The digital age has re-shaped the landscape of creative writing. One example of the changes that have taken place is the way in which millions of young people, globally, now write and share stories as online fanfiction. This is an out-of-school leisure pastime that can also help improve language skills (Aragon & Davis, 2019; Black, 2008). English taught as a second language (i.e. L2) in schools can be less authentic, less motivational and engaging than English used in free-time situations (extramural English, Sundqvist, 2009); thus, there is a need to “bridge the gap” between the English taught in the formal setting of school and the English encountered in informal settings (Swedish Schools Inspectorate, 2011). This licentiate thesis focuses on extramural English creative writing and aims to raise understanding about the ways it can motivate and engage. Also, the issue of L2 English is addressed in relation to pupils’ perspectives of their informal learning as well as their insights into creative writing and challenge in the school subject of English. The participants in the study were thirteen teenage pupils of Swedish secondary and upper-secondary schools who write creatively in English in their free time. Their writing included stories, comics, poems and songs, and some of this work was published online. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and it was analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings confirm that writing can be closely related to reading, as participants were motivated by stories they wished to imitate and adapt. Also, the results show how teenage creative writers were able to use networked communication to access a large global readership. There was a strong motivation to write for pleasure – for oneself – and this writing, and enjoyment, could subsequently be shared with others. The free-time writing activity was fun, playful and imaginative, and also aided understanding of the participants’ own experiences and emotions. The state of flow (Csíkszentmihályi, 1990) was an aspect of the pupils’ engagement with creative writing as well. The activity was rewarding as it brought praise, enabled role-play, involved social contacts, and opened the way to new affiliations and friendships. Moreover, the pupils considered that their language learning was enriched through their free-time creative writing. Finally, the participants offered valuable insights into aspects of English as a school subject: there was some creative writing in English lessons, but there was a need for both more creative writing and more challenge.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Affonso Cunha.pdf: 3008453 bytes, checksum: 11c12103250eb30ff964082ca3109eaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-20 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The purpose of this research is to investigate the representations of a school community concerning English teachers who have just taken the Reflection on Action course, bearing in mind what is actually realized from what is prescribed by the official law and by the school rules. This is a case study research, which involves, besides English teachers, other people who are involved in a school. The theoretical underpinnings for this study are: (a) Reflection, the theories which discuss this concept, specially the studies by Dewey (1933/1959) and Schön (1983, 1987, 1992), among others. (b) Representations, on the perspective by Moscovici (1981, 1989), Jodelet (2001), Celani and Magalhães (2002), Freire and Lessa (2003). (c) Ergonomics Approach, which brings the studies that involve the relationship between man and work, like the studies by Schwartz (1997, 1998, 2000), Clot (2000), Amigues (2002, 2004), Guerin et al (1991/2001), Souza-e-Silva (2003, 2004). (d) English Teaching in Brazil, according to the studies by Chagas (1957), Leffa (1999), Almeida Filho (2003), Paiva (2003). The data have been collected through two instruments: questionnaire and interview. The results made possible to characterize on the representations of a school community the prescriptions that are made, by the English teachers, the other participants, as well as the current view about English teaching in this setting. It was also observed that the educational practices still happen in the classroom. The results also allow to noticing that the relationship with the student is closer to the teachers than pedagogical action actually said / O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar quais são as representações de uma comunidade escolar sobre a atuação de professoras de inglês egressas do curso Reflexão sobre a Ação, considerando o que é realizado do que lhes é prescrito pela legislação oficial e da escola. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que envolve, além das professoras de inglês, diversas pessoas que representam os segmentos que constituem a unidade escolar. A fundamentação teórica está embasada nas questões: (a) Reflexão, em que são discutidas as teorias que envolvem esse conceito, destacando-se os trabalhos de Dewey (1933/1959) e Schön (1983, 1987, 1992), entre outros. (b) Representações, em que são vistos os estudos de Moscovici (1981, 1989), Jodelet (2001), Celani e Magalhães (2002), Freire e Lessa (2003). (c) Abordagem Ergonômica, que traz os estudos que envolvem a relação do homem com o trabalho, como os de Schwartz (1997, 1998, 2000), Clot (2000), Amigues (2002, 2004), Guerin et al (1991/2001), Souza-e-Silva (2003, 2004). (d) Ensino de Línguas no Brasil visto nos trabalhos de Chagas (1957), Leffa (1999), Almeida Filho (2003), Paiva (2003). Os dados que compõem o corpus da pesquisa foram coletados por dois instrumentos de pesquisa: Questionário e Entrevista. Os resultados obtidos permitiram caracterizar nas representações da comunidade escolar as prescrições que são realizadas, tanto pela professoras de inglês, quanto pelos demais participantes, bem como, a visão existente sobre o ensino de inglês no contexto escolar. Observou-se que a prática educativa se realiza ainda, na sala de aula. Os resultados também, permitiram perceber, que o relacionamento com o aluno é mais próximo das professoras de inglês do que a ação pedagógica, propriamente dita

