Cette thèse de doctorat met en lumière les stratégies narratives déployées dans le récit français actuel pour représenter et construire son présent. L’hypothèse principale que cette recherche vérifie est la suivante : la littérature narrative d’aujourd’hui, par le recours à une énonciation entremêlant discours et narration ainsi que par une utilisation critique et pragmatique du passé, réplique au « présentisme » observé par François Hartog, cette perspective sur les temps dont le point d’observation et le point observé sont le présent. Les écrivains contemporains mettent en place un régime de temporalités où passé et avenir sont coordonnés au présent pour pacifier le rapport entre les trois catégories temporelles et faire apparaître un présent qui, sinon, demeure narrativement insaisissable ou soumis à l’autorité d’un passé ou d’un avenir qui dicte ses actions. En distinguant leurs textes du genre romanesque et du mode narratif qui le compose, Pierre Bergounioux, François Bon, Olivier Cadiot, Chloé Delaume, Annie Ernaux, Jean Echenoz et Olivier Rolin, entre autres, s’inscrivent dans la tradition énonciative du récit, ici entendu comme genre littéraire où l’énonciation et le texte en formation sont à eux-mêmes leur propre intrigue. Le sujet d’énonciation du récit contemporain cherche à élucider son rapport au temps en ayant recours à des scènes énonciatives qui ont à voir avec l’enquête et l’interlocution, de manière à ce que d’une anamnèse personnelle et intellectuelle, de même que de la confrontation d’une mémoire avec son récit jaillissent les caractéristiques d’une expérience du présent. Or, une des caractéristiques du présent expérimenté par le sujet contemporain semble être une résistance à la narration et au récit, rendant alors difficile sa saisie littéraire. Cette opposition au récit est investie par des écrivains qui ont recours, pour donner à voir l’immédiateté du présent, à la note et au journal, de même qu’à des genres littéraires qui mettent en échec la narration, notamment la poésie. En dépit de leurs efforts énonciatifs pour extraire le présent de l’opération qui le transforme en passé, ces écrivains font tout de même l’expérience répétée de la disparition immédiate du présent et de leur incapacité à énoncer littérairement un sentiment du présent. Le seul moyen d’en donner un aperçu reste alors peut-être de chercher à construire le présent à partir du constat répété de l’impossibilité d’un tel accomplissement. / This doctoral thesis highlights present-day French authors’ narrative strategies used to illustrate and conceive the present. Our central hypothesis is that through an act of utterance intermeshing discourse and narration, as well as the critical and pragmatic use of references to the past, today’s narrative literature offers a counterpoint to the “presentism” described by François Hartog (i.e. a retrospective look at eras in which the present is both the vantage point and the point under observation). By so doing, contemporary authors offer a system of historicities where the past and the future are linked to the present in order to reconcile the link between the three temporal categories and reveal a present which, otherwise, would remain narratively elusive or subrogated to the authority of a past or a future that dictates its behaviour. By distancing their works from the fictional genre and from the narrative form it embodies, Pierre Bergounioux, François Bon, Olivier Cadiot, Annie Ernaux, Chloé Delaume, Jean Echenoz and Olivier Rolin, amongst others, are part of the enunciative tradition of the narrative, considered here as a literary genre in which the enunciation and the text in gestation are, in and of themselves, their own intrigue. In the contemporary narrative, the aim of the enunciation subject is to clarify its relationship to time by using enunciative scenes having to do with this quest and the conversation so that from a personal and intellectual anamnesis, as well as from the clash of a memory with its recounting, emerge the characteristics integral to the present experience. And yet, one of the characteristics of the present that the contemporary subject experiences seems to be a resistance to narration and to storytelling, which makes it almost impervious to literary analysis. Authors take up this opposition to storytelling by using, in an effort to bring the immediacy of the present to the foreground, the note, the journal entry, and literary genres that thwart narration, such as poetry. In spite of their enunciative efforts to distil the present from the operation that transforms it into the past, these authors are nevertheless faced, time and again, with having to live the immediate dissipation of the present and their inability to capture in a literary form its essence. Perhaps the only way to offer a glimpse of this is to try to create the present by repeatedly showing the impossibility of such an achievement.