INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz (PTPI) e suas características definidoras (CD) ainda não foram validados em pacientes com doença arterial obstrutiva periférica dos membros inferiores (DAOMI), por meio de testes que avaliam a capacidade funcional e a função vascular arterial. OBJETIVO: Validar algumas CD de PTPI em pacientes com DAOMI sintomática e verificar sua importância na determinação desse diagnóstico de enfermagem. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 65 pacientes com DAOMI (62,2 + 8,1 anos; 56,9% do sexo masculino; índice tornozelo-braquial - ITB = 0,59 + 0,14), nos quais a PTPI foi diagnosticada mediante a presença de claudicação intermitente e ITB < 0,90, e 17 indivíduos--controle (63,4 + 8,7 anos; 41,2% do sexo masculino; ITB = 1,14 + 0,08). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame físico, à medida do ITB, à avaliação de sua capacidade funcional e das propriedades funcionais das artérias. O ITB foi calculado para cada membro inferior, dividindo-se a maior pressão arterial do tornozelo pela maior pressão obtida nos braços; para análise considerou-se o pior ITB. Os pacientes com PTPI secundária à DAOMI foram divididos de acordo com o grau de prejuízo da circulação periférica. A capacidade funcional foi determinada por meio do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), registrando-se as distâncias percorridas, total e livre de dor. As propriedades funcionais das artérias foram avaliadas em termos da rigidez da parede (VOP C-F e VOP C-R), utilizando-se o Complior®, e da reatividade vascular, com a técnica de ultrassom vascular de alta resolução em condições basais, após manobra de hiperemia reativa e após administração sublingual de nitrato. A hiperemia reativa promove vasodilatação dependente do endotélio e é mediada pelo fluxo (DMF); por sua vez, o nitrato é um doador de óxido nítrico e causa vasodilatação independente do endotélio. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da CD pulsos periféricos ausentes ou filiformes foi maior nos pacientes com PTPI do que nos indivíduos-controle (> 70,0% versus 5,3%, respectivamente, p < 0,0001). Ainda, observou-se que pacientes com PTPI percorreram menores distâncias no TC6 (265,1 + 77,4 versus 354,7 + 42,1 m, p < 0,001) e apresentaram maior VOP C-F (12,2 + 4,0 versus 9,6 + 2,2 m/s, p = 0,016), menor DMF (2,7 + 4,2% versus 6,1 + 5,4%, p = 0,014) e menor dilatação pós- -nitrato (14,3 + 8,4% versus 20,6 + 10,0%, p = 0,019). Na análise individual, verificou-se que a presença das CD associou-se à redução das distâncias percorridas no TC6, total e livre de dor, ao aumento da VOP C-F e a menores DMF e dilatação pós-nitrato. Na análise conjunta, pulsos pedioso e/ou tibial posterior ausentes ou filiformes foram preditivos de: (1) menor capacidade funcional, com redução de 61 metros na distância total percorrida e 124 metros na distância livre de dor; (2) maior rigidez da parede arterial, pois aumentou em 18% a média da VOP C-F; e (3) maior prejuízo da reatividade vascular, evidenciada pela redução de 2,6% na DMF. Além disso, a alteração na amplitude de algum pulso periférico ou sopro na artéria femoral esquerda aumentou 1.024 vezes a chance de ocorrência de PTPI. Observou-se que as distâncias, total e livre de dor, percorridas no TC6, a VOP C-F e a dilatação pós-nitrato associaram-se de forma significativa com o maior prejuízo da circulação periférica, verificado pelo ITB, sendo que o aumento de 1m na distância percorrida livre de dor reduziu em 0,8% (IC 95% = 0,985 - 0,998) a chance de prejuízo grave (ou moderado e grave) da circulação periférica. Já o aumento de 1m/s na VOP C-F elevou essa chance em 23,7% (IC 95% = 1,057 - 1,448). CONCLUSÃO: A CD pulsos periféricos ausentes ou filiformes foi a mais relevante para o diagnóstico de enfermagem PTPI, pois apresentou maior prevalência, associou-se à maior