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T13:07:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Caiado da Costa Ferreira - 2018.pdf: 6657154 bytes, checksum: 1f7f6751ae01ce67039c262893058949 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T13:08:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Caiado da Costa Ferreira - 2018.pdf: 6657154 bytes, checksum: 1f7f6751ae01ce67039c262893058949 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T13:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Caiado da Costa Ferreira - 2018.pdf: 6657154 bytes, checksum: 1f7f6751ae01ce67039c262893058949 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this study, I aim to discuss the language meanings constructed by the students in an English language classroom, of an undergraduate English teacher education course (Letras: Inglês), as well as to problematize the pedagogical practice developed by the teacher based on the perception of the participants. To do so, I did an interpretative research, in which the construction of knowledge is understood as a process that occurs through interpretive processes in the encounter with other subjects. This understanding brings, as a consequence, to the researchers, the understanding that human actions are permeated by contextual social meanings. The data generation in the classroom began on October 20 and ended on December 22, 2016, while individual interviews with the students were extended until May 2017. Five female students and two male students, the teacher and I, as a researcher, participated in this study. The problematization in this way starts from the perspective that languages are social constructions linked to the colonialist and nationalist projects, established from a policy of exploration and control of the individuals (IRVINE; GAL, 2000; MAKONI; PENNYCOOK, 2007; MIGNOLO, 2005. Thus, from the empirical material, I try to problematize hegemonic presuppositions of modernity (CASTRO-GÓMEZ, 2005; DUSSEL, 1994, 2005; MIGNOLO, 2003) by confronting the autonomy and homogeneity of the language and reflecting not only about the relations between language and power but also about the ideologies present in the practices implemented in the classroom. With regard to the language meanings constructed by the students in the classroom, the reflections made in this dissertation, point to the reproduction of a colonial epistemology. In their reports and positionings, the students established relations between language and subalternity, considering that all of them expressed feelings of oppression in the process of learning both Portuguese and English. In addition, it was also possible to perceive hierarchical relations between languages really connected to the colonial ideology, and the enhancement of this or that linguistic identity was shown to be linked to the belonging to a certain race and territory that have prestige or not, depending on the role of colonizer or colonized, as well as its categorization of the First or Third World. With regard to the problematization of thepedagogical practice developed by the teacher, it was possible to perceive that the debates were fruitful in the process of language disinvention and resulted in the formation of the teachers participating in this research, bringing reflections on the role of language in the construction of unequal and subaltern realities. In the same way, they motivated changes with respect to their professional identity, that is, in relation to their conception of Language teaching, which came to be understood in its social aspects. Therefore, I believe that the practices discussed fostered spaces of resistance to naturalized subordination relations, and, thus, processes of unlearning took place, considering that discourses were questioned and reconstructed. / Neste estudo, objetivo discutir os sentidos de língua construídos por discentes em uma sala de aula de língua inglesa, de um curso de Licenciatura em Letras: Inglês, bem como problematizar a prática pedagógica desenvolvida pela professora com base na percepção das/os participantes da pesquisa. Para tanto, realizei uma pesquisa interpretativista, em que se compreende a construção do conhecimento como um processo que acontece por meio de processos interpretativos no encontro com outros sujeitos. Essa compreensão traz como consequência, para as/os pesquisadoras/es, o entendimento de que as ações humanas são transpassadas por significados sociais contextuais. A geração do material empírico em sala de aula se iniciou no dia 20 de outubro e terminou no dia 22de dezembro de 2016, e as entrevistas realizadas individualmente com as/os alunas/os se estenderam até maio de 2017. Participaram desta pesquisa cinco alunas e dois alunos, a docente da turma e eu como