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo gerar uma reflexão no campo dos Estudos da Linguagem e da Ciência da Informação com o propósito de investigar a natureza e o funcionamento das Linguagens Documentárias. Foi na Linguística da Enunciação e nos Estudos de Terminologia que se buscou referencial para esta investigação. Os principais teóricos desta pesquisa são: Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann e Ciapuscio. Fundamentado neste referencial foi possível apresentar duas propostas: sugerir um modelo de comunicação capaz de representar a relação que se estabelece entre Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e usuários a partir de parâmetros enunciativos, e propor a geração de vocabulários controlados especializados sob o referencial enunciativo e terminológico. Estas propostas são fundamentadas nos seguintes conceitos e noções: enunciação, linguagem, língua, estrutura, sentido, significado, referência, contexto, subjetividade, intersubjetividade, locutor e categorias de pessoa, espaço e tempo, no quadro teórico da Teoria da Enunciação; 2) comunicação especializada, linguagem especializada, texto especializado, unidade terminológica, unidade fraseológica especializada e variação terminológica conceitual e denominativa, no domínio dos estudos terminológicos; 3) organização do conhecimento e representação da informação, linguagens documentárias, sistema nocional, vocabulários controlados, análise documentária, tesauros, ontologias, Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e comunicação documentária. Concluiu-se ser possível estabelecer uma interface produtiva entre os Estudos da Linguagem e Ciência da Informação, com benefício para ambos. / The aim of this research is to generate a reflection in the field of Language Studies and Information Science in order to investigate the nature and the functioning of Documentary Languages. The referencial for this investigation comes from Linguistics of Enunciation and from Terminological Studies, mainly of Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann and Ciaspuscio. Based on this referential it was possible to present two proposals: to suggest a communication model able to represent the relationship established between Information Retrieval Systems and users through its enunciative parameters, and propose the generation of domain-specific controlled vocabularies under the enunciative and terminological referential. These proposals are based on the concepts and notions: 1) enunciation, language, langue, structure, meaning, significance, reference, context, subjectivity, intersubjectivity, speaker and categories of person, space and time, in the theoretical framework of the Theory of Enunciation; 2) specialized communication, specialized language, specialized text, terminological unit, specialized phraseological unit, terminological variation conceptual and denominative, in the area of terminological studies; 3) knowledge organization and representation of information, documentary languages, system notional, controlled vocabularies, documentary analysis, thesauri, ontologies, Information Retrieval Systems and documentary communication. It was concluded to be possible to establish a productive interface between Language Studies and Information Science, with benefit to both.

Dans le cadre de nos travaux, nous définissons 1a lexicographie collaborative – en nous appuyant sur Cotter et Damaso (2007), Meyer et Gurevych (2012), Granger 2012, etc. – comme un genre dictionnairique qui intègre les contributions d’une communauté et qui crée, via l’internet, un espace virtuel où les contributeurs se soutiennent, collaborent et coopèrent dans la rédaction. Nous nous focalisons sur les dictionnaires collaboratifs généraux monolingues, un terrain qui semble très peu exploité actuellement. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur les dictionnaires français La Parlure, Le dictionnaire collaboratif du français parlé et le dictionnaire slovène Razvezani jezik, Slovar žive slovenščine. Nous proposons une analyse en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons les dictionnaires collaboratifs du point de vue lexicographique, énonciatif et sociolinguistique. Nous explorons également la question de la néologie et de la norme ainsi que les moyens de régulation du contenu. La deuxième partie est consacrée à des phénomènes linguistiques, qui s’inscrivent de façon particulièrement intéressante dans le contexte de la lexicographie collaborative : le métalangage, le nom propre, le figement et la métaphore. Dans la troisième partie, nous étudions la place du genre (gender) dans les dictionnaires collaboratifs, à travers les différentes désignations – métaphoriques et autres – relevant du genre et de la sexualité. Les trois axes explorés nous mènent à la conclusion que nous sommes confrontés à un objet novateur, un nouveau phénomène dans l’histoire de la lexicographie qui n’a pas encore été exploré et qui ouvre de nombreuses pistes prometteuses. / In the scope of our research, I define the collaborative lexicography – following Cotter and Damaso (2007), Meyer and Gurevych (2012), Granger 2012, etc. – as the dictionary genre that integrates the contributions of a community and creates, through the internet, a virtual space where contributors collaborate and cooperate in writing the dictionary articles. I have focused on general monolingual collaborative dictionaries, a subject which seems to have captured very little attention so far. I have concentrated in particular on the French dictionary La Parlure, Le dictionnaire collaboratif du français parlé and the Slovene dictionary Razvezani jezik, Slovar žive slovenščine. I propose an analysis in three parts. The first part describes the collaborative dictionaries from the lexicographical aspect, the aspect of enunciation and the sociolinguistic aspect. I equally explore the question of neologisms, of the norm and different types of content regulation. The second part is devoted to linguistic phenomena that are inscribed in particularly interesting ways into the context of collaborative lexicography: meta-language, proper names, set expressions and metaphors. The third part examines the place of gender in collaborative dictionaries through different designations – metaphoric and other – pertaining to gender and sexuality. The three axes of investigation lead to the conclusion that we are faced with an innovative object, a new phenomenon in the history of lexicography which hasn’t been explored yet, and which opens up numerous promising lines of research.