limitação funcional e mostrou forte associação com alterações funcionais das artérias. / INTRODUCTION: The nursing diagnosis Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion (PTPI) and its defining characteristics (CD) have not yet been validated in patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease (DAOP) in the lower limbs, through tests that evaluate functional capacity and arterial vascular function. OBJECTIVE: To validate some CD of PTPI in patients with symptomatic DAOP and verify the relevance of these characteristics in determining this nursing diagnosis. METHOD: 65 patients with DAOP were selected (62.2 + 8.1 years; 56.9% male; ankle brachial index - ABI = 0.59 + 0.14), in which PTPI was diagnosed considering the presence of intermittent claudication and ABI <0.90, and 17 control subjects (63.4 + 8.7 years; 41.2% male; ABI = 1.14 + 0.08). All participants were submitted to physical assessment, ABI measurement, evaluation of functional capacity and arteries functional properties. ABI was calculated for each leg, dividing the higher pressure of the ankle by the higher pressure of the arms, whereas the worst ABI was considered. Patients with ABI related to DAOP were split according to the impairment of peripheral circulation. Functional capacity was determined through the six-minute walk test (TC6). Total and pain free distances were recorded. Arteries funcional properties were evaluated in terms of arterial stiffness (C-F PWV and C-R PWV) using the Complior®, and in terms of vascular reactivity using high-resolution ultrasound in basal condition and after reactive hyperemia and sublingual administration of nitrate. Reactive hyperemia promotes endotlhelium dependent vasodilation which is flow mediate (DMF); nitrate is a nitric oxide donor and causes endothelium independent vasodilation. RESULTS: The prevalence of the CD absent or weak peripheral pulses was higher among patients with PTPI compared with control subjects (> 70.0% versus 5.3%, respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with PTPI traveled shorter distances in the TC6 (265.1 + 77.4 versus 354.7 + 42.1 m, p < 0.001), presented higher C-F PWV (12.2 + 4.0 versus 9.6 + 2.2 m/s, p = 0.016), lower FMD (2.7 + 4.2% versus 6.1 + 5.4%, p = 0.014) and lower post nitrate dilation (14.3 + 8.4% versus 20.6 + 10.0%, p = 0.019) than the control group. The individual analysis of CD showed that their presence were associated with reduction in the total and pain free walking distances in TC6, increased C-F PWV, and diminished FMD and post nitrate dilation. The absent or weak dorsalis pedis and/or posterior tibial arterial pulses in the cluster analysis predicted: (1) poor functional capacity, reduction of 61 meters in the total walking distance and 124 meters in the pain free walking distance; (2) higher arterial stiffness, because the average of C-F PWV increased 18%; and (3) greater impairment of vascular reactivity, evidenced by a reduction of 2.6% in the FMD. In addition, alteration in the amplitude of some peripheral pulse or bruit in the left femoral artery increased 1024 times the risk of PTPI. Total and pain free walking distances in the TC6, C-F PWV and the post nitrate dilation were significantly associated with greater impairment of peripheral circulation evaluated through ABI. An increase of 1m of pain free travelled distance reduced the risk of severe (or moderate and severe) impairment of peripheral circulation in 0.8% (CI 95% = 0.985 - 0.998), whereas an increase of 1m/s in the C-F PWV increased the risk by 23.7% (CI 95% = 1.057 - 1.448). CONCLUSION: The CD absent or weak peripheral pulses was the most relevant characteristic determining the nursing diagnosis PTPI because it presented the highest prevalence, was associated with reduced functional capacity, and presented a strong association with arteries functional alteration.

Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem circunferencial em tubos de aço inoxidável super duplex UNS S32750, com diâmetros de 19,05 mm e 48,20 mm. Foram executadas soldas utilizando-se diversos parâmetros de soldagem num equipamento MIG com controle CMT&reg Cold Metal Transfer. Os cordões de solda foram avaliados por inspeção visual e dimensional, além dos ensaios de tração e microdureza Vickers, bem como a análise microestrutural em conjunto com análise de precipitação de fases, a qual foi realizada em acordo com a prática A da norma ASTM A923, e ensaio de corrosão conforme a prática A da norma ASTM G48 em conjunto com a norma ASTM A923. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem do tubo com diâmetro de 19,05 mm apresentou cordão de solda com dimensões inaceitáveis conforme norma, tendo sido esta condição atribuída a utilização de um elevado diâmetro do arame para as condições (parâmetros) usadas de soldagem. A soldagem do tubo com diâmetro de 48,20 mm apresentou falta de penetração nas condições empregadas, quando soldado pelo processo CMT&reg convencional. No caso da utilização do CMT&reg combinado com arco pulsado, em condições que geraram maior aporte de calor durante a soldagem, assim obteve-se penetração total da junta e acabamento superficial adequado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem utilizando o processo CMT&reg combinado com arco pulsado, nas condições (parâmetros) empregados geraram bom acabamento superficial, aliado propriedades mecânicas compatíveis, atendendo exigências de normas, bem como uma microestrutura balanceada e alta resistência à corrosão. / This study carried out circumferential welding experiments in UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel tubes using diameters of 19,05 mm and 48,20 mm. Welds were performed using various welding parameters on a MIG machine with Cold Metal Transfer&reg CMT control. The weld joints were evaluated by visual and dimensional inspection in addition to the Vickers microhardness and traction tests, as well as the microstructural analysis in conjunction with phase precipitation analysis, which was performed according to practice A of ASTM A923, and corrosion test in accordance with practice A of ASTM G48 in conjunction with ASTM A923. The results indicated that welds performed in pipes with a diameter of 19.05 mm showed a weld joint with unacceptable dimensions according to the standard, this condition being attributed the use of a high wire diameter for the welding conditions used. Welding performed for pipes with a diameter of 48.20 mm showed a lack of penetration under the conditions employed when welded by the conventional CMT&reg process. In the case of the use of CMT&reg combined with pulsed arc, under conditions that generated greater heat input during welding, this resulted in total penetration of the joint and adequate surface finish. The results indicated that welding using the CMT&reg process combined with pulsed arc, under the conditions (parameters) employed generated good surface finish, combined mechanical properties, meeting standards requirements, as well as a balanced microstructure and high resistance to corrosion.

Background: Fatty acids (FA) have a role on energy storage and membrane formation. FA consists of an aliphatic chain with varying number of carbon and a carboxylic functional group. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exhibits a similar structure to that of the FA. Given their structural resemblance, we hypothesized that alterations in FA metabolism could arise from competition with PFOA for endogenous FA binding sites in transport and with FA binding proteins. Objectives: Explore associations of serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with serum concentrations of linoleic (LA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and docosapentanoic (DHA) acid in adults. Methods: We analyzed data from 1,829, 20-80 years old participants in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Linear regression models were used to estimate adjusted predicted means of the FA (in µmol/L) for quartiles of PFOA (in ng/mL) and explore linear trends. Results: Increasing concentrations of PFOA were not associated with adjusted predicted means of serum LA (Q1 3534, Q2 3445, Q3 3778, Q4 3399) (p trends=0.6460). Increasing concentrations of PFOA, however, were associated with increasing trends in adjusted predicted means of serum EPA (Q1 49.8, Q2 51.5, Q3 60.9, Q4 55.7).

This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual’s vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.

Osteoporosis is considered to be the most adverse public health disease associated with substantial mortality among postmenopausal women. Hysterectomy, surgically induced menopause, contributes to the early onset of menopause. However, there was no evidence of an association between early menopause following hysterectomy and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the association between demographic and behavioral factors and the prevalence of osteoporosis among hysterectomized postmenopausal women. The integrated theory of health behavior change theoretical framework guided study. Cross-sectional secondary data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between demographic and behavioral factors and the prevalence of osteoporosis among the study population. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of osteoporosis was inversely associated with age, education, and annual family income. Non-Hispanic Whites with age of hysterectomy 36-45 were significantly associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis. Moderate recreational activity and calcium/vitamin D intake were associated with decreased prevalence of osteoporosis. Demographic and behavioral factors play substantial roles in the prevalence of osteoporosis. The study results may be used to facilitate risk-prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. This study may drive positive social change by facilitating public health to promote and implement effective behavioral interventions to prevent osteoporosis in the potential hysterectomized postmenopausal women.