pesquisadora. A problematização realizada no estudo parte da perspectiva de que as línguas são construções sociais vinculadas aos projetos colonialistas e nacionalistas, estabelecidos a partir de uma política de exploração e controle dos indivíduos (IRVINE; GAL, 2000; MAKONI; PENNYCOOK, 2007; MIGNOLO, 2005; SEVERO, 2016). Assim, a partir do material empírico, busco problematizar pressupostos hegemônicos da modernidade (CASTRO- GÓMEZ, 2005; DUSSEL, 1994, 2005; MIGNOLO, 2003) ao confrontar a autonomia e homogeneidade da língua e refletir tanto sobre as relações estabelecidas entre língua e poder quanto sobre as ideologias presentes nas práticas implementadas em sala de aula. No que diz respeito aos sentidos de língua construídos pelas/os discentes em sala de aula, as reflexões feitas nesta dissertação apontam para a reprodução de uma epistemologia colonial. Em seus relatos e posicionamentos, as/os discentes estabeleceram relações entre língua e subalternidade, considerando que todos manifestaram sentimentos de opressão com relação ao aprendizado tanto da língua portuguesa como da inglesa. Ademais, também foi possível perceber relações de hierarquização entre línguas bastante conectadas à ideologia colonial, e o enaltecimento dessa ou daquela identidade linguística se mostrou vinculado ao pertencimento a uma determinada raça e território que detêm prestígio ou não, a depender do papel de colonizador ou colonizado, bem como de sua categorização de Primeiro ou Terceiro Mundo. No que diz respeito à problematização da prática pedagógica desenvolvida pela professora, foi possível perceber que os debates se mostraram frutíferos no processo de desinvenção da língua e tiveram desdobramentos na formação das/os professoras/es participantes desta pesquisa ao trazer reflexões sobre o papel da língua na construção de realidades desiguais e subalternas. Da mesma forma, estimularam mudanças com relação à sua identidade profissional, ou seja, com relação às suas concepções de ensinar a língua, que passou a ser compreendida em seus aspectos sociais. Sendo assim, entendo que as práticas debatidas fomentaram espaços de resistência a relações de subordinação naturalizadas, e, por conseguinte, aconteceram processos de desaprendizagem, considerando que discursos foram questionados e reconstruídos.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T15:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaiza Aparecida da Silva.pdf: 3241526 bytes, checksum: 5e9569a828df8e83dd8373a995eedf9d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-16T14:59:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaiza Aparecida da Silva.pdf: 3241526 bytes, checksum: 5e9569a828df8e83dd8373a995eedf9d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-16T14:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaiza Aparecida da Silva.pdf: 3241526 bytes, checksum: 5e9569a828df8e83dd8373a995eedf9d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Motivated by a personal need to improve my knowledge on children teaching practices, I conducted this research in a language school in Goiânia. This research was developed in a group under my responsibility with children aged 7-8 years. The general goal of this study is to comprehend at what extend the storytelling activity as well as other ludic activities contribute to a foreign language learning process. More specifically, this study aims to investigate (i) the role of pair-wise collaboration among children in storytelling activities; (ii) the strategies developed by children during their story-telling interaction as well as in other ludic activities and their function and (iii) if storytelling activity can elicit clues about the development of children’s autonomy to search for other sources of reading. To achieve these objectives, this study is oriented by an ethnographic qualitative approach and by the Vygostskian sociocultural studies about the process of teaching and learning a language. The results have shown that collaborative pair work using ludic activities as storytelling, domino, role play, and memory games can be a pedagogic tool in a foreign language classroom. / Partindo de uma necessidade pessoal de aprimorar meus conhecimentos na prática de ensino para crianças, desenvolvi esta pesquisa em uma escola de idiomas em Goiânia onde atuo como professora de inglês. A pesquisa em questão foi realizada em uma turma sob minha responsabilidade com crianças de 7-8 anos. O objetivo geral deste estudo é compreender em que medida a atividade de contação de histórias e outras atividades lúdicas contribuem para o processo de aprendizagem de uma LE. De modo mais específico este estudo investiga (i) o papel do trabalho colaborativo entre as crianças durante as atividades de contação de histórias; (ii) as estratégias desenvolvidas pelas crianças durante a interação na (re)contação de histórias e em outras atividades lúdicas bem como suas funções e (iii) a relação entre a contação de histórias e o desenvolvimento de autonomia nas crianças para buscar outras fontes de leitura. Para alcançar tais objetivos, este estudo orienta-se pela abordagem qualitativa de natureza etnográfica e pelos estudos socioculturais vygotskyanos relacionados ao ensino e aprendizagem de línguas. Os resultados mostram que o trabalho colaborativo – a partir das atividades de contação de histórias e outras atividades lúdicas como o dominó, a dramatização e os jogos de memória – pode ser uma ferramenta pedagógica na sala de aula de língua estrangeira.