This dissertation investigates the correlation between semiotic theory and the way that gendered subjectivity is represented in contemporary South African art. The phenomenon of signification is central to the semiotic theories of the Bulgarian semiotician and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva. Semiotics can be described as the science of the sign that considers the way in which artists express their personal experience in art making. In this investigation I refer mainly to women's artworks, although the concept of gendered subjectivity in the work of male artists is also discussed. This particular research investigates the symbolic relations of culture in gender terms, that explores the apparent contradictions of subjectivity inherent in capitalist patriarchal society. / Art History, Visual Arts and Music / M.A. (Visual Arts)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo gerar uma reflexão no campo dos Estudos da Linguagem e da Ciência da Informação com o propósito de investigar a natureza e o funcionamento das Linguagens Documentárias. Foi na Linguística da Enunciação e nos Estudos de Terminologia que se buscou referencial para esta investigação. Os principais teóricos desta pesquisa são: Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann e Ciapuscio. Fundamentado neste referencial foi possível apresentar duas propostas: sugerir um modelo de comunicação capaz de representar a relação que se estabelece entre Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e usuários a partir de parâmetros enunciativos, e propor a geração de vocabulários controlados especializados sob o referencial enunciativo e terminológico. Estas propostas são fundamentadas nos seguintes conceitos e noções: enunciação, linguagem, língua, estrutura, sentido, significado, referência, contexto, subjetividade, intersubjetividade, locutor e categorias de pessoa, espaço e tempo, no quadro teórico da Teoria da Enunciação; 2) comunicação especializada, linguagem especializada, texto especializado, unidade terminológica, unidade fraseológica especializada e variação terminológica conceitual e denominativa, no domínio dos estudos terminológicos; 3) organização do conhecimento e representação da informação, linguagens documentárias, sistema nocional, vocabulários controlados, análise documentária, tesauros, ontologias, Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e comunicação documentária. Concluiu-se ser possível estabelecer uma interface produtiva entre os Estudos da Linguagem e Ciência da Informação, com benefício para ambos. / The aim of this research is to generate a reflection in the field of Language Studies and Information Science in order to investigate the nature and the functioning of Documentary Languages. The referencial for this investigation comes from Linguistics of Enunciation and from Terminological Studies, mainly of Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann and Ciaspuscio. Based on this referential it was possible to present two proposals: to suggest a communication model able to represent the relationship established between Information Retrieval Systems and users through its enunciative parameters, and propose the generation of domain-specific controlled vocabularies under the enunciative and terminological referential. These proposals are based on the concepts and notions: 1) enunciation, language, langue, structure, meaning, significance, reference, context, subjectivity, intersubjectivity, speaker and categories of person, space and time, in the theoretical framework of the Theory of Enunciation; 2) specialized communication, specialized language, specialized text, terminological unit, specialized phraseological unit, terminological variation conceptual and denominative, in the area of terminological studies; 3) knowledge organization and representation of information, documentary languages, system notional, controlled vocabularies, documentary analysis, thesauri, ontologies, Information Retrieval Systems and documentary communication. It was concluded to be possible to establish a productive interface between Language Studies and Information Science, with benefit to both.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo gerar uma reflexão no campo dos Estudos da Linguagem e da Ciência da Informação com o propósito de investigar a natureza e o funcionamento das Linguagens Documentárias. Foi na Linguística da Enunciação e nos Estudos de Terminologia que se buscou referencial para esta investigação. Os principais teóricos desta pesquisa são: Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann e Ciapuscio. Fundamentado neste referencial foi possível apresentar duas propostas: sugerir um modelo de comunicação capaz de representar a relação que se estabelece entre Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e usuários a partir de parâmetros enunciativos, e propor a geração de vocabulários controlados especializados sob o referencial enunciativo e terminológico. Estas propostas são fundamentadas nos seguintes conceitos e noções: enunciação, linguagem, língua, estrutura, sentido, significado, referência, contexto, subjetividade, intersubjetividade, locutor e categorias de pessoa, espaço e tempo, no quadro teórico da Teoria da Enunciação; 2) comunicação especializada, linguagem especializada, texto especializado, unidade