Timely detection of prostate cancer (PCA) with prostate-specific antigens (PSA) and digital rectal examinations (DRE) are essential in optimizing incidence, minimizing prevalence, and reducing mortality rates. Given the low levels of participation in cancer screening, this study was conducted to examine the factors men consider when deciding whether to screen for PCA in Nigeria. A cross-sectional, online-based survey of 180 consenting Nigerian men 50 years old and older was carried out. Logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Based on the data, there was a moderate positive association between the health belief model constructs and DRE/PSA screening intentions, which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results also demonstrated that there were no statistically significant associations between previous screening and age, previous screening and ethnicity, and previous screening and education among men in the sample (all p > 0.05). Of the 180 men surveyed, 29% (n = 53) had been screened for PCA before, while 76% (n = 137) reported no health insurance. Factors significantly associated with screening included income, insurance, and family history of PCA (all p < 0.05). Cancer fatalism, pain, and embarrassment were the most common barriers to screening reported. Focused interventions that help healthcare providers identify barriers quickly could improve screening outcomes. The implications for positive social change from this study include an increase in PCA screening, positive screening intentions, and a decrease in PCA mortality rate among men in Nigeria.

We propose new theoretical models, which generalize the classical Avrami-Nakamura models. These models are suitable to describe the kinetics of nucleation and growth in transient regime, and/or with overlapping of nucleation and growth. Simulations and predictions were performed for lithium disilicate based on data reported in the literature. One re-examined the limitations of the models currently used to interpret DTA or DSC results, and to extract the relevant kinetic parameters. Glasses and glass-ceramics with molar formulation 0.45SiO2? (0.45-x)MgO?xK2O?0.1(3CaO.P2O5) (0?x?0.090) were prepared, crystallized and studied as potential materials for biomedical applications. Substitution of K+ for Mg2+ were used to prevent devritification on cooling, to adjust the kinetics of crystallization and to modify the in vitro behaviour of resulting biomaterials. The crystallization of the glass frits was studied by DTA, XRD and SEM. Exothermic peaks were detected corresponding to bulk crystallization of whitlockite-type phosphate, Ca9MgK(PO4)7, at approximately 900ºC, and surface crystallization of a predominant forsterite phase (Mg2SiO4) at higher temperatures. XRD also revealed the presence of diopside (CaMgSi2O6 in some samples. The predominant microstructure of the phosphate phase is of the plate-type, seemingly crystallizing by a 2-dimensional growth mechanism. Impedance spectroscopy revealed significant changes in electrical behaviour, associated to crystallization of the phosphate phase. This showed that electrical measurements can be used to study the kinetics of crystallization for cases when DTA or DSC experiments reveal limitations, and to extract estimates of relevant parameters from the dependence of crystallization peak temperature, and its width at half height. In vitro studies of glasses and glass-ceramics in acelular SBF media showed bioactivity and the development of apatite layers The morphology, composition and adhesion of the apatite layer could be changed by substitution of Mg2+ by K+. Apatite layers were deposited on the surface of glass-ceramics of the nominal compositions with x=0 and 0.09, in contact with SBF at 37ºC. The adhesion of the apatite layer was quantified by the scratch test technique, having been related with SBF?s immersion time, with composition and structure of the glass phase, and with the morphology of the crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics. The structure of three