動機雖被認定為影響第二語言及外語學習的因素之一，然而如何在考試導向的學習環境下提升學生內在或自主性英語學習動機的相關研究並不多。本研究依據自我決定理論(the self-determination theory)來設計學習單，用以輔助學生學習學校的一般英語課程，來探討自我決定理論在現行教育環境下使用的效益。此外，學習單的使用是否能幫助學生的成就表現優於其他學生也一併研究。 參與本研究的對象為台灣北部一所公立國中八年級兩個班的六十位學生。這兩個班級有相似的社會背景及英語成就表現，並隨機被指定為實驗組與控制組。實驗組可在考試前預覽印在學習單上的試題，而控制組則直接參與考試。本實驗歷時七週，蒐集資料的工具包含問卷、學習單和該學校所舉辦的英語成就測驗(英語段考)。研究方法含量化及質性分析，主要探討學習單對學生的三個英語學 習動機元素(autonomy, competence and relatedness)及英語成就表現的影響。 研究結果顯示高成就學生的主動性(autonomy)及中等成就學生的主動性(autonomy)、自我感知的英語能力(perceived competence)以及與同儕、老師間的相關性(relatedness)有提升。然而，低成就學生的三個英語學習動機元素則下降。另外，實驗組在該學校所舉辦的英語成就測驗的表現和對照組相比並無明顯差異。本研究最後對使用學習單提升學生內在或自主性學習動機在實際教學上的應用提供建議，以作為參考。 / Although motivation has been viewed as an important factor that affects second and foreign language acquisition, there isn’t much research investigating how to promote students’ intrinsic or more self-regulated motivation to learn English in test-oriented classroom settings. This study explores this area by complementing students’ regular English classes at school with the worksheets designed based on the self-determination theory. Furthermore, it also investigates whether students with the aid of the worksheets would outperform those not using the worksheets academically. For this research purpose, two classes of 60 eighth-graders in a public junior high school in northern Taiwan took part in this study. The two classes with similar social background and English academic performances were randomly classified into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given a chance to preview the test questions which were printed on the worksheets distributed to them as the complementary material before the tests. The control group, on the other hand, was given the tests directly without the chance to preview the test questions. The experiment lasted for seven weeks, and the data were collected through three instruments, a questionnaire, the worksheets, and a school administered-achievement test. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were adopted to probe into the influence of the worksheets upon the participants’ three motivational components, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness as well as their academic performance on the achievement test. The study results indicate that the worksheets could help promote the high achievers’ autonomy and the middle achievers’ autonomy, competence perception and relatedness, but they did not exert positive effects on the low achievers. Furthermore, the experimental group didn’t outperform the control group on the school-administered achievement test. Some pedagogical implications were presented at the end of the thesis.