terminológica, unidade fraseológica especializada e variação terminológica conceitual e denominativa, no domínio dos estudos terminológicos; 3) organização do conhecimento e representação da informação, linguagens documentárias, sistema nocional, vocabulários controlados, análise documentária, tesauros, ontologias, Sistemas de Recuperação da Informação e comunicação documentária. Concluiu-se ser possível estabelecer uma interface produtiva entre os Estudos da Linguagem e Ciência da Informação, com benefício para ambos. / The aim of this research is to generate a reflection in the field of Language Studies and Information Science in order to investigate the nature and the functioning of Documentary Languages. The referencial for this investigation comes from Linguistics of Enunciation and from Terminological Studies, mainly of Benveniste, Martins, Cabré, Hoffmann and Ciaspuscio. Based on this referential it was possible to present two proposals: to suggest a communication model able to represent the relationship established between Information Retrieval Systems and users through its enunciative parameters, and propose the generation of domain-specific controlled vocabularies under the enunciative and terminological referential. These proposals are based on the concepts and notions: 1) enunciation, language, langue, structure, meaning, significance, reference, context, subjectivity, intersubjectivity, speaker and categories of person, space and time, in the theoretical framework of the Theory of Enunciation; 2) specialized communication, specialized language, specialized text, terminological unit, specialized phraseological unit, terminological variation conceptual and denominative, in the area of terminological studies; 3) knowledge organization and representation of information, documentary languages, system notional, controlled vocabularies, documentary analysis, thesauri, ontologies, Information Retrieval Systems and documentary communication. It was concluded to be possible to establish a productive interface between Language Studies and Information Science, with benefit to both.

Originating from a disenfranchisement with the contemporary definition and realisation of Westernised architecture as a commodity and product, this thesis seeks to explore alternative examples of positive socio-spatial practice and agency. These alternative spatial practices and methodologies are drawn from participatory and grass-roots development agency in informal settlements and contexts of economic absence, most notably in the global South. This thesis explores whether such examples can be interpreted as practical realisations of key theoretical advocacies for positive social space that have emerged in the context of post-Second World-War capitalism. The principal methodological framework utilises two differing trajectories of spatial discourse. Firstly, Henri Lefebvre and Doreen Massey as formative protagonists of Western spatial critique, and secondly, John F. C. Turner and Nabeel Hamdi as key advocates of participatory development practice in informal settlements. These two research trajectories are notably separated by geographical, economic and political differentiations, as well as conventional disciplinary boundaries. However by undertaking a close textual reading of these discourses this thesis critically re-contextualises the socio-spatial methodologies of participatory development practice, observing multiple theoretical convergences and provocative commonalities. This research proposes that by critically comparing these previously unconnected disciplinary trajectories certain similarities, resonances and equivalences become apparent. These resonances reveal comparable critiques of choice, value, and identity which transcend the gap between such differing theoretical and practical engagements with space. Subsequently, these thematic resonances allow this research to critically engage with further appropriate surrounding discourses, including Marxist theory, orientalism, post- structural pluralism, development anthropology, post-colonial theory and subaltern theory. 5 In summary, this thesis explores aspects of Henri Lefebvre's and Doreen Massey's urban and spatial theory through a close textual reading of key texts from their respective discourses. This methodology provides a layered analysis of post-Marxist urban space, and an exploration of an explicit connection between Lefebvre and Massey in terms of the social production and multiplicity of space. Subsequently, this examination provides a theoretical framework from which to reinterpret and revalue the approaches to participatory development practice found in the writings and projects of John Turner and Nabeel Hamdi. The resulting comparative framework generates interconnected thematic trajectories of enquiry that facilitate the re-reading and critical reflection of Turner and Hamdi's development practices. Thus, selected Western spatial discourse acts as a critical lens through which to re-value the social, political and economical achievements of participatory development. Reciprocally, development practice methodologies are recognised as invaluable and provocative realisations of the socio-spatial qualities that Western spatial discourse has long advocated for, and yet have remained predominantly unrealised in the global North.

