading to the respiratory infectious disease COVID-19. In many ways, the everyday life of millions of people was turned upside down. Drastic measures to stop the virus from spreading were taken and different guidelines were given from authorities worldwide. The general guidelines and recommendation issued by the Public Health Agency of Sweden are however not binding. Both scientists and one of the leading analysis and research companies, Novus, in Sweden has pointed out the importance of institutional trust among citizens during the pandemic. Without this trust, do we follow the guidelines and general advice given to us by authorities? In social science the opinions on how trust works differ. The theoretical starting points of this thesis are therefore two opposing theories on social capital and institutional trust: one  by Robert Putnam and one by Bo Rothstein. These theories do not however focus on either trust among students or trust in crisis. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to gain knowledge about the social capital among students in Swedish universities during the Corona crisis. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate if, and how, students’ social capital correlates with their institutional trust and if any of these trusts is correlated to their behavioural pattern during the Corona crises. The study is achieved by forming and analysing three hypotheses inspired by theories on social capital. The chosen method in this study is an online survey questionnaire that collects data from 193 students, which then is analysed through bar charts, crosstabs, trivariat analysis and last regression analysis. The result of the study shows that there is a strong correlation between students social capital and their institutional trust during the Corona crisis which goes in line with Rothsteins theory on social capital. The analysis also shows that students who are actively involved in an organization has a higher social capital in general than people who are not, which goes in line with Robert Putnams theory on social capital. Further, the study shows that students with a high trust in the government has changed their travel habits outside the region in line with the guidelines. Apart from this, most students do follow the given guidelines no matter what their institutional trust. Nor social capital correlate in a significantly way with students behavioural pattern in this study.

In December 2019, a new coronavirus spread across the world, leading to the respiratory infectious disease COVID-19. In many ways, the everyday life of millions of people was turned upside down. Drastic measures to stop the virus from spreading were taken and different guidelines were given from authorities worldwide.. The general guidelines and recommendation issued by the Public Health Agency of Sweden are however not binding. Both scientists and one of the leading analysis and research companies in Sweden has pointed out the importance of institutional trust among citizens during the pandemic. Without this trust, do we follow the guidelines and general advice given to us by authorities? In social science the opinions on how trust works differ. The theoretical starting points of this thesis are therefore two oposing theories on social capital and institutional trust: one by Robert Putnam and one by Bo Rothstein. These theories do not however focus on either students trust nor trust in crisis. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to gain knowledge about the social capital among students in Swedish universities during the Corona crisis. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate if, and how, students social capital correlates with their institutional trust and if any of these trusts is correlated to their behavioral pattern during the Corona crises. The study is achieved by forming and analyzing three hypotheses inspired by theories on social capital. The chosen method in this study is an online survey questionnaire that collects data from 193 students, which then is analyzed through bar charts, crosstabs, trivariat analysis and last regression analysis. The result of the study shows that there is a strong correlation between students social capital and their institutional trust during the Corona crisis which goes in line with Rothsteins theory on social capital. The analysis also shows that students who are actively involved in an organization has a higher social capital in general than people who are not which goes in line with Robert Putnams theory on social capital. Further, the study shows that students with a high trust in the government has changed their travel habits outside the region in line with the guidelines. Apart from this, most students do follow the given guidelines no matter what their institutional trust. Neither social capital correlate in a significantly way with students behavioral pattern in this study.

Människor i framförallt stadsmiljöer är inte förberedda om någon form av kris skulle uppstå (If Skadeförsäkring 2018; Perman, Shoaf, Kourouyan & Kelley 2011). Informationen är bristfällig kring vad som gäller hemberedskap och hur man hanterar krissituationer, påstår både experter (Asp 2015) och vanliga människor som intervjuats i denna uppsats. Produktkoncept riktade till människor i storstäder med syftet att stärka hemberedskap, utforskades och utvecklades utifrån en designprocess (Wikberg Nilsson, Ericson & Törlind 2016) med en induktiv ansats (Blomkvist & Hallin 2015) som vald forskningsmetod. Detta resulterade i tre produktkoncept som fyller hemberedskapsbehov och önskemål målgruppen har. Utifrån intervjuer med experter och en studie (Heidenstrøm & Kvarnlöf 2018) påstås hemberedskap vara lättare att ta till sig om man kan inkorporera kunskap och material i vardagslivet. Studier visar även hur man som konsument lockas att köpa produkter genom dess upplevda symboliska statusnivå (Chao & Schor 1998; Mattila & Yang 2015), ett högre pris än liknande i marknaden (Lichtenstein & Burton 1989) och upplevd kvalitet på produkter (Shiv, Carmon & Ariely 2005). Detta, tillsammans med vidare litteraturstudier och designprocessen, har lett till utvecklingen av tre produkter som kan användas vardagligen och under kris. Första produktkonceptet erbjuder förvaring av vatten för en person i ett dygn, vilket är minst tre liter (Livsmedelsverket 2020). Andra produktkonceptet är en vevhögtalare som erbjuder information, underhållning, el och ljus. Tredje produkten är en dekorativ spritbrännarställning med eldstål för tillagning av mat om den inte kan tillagas på annat sätt.