本研究旨在探究並比較小學學生及其英語教師對於有效外語教學之信念。在英語教室中，學生其及老師對於教學的看法有許多相同與相異之處，這些信念會直接或間接影響到教學的有效性。 本研究以問卷調查法進行，對象為台中市34名公立小學英語教師及其811位高年級學生，問卷內容改編自Brown(2009)自編問卷及教育部九年一貫課程綱要 (2007)。問卷回收後資料以統計軟體SPSS 18.0進行敘述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析及薛費事後法分析，獲得結果簡述如下： 1.國小學生及其英語教師對於各項教學法抱持正向的態度。 2.在性別、課外學習經驗、學習英文時間早晚等因素影響下，會影響小學學生對於有效英語教學習的信念。 3.在文法教學上，學生及其教師均持正向態度，教師尤其偏愛歸納式教學。 4.在錯誤糾正上，學生認為教師須立即處理錯誤，但教師們允許適當的忽略。 5.在溝通式教學法上，學生及其教師均持正向態度，但學生對於小組互動的上課方式持較保留的態度。 6.在多元評量方面，學生及其教師均持正向態度，但學生們對於傳統紙筆測驗的看法高於教師們。 根據問卷調查結果，本研究最後提供教學上相關建議以供參考。 / The major purpose of the study is to identify elementary school students’ beliefs toward effective teaching and make a comparison to those of their teachers’. In language classrooms, the students and their English teachers may have very similar or disparate notions of effective teaching, and the intersection of the two sets of beliefs shows direct or indirect impacts on teaching effectiveness. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from 34 English teachers and 811 students in public elementary schools in Taichung Area. The items in the questionnaire were mainly adapted from the model by Brown (2009) and the Instruction Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Education (MOE, 2007). In this study, statistic computerization, including descriptive statistics, the independent sample t-test, and ANOVA with the post- hoc Scheffe test were used to analyze the collected data. The major findings are summarized as follows: 1.Elementary school students and teachers generally hold a positive attitude toward these teaching pedagogies. 2.The demographic variables of gender, extracurricular English learning experience and different length of prior English learning yield an effect on different students’ beliefs. 3.Elementary school students and teachers generally hold a positive attitude concerning Grammar Instruction; moreover, the teachers have more preference for inductive teaching. 4.Elementary school students and teachers generally hold a positive attitude concerning Error Correction; moreover, the students expect teachers to deal with their errors immediately, but their teachers tend to neglect error correction at times. 5.Elementary school students and teachers generally hold a positive attitude concerning Communicative Language Teaching; however, the students seem more hesitant to participate in group interactions in class. 6.Elementary school students and teachers generally hold a positive attitude concerning Multiple Assessments. Furthermore, the students appear to find more value in traditional paper- and- pencil tests than their teachers do. Finally, based on the findings in this study, several suggestions and implications were presented in the conclusion of the paper.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamaraFO_DISSERT.pdf: 2202818 bytes, checksum: 8e3dc2c2f0d12c877396778a697ee080 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Some authors have suggested that learning tasks conducted in L2 classes can motivate learners in different ways. Similarly, Interactive Whiteboards (IWB) have already been linked as drivers to engagement and enthusiasm in L2 classes, which may cause some impact on affective variables that influence learning (e.g. motivation). This crosssectional mixed-methods study aims to understand how situational motivation caused by learning tasks mediated by the IWB impact participants. We seek to answer the following research questions: (1) How does motivation as a personality trait of the learner relate to his/her additional language learning performance?, (2) How does the type of learning task mediated by the IWB impact the learner s motivation?, (3) How does motivation vary along the learning task mediated by the IWB? and (4) What is the relation between the learning task motivation and the learners perception about the task mediated by the IWB? Data collection lasted four months with 29 learners from a private language school. The instruments used were the following: (a) an initial questionnaire (adapted from the Attitudes/Motivation Test Battery by GARDNER, 2004), (b) situation-specific on-line scales to assess learners motivation in three moments: before, during and after the task, and analyze how motivation varies along the task; (c) class observations and field notes resulting from these observations, (d) participants end-of-course grades to understand the connection between academic success and their motivational profiles and (e) a final questionnaire with the qualitative purpose to know learners perceptions about the tasks mediated by the IWB. Our theoretical framework is based on Task-Based Learning and cognitive aspects present in tasks (WILLIS, 1996; SKEHAN, 1996), theories on motivation and second language learning (GARDNER, 2001; D?RNYEI e OTT?, 1998; D?RNYEI, 2000; 2002) and conceptions about L2 learning mediated by technology (GIBSON, 2001; OLIVEIRA, 2001; MILLER et al, 2005). Our results do not point out to a significative correlation between learners end-of-course grades and their motivational profiles. However, they indicate that there is some variability in situational motivation