Cette recherche a pour titre Fonctionnement du triangle de la subjectivité intériorisée dans le roman moderne. Elle a pour but d’étudier la parole et les pensées intérieures du sujet de l’énonciation dans des œuvres romanesques souvent marquées par le décrochage et le "brouillage" des pistes énonciatives. Les trois procédés discursifs et narratifs ciblés sont le monologue intérieur (MI), le discours indirect libre (DIL) et le point de vue (PDV). L’examen des trois piliers du langage intérieur prend appuie sur les apports de la linguistique de l’énonciation, de la polyphonie et de la pragmatique. Cette recherche cible neuf œuvres romanesques que nous plaçons sous l’étiquette de "roman moderne". Ces romans appartiennent à trois auteurs français qui ont développé des récits dont la source locutrice et énonciatrice pose problème. La difficulté de traiter de l’énonciation romanesque dans un corpus choisi en l’occurrence est due essentiellement à l’effacement des frontières entre discours citant et discours cité. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon et Nathalie Sarraute n’appartiennent certes pas aux mêmes courants esthétiques et idéologiques, mais ils ont ceci de commun qu’ils offrent une configuration romanesque qui conduit à s’interroger sur le statut du locuteur et de l’énonciateur dans une forme d’expression qui n’est pas toujours verbalisée. / This research is entitled Functioning of the Triangle of Internalized Subjectivity in the Modern Novel. It aims at studying the speech and the inner thoughts of the subject of enunciation in fiction often marked by the "interference" in enunciation tracks. The three targeted discursive and narrative processes are internal monologue (MI), free indirect speech ( DIL) and the point of view (PDV) . The examination of the three pillars of the inner language relies on the contributions of linguistics of enunciation, of polyphony and pragmatic. This research targets nine novels that we can classify as belonging to the "modern novel" category. These novels belong to three French authors who have developed narratives in which the source of speaker and enunciator is a cause of ambiguity. The difficulty of dealing with the novelistic enunciation in a textual corpus chosen in this case is mainly due to the blurring of boundaries between reporting speech and reported speech. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon and Nathalie Sarraute do not belong to the same aesthetic and ideological trends, but what they have in common is that they all offer a novel configuration that makes us raise questions about the status of the speaker and the enunciator in a form of expression that is not always verbalized.

Eva Krásová: Émile Benveniste and the role of sens My thesis "Émile Benveniste and the role of sens" is a monographic study of the life work of Émile Benveniste (1902-1977) through the role that the concept of meaning (sens) takes in his thought. I adopt the methodology defined by K. Kœrner as "historiography of language sciences", and thus my perspective on Benveniste's work is mainly chronological and developmental. First part of the thesis concentrates on theoretical foundations of Benveniste's thought in the school of Paris (A. Meillet and M. Bréal), Prague (R. Jakobson and V. Skalička) and Copenhagen (texts around 1939). I point out the concept of language system in diachrony in A. Meillet's thinking and in Prague school and present a hypothesis about the role of Émile Bneveniste in their contact during the International congresses of linguists. This results into a description of the perspective of meaning as it was presented in Benveniste's 1962 lecture "Levels of linguistic analysis". Second part deals with Benveniste's concept linguistics of discours. First chapter explains the main concepts of Benveniste's theory of language: semiotics and semantics or the semiotical and the semantical (le/la sémiotique, sémantique), enunciation (énonciation), appropriation (appropriation) and the theory...