Avhandlingen består av tre empiriska studier som undersöker effekten av socialt kapital för individernas arbetsmarknadsutfall, utifrån två huvudsakliga frågeställningar. För det första: Vilka individuella egenskaper, såsom utbildningsnivå, genus och ursprungsland, underlättar eller försvårar tillgång till socialt kapital? Här studeras den avkastning som socialt kapital genererar på arbetsmarknaden, jämfört med utbildning och arbetslivserfarenhet. För det andra analyseras vilken betydelse en stigmatiserad social identitet hos vissa invandrade har för tillgången till socialt kapital och i vilken grad ett ”underskott” av socialt kapital påverkar deras arbetsmarknadsutfall. Resultatet av de empiriska undersökningarna tyder på att invandrare och deras barn, efter kontroll för produktionsrelaterade variabler, har mindre tillgång till socialt kapital och därför sämre arbetsmarknadsutfall. / This thesis consists of an introduction and three self-contained studies on the impact of social capital on individuals’ labour market outcomes. It focuses on labour market conditions for immigrants and their children in Sweden. The central research questions of the thesis are twofold. First, what individual characteristics, such as educational level, gender and country of origin, enhance or hinder access to social capital, and how well is social capital rewarded in the labour market compared with education and work experience? Second, does the stigmatized social identity of some immigrant groups affect their access to social capital, and to what degree does such a social capital ‘deficit’ affect their labour market outcomes? The results demonstrate that inequality between immigrants (and their children) and natives (and their children) in access to networks with valuable resources of social capital is an important issue in their labour market outcomes.

Stockholm grows every day and its infrastructure has to develop at the same rate for the well functioning city. The health care of Stockholm County is a central feature of the growing city. The study is based on a project work that has been performed on OpenLab. At OpenLab students from different disciplines work together to solve tasks from different public sector customers. The process is designed with SCRUM and design thinking. An important place has the visualization of the workflow. The data is collected with the use of interviews, observations and ethnographic methods. The County Council’s assignment was to find a suitable solution to create a better work environment that invites the employees to develop and thrive, to reduce the gap between the current situation and future demands. A large part of the work for future care begins on today’s health care departments. Factors that make problems in care are social factors, lack of resources and economic conditions. The lack of staff, time, workload, recompenses, communication and development of competence often comes up as a great working environment’s difficulties. These factors reduce employee commitment, motivation, acceptance, individual satisfaction, interest, efficiency and so on, that sooner or later leads to less well trust, performance and quality of results. The most obvious need is the necessity for safe and inspiring working environment with clear development opportunities for every individual nurse. It does so by creating better and more equitable working conditions but also by raising the status of profession from a broader perspective. The purpose of research was to define and implement the factors that positive influence on group dynamics, participation, confidence, trust and cooperation between co-workers, and lead to the total benefit. Remodelling of the organization’s working methods, methods of personal capability development and improved communication are regarded as a solution of the problem. Implementation of agile methods, individual-centred model competence ratings model for nurses (Spira) and recommendations for selection of communication medium are the results of this study. / Stockholm växer för varje dag. Och för att staden ska fungera måste även infrastrukturen utvecklas i samma takt. Den landstingsfinansierade sjukvården är en central funktion i den växande staden. Studien grundas på ett projektarbete som har genomförts på OpenLab. På OpenLab samarbetar studenter från olika disciplin för att lösa något uppdrag. Processen är utformat med hjälp av SCRUM och design thinking. En viktig plats har visualisering av arbetsprocessen. Data samlas med hjälp av intervju med sjuksköterskor, observationer och etnografiska metoder. Uppdraget från Stockholms läns landsting var att hitta vägar till en rimlig personalrörlighet bland sjuksköterskor, att minska gapet mellan dagens läge och framtidens efterfrågan. En stor del av arbetet för den framtida vården börjar