along the tasks, even among learning tasks from the same type. Furthermore, they show that learners report different perceptions for each learning task and that the impact of the IWB on participants did not have a large proportion / Alguns autores j? sugeriram que as tarefas de aprendizagem conduzidas em salas de aula de L2 podem motivar os aprendizes de diferentes maneiras. Da mesma forma, as Lousas Digitais Interativas (LDI) j? foram relacionadas como propulsoras de engajamento e entusiasmo em aulas de L2, podendo assim impactar vari?veis afetivas que influenciam a aprendizagem, como a motiva??o, por exemplo. Este estudo transversal, de m?todos mistos, objetiva compreender de que forma a motiva??o situacional ocasionada por tarefas de aprendizagem mediadas pela LDI impacta os participantes. Buscamos responder as seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: (1) como a motiva??o, vista como um tra?o da personalidade do aprendiz, se relaciona ao seu desempenho de aprendizagem da L2?, (2) de que maneira o tipo de tarefa de aprendizagem impacta na motiva??o do aprendiz?, (3) de que forma a motiva??o varia ao longo da tarefa de aprendizagem? e (4) qual a rela??o entre a motiva??o proveniente da tarefa de aprendizagem e a percep??o do aprendiz sobre a tarefa mediada pela LDI? A coleta de dados durou quatro meses em um instituto privado de idiomas com 29 aprendizes de ingl?s e foi realizada por meio dos seguintes instrumentos: (a) um question?rio inicial (adaptado da Attitudes/Motivation Test Battery de GARDNER, 2004); (b) escalas situacionais on-line para conhecermos a motiva??o dos aprendizes em tr?s momentos: antes, durante e ap?s a tarefa e analisarmos como a motiva??o varia ao longo da tarefa; (c) observa??es de aulas e as resultantes notas de campo dessas observa??es; (d) as notas globais dos participantes no semestre para entendermos a rela??o entre o desempenho acad?mico e o perfil motivacional deles e (e) um question?rio final com o fim qualitativo de conhecer as percep??es dos aprendizes sobre as tarefas mediadas pela LDI. Nossa fundamenta??o te?rica baseia-se na Aprendizagem Baseada em Tarefas e nos aspectos cognitivos presentes nas tarefas (WILLIS, 1996; SKEHAN, 1996), em algumas teorias de motiva??o e aprendizagem de L2 (GARDNER, 2001; D?RNYEI e OTT?, 1998; D?RNYEI, 2000; 2002) e em concep??es sobre a aprendizagem de L2 mediada por tecnologias (GIBSON, 2001; OLIVEIRA, 2001; MILLER et al, 2005). Nossos resultados n?o apontam uma correla??o significativa entre as notas globais dos aprendizes e o seu perfil motivacional. Entretanto, indicam que h? uma variabilidade da motiva??o situacional ao longo das tarefas, mesmo dentro de tarefas de aprendizagem do mesmo tipo. Al?m disso, mostram que os aprendizes relatam diferentes percep??es para cada tarefa de aprendizagem e que o impacto da LDI na motiva??o dos participantes foi de pequena propor??o

Cette thèse relève de la didactique de l’anglais. Il s’agit d’une étude exploratoire des représentations et attitudes de 170 lycéens, relative à l’introduction et l’utilisation du baladeur MP3 en cours d’anglais. Notre démarche d’investigation a reposé sur une approche systémique de la situation d’apprentissage. Afin de mettre au jour l’attitude des apprenants, nous avons utilisé des questionnaires. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence l’absence d’unanimité dans l’acceptation du baladeur MP3 en cours d’anglais. Une utilisation régulière du baladeur MP3 dans la vie quotidienne ne prédispose pas à son appropriation dans un contexte scolaire. Le baladeur MP3 n’est pas un objet réel – c’est un artefact qui se reconstruit selon les usages. Notre étude a également montré que les représentations de l’objet technologique chez les apprenants dépendaient de leurs représentations des autres éléments de la situation d’apprentissage. / This PhD thesis concerns the learning/teaching of the English language. It consists in an exploratory study of 170 high school students’ beliefs and attitudes as regards the introduction and use of an MP3 player in English classes. Our investigation was based on a systemic approach of the learning context. In order to expose the learners’ attitude, we used questionnaires. Our results highlighted the absence of consensus in the acceptation of the MP3 player in English classes. A frequent use of the MP3 player in the daily life does not involve its appropriation in a school context. The MP3 player is not a real object – it is an artefact that is reconstructed according to the uses. Our study also showed that the learners’ beliefs of the technological object depended on their beliefs of the other elements belonging to the learning context.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:19:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SAMARA GONCALVES LIMA.pdf: 1123517 bytes, checksum: 6a92d097acf6edc503b399a422ec8de4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / This study originated from the urge to observe, analyze and discuss the educational experiences at the inclusive school in Brazil, more specifically the beliefs of the participants about the English language learning and teaching processes to the deaf learners. After preliminary observations in this context, I decided to focus on the perceptions of a former deaf High School student whose participation in the English class interaction was considered above average by her two former teachers and theses teachers beliefs about the processes of learning and teaching the English Language to deaf students. Thus, a retrospective of the classes in which the student participant in this research was made by the two teachers in order to describe her performance. A second step was to meet the participant, who, at the moment, is doing the Pedagogy course at a university in Goiás. During these meetings, video recorded interviews mediated by a sign language interpreter were made. Moreover, the three participants, i.e. the two teachers and the deaf student also answered a questionnaire. Based on these data, a survey on the beliefs of one of the teachers and the deaf student, participants in this study, was made. In relation to the theoretical references followed by this study, reviews were made about the following three major themes: inclusive education from a socioanthropogical perspective; Vygotsky s social intreactionist theory and its relation to learning; as well as the theory on learners and teachers beliefs based on authors such as Barcelos (1999, 2004), Almeida-Filho (1993), Richards and Lockart, (1994). The qualitative research was the methodology adopted to collect and analyze the data. Instruments like interviews, questionnaires and field notes were used in order to triangulate the data and interpret the results. Finally, the data analyses reveal that teaching English to deaf students demands the adoption of new perspectives and attitudes towards the process by practitioners. / Este estudo surge da necessidade de se observar, ouvir, analisar e discutir experiências educacionais no contexto da sala de aula inclusiva, especialmente no que concerne às crenças sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa para surdos. Neste estudo, após observar este contexto sob diferentes perspectivas, decidi investigar uma aluna surda egressa que participava ativamente das aulas de inglês no Ensino Médio. Desta forma, foi elaborada, juntamente com dois professores, uma retrospectiva das aulas de LI de quando essa aluna estudava. Em uma outra etapa, foram marcados encontros com a aluna que hoje é estudante universitária do curso de Pedagogia. Nesses encontros, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, intermediadas por uma intérprete e registradas em vídeo. Além das entrevistas semi-estruturadas, os três participantes responderam a um questionário fechado. A partir desses dados, foi possível fazer um levantamento das crenças dos dois professores - relacionadas à sua prática em sala de aula - e às crenças da aluna surda. No que diz respeito ao arcabouço teórico, esta pesquisa teve como base inicial a proposta socioantropológica de educação inclusiva (EI), isto é, aquela que defende a EI como força motriz para a valorização, respeito e aceitação da diversidade. Além disso, foram revisitados os estudos sociointeracionistas de Vygotsky e as abordagens de ensino de língua estrangeira de autores influenciados por teorias vygotskianas, além de estudos sobre crenças no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas, com base em estudiosos como Barcelos (1999, 2004), Almeida-Filho (1993), Richards e Lockart, (1994). Com relação às questões metodológicas, este estudo se constitui em um estudo de caso em que os dados são coletados e analisados qualitativamente, seguindo os pressupostos do paradigma interpretativista. Para obedecer às exigências da metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, a qual defende a utilização de diferentes instrumentos para a triangulação dos dados, esta pesquisa fez uso dos seguintes instrumentos para coleta dos dados: questionários, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, notas de campo e observações em sala de aula, bem como documentos, relatos e relatórios cedidos pelos participantes. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a necessidade de novos olhares, reflexões e atitudes frente ao ensino de LI para surdos na escola regular-inclusiva. Apesar desta pesquisa não prover respostas prontas e acabadas para essas perguntas, acredito que os achados deste estudo possam auxiliar a desatar os nós que amarram tais problemáticas.

This study aims to find out how a selection of upper-secondary Swedish teachers engage their ESL students in critical self-reflection, as well as what their motivations behind these choices are. Specifically, this study aims to provide support for the hypothesis that teachers actively avoid social learning in correlation with critical self-reflection. Through an interview process and analysis, it was found that the interviewed teachers did, in fact, actively avoid social methods and activities when teaching critical self-reflection, due to a variety of reasons. The main motivations behind opting for solitary or individual critical self-reflections were age, group dynamics, student dispositions, and language proficiency.