på dagens vårdavdelningar. Faktorer som anses ha utgjort hinder inom vården är sociala faktorer, bristande resurser och ekonomiska förutsättningar. Brist på personalen, tid, arbetsbelastning, belöning, kommunikation och utvecklingsmöjligheter kommer ofta upp som ett stort arbetsmiljöproblem. Dessa faktorer påverkar negativt personalens engagemang, motivation, acceptans, tillfredställelse, intresse, effektivitet osv. som slutligen leder till sämre trygghet, prestanda och resultats kvalité. Det tydligaste behovet har varit att möta behovet av en trygg och inspirerande arbetsmiljö med tydliga utvecklingsmöjligheter för den enskilda sjuksköterskan. Både genom att skapa bättre och mer rättvisa arbetsförhållanden, men också genom att höja statusen på yrket ur ett bredare perspektiv. Målet med undersökningen har varit att definiera och implementera faktorer som positivt påverkar tillit, trygghet, gruppdynamik och samarbete mellan medarbetare och leder till den totala nyttan. Modernisering av organisations arbetsmetoder, kompetensutvecklingssystem och förbättrad kommunikation anses som lösningen på problemen. Implementering av lättrörliga arbetsmetoder, individuellcentrerad kompetensmodell Spira och rekommendationer på rätt kommunikationsmediums val är resultaten av denna studie. / J., Hulander, M., Feshchuk, E., Wajntraub Bakszt, A., Waaler, K., Gunnarson (2015). Spira-sjuksköterskans kompetens i framtidens vård, OpenLab, Stockholm.

This study investigates the social networks impact on mental health. Further, it examines the role of digital tools in regard to loneliness among elderly people. Several studies have investigated similar questions before, but further knowledge can be added with this study on the Swedish population. The aim of the study is to enhance the knowledge on whether social networks have an impact on individual’s mental health. The theoretical framework consists of Granovetter’s strenght-of-weak-ties and Putnam’s definition of social capital. A quantitative approach is used, and secondary analysis is made on an existing data set. The data originates from a survey used to measure social networks in Sweden. To get further insight, an ordinal regression model was built in order to sort out the potential impact of the different variables. The result shows that elderly peoplewho use digital tools are less likely to feel lonely in comparison to those who are non-users. Also, both weak and strong social ties seem to have a positive effect on mental health. Finally, social capital is also proved to have an impact on mental health. The most important result show that trusting people was the strongest correlated variable with mental health in regard to the components of social capital. Further, those who feel trust for others are more likely to report a better mental wellbeing. For future research we recommend focusing on a specific age group, for example relevant to our findings, this could be the elder population. To gain enhanced knowledge, we recommend a mixed methods approach in order toget a deeper understanding.

Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt ihållbar stadsutveckling och inriktar sigsärskilt på social hållbarhet men även påekonomisk hållbarhet. Arbetet behandlarhuruvida den fysiska strukturen (gator,byggnader, parker, vägar) och markanvändningen(mötesplatser, funktionsblandning,aktivitetsytor) kan verka brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande och som kontextundersöks delområdet Herrgården iRosengård, Malmö. Med utgångspunkt i deteoretiska principerna; människans skala,befolkade stadsrum, naturlig övervakningoch förvaltning härleds en förståelse försambandet mellan fysisk miljö, brott ochotrygghet. En nulägesbeskrivning och enhållbarhetsanalys av situationen i Herrgårdengörs. Området Herrgården kartläggsoch analyseras utifrån ett observationsschemabaserat på de teoretiska principerna.Analysen av den fysiska strukturenkompletteras med brottsstatistisk, analysav brottskoncentrationers geografiskaplacering tillsammans med input från denfördjupade trygghetsundersökningen. Intevjuermed verksamma i området kompletterarstudien.Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att Herrgårdenär ett utsatt och resurssvagt område samtatt Herrgårdenborna saknar förankring tillsamhället genom sin låga delaktighet. Invånarnai Herrgården känner en låg gradav trivsel, tillit och kollektiv styrka,lägst för stadsdelen.Vidare uppger invånarna i Herrgården attde känner en hög otrygghet och en storandel av invånarna avstår aktiviteter pågrund av otrygghet fastän utsattheten förbrott inte är anmärkningsvärd hög.Analys av den fysiska strukturen och markanvändningenutifrån principerna ur teorigenomgången;människans skala, befolkadestadsrum, naturlig övervakning ochförvaltning visar att det finns mycket attgöra.Analysen av brottsstatistik visar på treutmärkande mikroplatser i delområdet; Rosengårdsskolan,koloniområdet och Rosengårdsherrgård (inrymmer Drömmarnas hus).Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att jämlikhetenoch delaktigheten i Herrgården behöverstärkas. För att öka den upplevda trygghetenoch minska brottsligheten i Herrgårdenkrävs insatser som inbegriper mångaaktörer och en bred samverkan, inte minstpå lokal nivå. Vidare är det nödvändigtmed en lokal förankring till de boende iområdet inte minst barn och unga som utgören stor andel av invånarna. För attförändringar i den fysiska strukturen skaförbli långsiktiga investeringar och intedrabbas av vandalisering och nedskräpningså är det viktigt att befolkningen i områdetkommer till tals och får möjlighetatt lämna synpunkter och förslag tidigt iprocessen.Som en del av examensarbetet upprättas enprojektplan med syfte att stärka främstden sociala men även ekonomiska hållbarhetensom omfattar att ta fram en generiskmodell för ett lokalt brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande program med inriktningpå fysisk struktur och markanvändning,TRYGG & SÄKER. Projektet syftartill att öka tryggheten och minska tillfällenaför brott men även till att ökajämlikheten och delaktigheten bland de boendeoch verksamma.Sökord/nyckelord: hållbar stadsutveckling,social hållbarhet, brottsförebyggande ochtrygghetsskapande stadsplanering, brott,säkerhet, trygghet, GIS, fysisk planering,geografisk analys, markanvändning, befolkadestadsrum, stadsliv, ögon på gatan,delaktighet, hotspots, mikroplats / This thesis is based on sustainable urbandevelopment and focuses particularlyon social sustainability, but also economicsustainability. The thesis addresseswhether the physical structure (streets,buildings, parks, roads) and land use (venues,function mixing, activity areas) cansupport crime prevention and reduce thefear of crime and the context for thissurvey is Herrgården in Malmö, Sweden. Basedon the theoretical principles; humanscale, populated urban space, natural surveillanceand management an understandingof the relationship between physical environment,crime and fear of crime is derived.A status report and a sustainabilityanalysis of the situation in the Herrgårdenis made. The area Herrgården is mappedand analyzed through an observationschedule based on the theoretical principles.The analysis of the physical structureis complemented by crime statistics,analysis of hotspots` geographic positiontogether with input from the security survey.Interviews with people working in thearea complements the study.The sustainability analysis shows thatHerrgården is a vulnerable and weak resourcearea and the residents lacks anchoringto the community by their low participation.The inhabitants of Herrgårdenfeel a low degree of satisfaction, trust,and collective strength, lowest for thedistrict.Furthermore, residents in Herrgården statethat they feel a high level of fear ofcrime and a high proportion of residentsrefrain activities due to fear of crime,although victimization is not remarkablyhigh.Analysis of the physical structure andland use based on the principles of thetheory; human scale, populated urban spaces,natural surveillance and managementshows that there still is much to do.The analysis of crime statistics shows threedistinctive hot spots in the area;Rosengårdsskolan, area with the allotmentsand the old mansion of Rosengård(today Drömmarnas hus, multiactivities forchildren and young).The sustainability analysis shows thatequality and participation in Herrgårdenneeds to be strengthened. In order to reducethe crime and the fear of crime in Herrgården efforts involving many stakeholdersand a broad collaboration, especiallyat the local level, is needed.Furthermore, it is necessary to have alocal connection to the residents especiallychildren and young people who make upa large proportion of the inhabitants. Tochange the physical structure to remainlong-term investment and not suffer fromvandalism and littering, it is importantthat people in the area have a voice andthe opportunity to make comments and suggestionsearly in the process.As part of the thesis a projectplan is established,aimed at strengthening primarilysocial but also economic sustainability,which includes developing a genericmodel for a local crime prevention andsecurity-building program that focus onphysical structure and land use, SAFE &SECURE. The project aims to reduce fear ofcrime and reduce opportunities for crimebut also to increase the equality and fullparticipation of people living and working.Keywords/tags: sustainable urban development,social sustainability, crime preventionand reduced fear of crime, urbanplanning, crime, safety, security, GIS,spatial planning, spatial analysis, landuse, populated urban space, city life, eyeson the street, participation, hot spots