glasses (x=0, 0.045 and 0.090) were investigated by MAS-NMR ( 29Si and 31P), showing that the fraction of Q3 structural units increases with the contents of Mg, and that the structure of these glasses includes orthophosphate groups (PO43-) preferentially connected to Ca2+ ions. Mg2+ ions show preference towards the silicate network. Substitution of Mg2+ by K+ allowed one to change the bioactivity. FTIR data revealed octacalcium phosphate precipitation (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) in the glass without K, while the morphology of the layer acquires the shape of partially superimposed hemispheres, spread over the surface. The glasses with K present a layer of acicular hidroxyapatite, whose crystallinity and needles thickness tend to increase along with K content. / São propostos novos modelos teóricos, que generalizam o modelo clássico de Avrami-Nakamura, apropriados para a cinética de nucleação e de crescimento em regime transiente, e/ou com sobreposição entre o estágio de nucleação e o de crescimento. Foram efectuadas simulações com base em resultados da literatura, reportados para o dissilicato de lítio. Foram examinadas as limitações dos métodos correntemente usados para obter estimativas de parâmetros cinéticos, com base em resultados de ATD. Desenvolveram-se e investigaram-se vidros e materiais vitrocerâmicos susceptíveis de aplicação biomédica com a formulação molar 0.45SiO2?(0.45-x)MgO?xK2O?0.1(3CaO.P2O5) (0?x?0.090), preparados mediante a substituição de Mg2+ por K+. A cristalização das fritas de vidro foi estudada por ATD, DRX e SEM. Foram detectados picos exotérmicos correspondentes à cristalização de fosfato (cristalização em volume) do tipo whitlockite Ca9MgK(PO4)7 a aproximadamente 900ºC, e de forsterite (Mg2SiO4) acompanhada de alguma diopside (CaMgSi2O6; cristalização superficial) a temperaturas superiores. A microestrutura predominante da fase fosfato é do tipo placa, aparentando cristalizar por um mecanismo de crescimento bidimensional. Foi usada espectroscopia de impedâncias para monitorizar a cristalização em condições em que os ensaios de ATD ou de DSC revelam limitações, recorrendo a alterações significativas de propriedades eléctricas associadas à cristalização da fase de fosfato. Os vidros e vidros cerâmicos desenvolvidos revelaram bioactividade em meio acelular in vitro, desenvolvendo camadas apatíticas em SBF. A morfologia, composição e aderência da camada de apatite pôde ser modulada com base na substituição parcial de Mg2+ por K+. Foram depositadas camadas de apatite sobre vidros ceramizados (x=0 e 0.09), em SBF a 37ºC. A adesão da camada de apatite foi quantificada pela técnica de indentação deslizante tendo sido relacionada com o tempo de imersão em SBF, com a composição e estrutura da fase vítrea, e com a morfologia da fase cristalina dos vidros cerâmicos. Foi investigada a estrutura de três vidros (x=0, 0.045 e 0.090) por MAS-RMN (29Si e 31P), verificando-se que nos vidros mais ricos em Mg, a participação da unidade estrutural Q3 é mais significativa, e que a estrutura dos vidros inclui grupos ortofosfato (PO43-) mais próximos de iões Ca2+ do que dos iões Mg2+, sendo estes incorporados preferencialmente na rede de silicato. A substituição parcial de Mg2+ por K+ permitiu ajustar a cristalização dos materiais vitrocerâmicos e modular a bioactividade pretendida. Resultados de FTIR revelaram precipitação de fosfato octacálcico (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) no vidro sem K, enquanto que a morfologia da camada adquire a forma de hemisférios parcialmente sobrepostos, espalhados sobre a superfície. Os vidros com K apresentam uma camada de hidroxiapatite acicular, cuja cristalinidade e espessura de agulhas tende a aumentar com o teor de K.

任何政治制度的展布，政治理念的落實，都要透過公共行政組織及其人員的貫徹執行，才能實現。由於國家資源有限，政府施政有其優先順序，故而國家組織之設立，往往反映出國家施政的重點，突顯政策之優先性。在我國五權憲政體制下，考試院為公務人員制度之主管機關，本文以考試院所屬公務人員保障暨培訓委員會之建制為核心，針對民國八十一年五月憲法增修條文通過後，考銓機關於民國八十三年至八十五年間陸續修正組織法的過程來探討；並從歷史宏觀角度，採用公共組織重組理論的觀點，關注公共組織所存在於其中較大的社會的、政治的環境系絡，來研析該會建制之背景、意義；研究發現考銓機關之重組係建立在綜合而多元的理論基礎之上，並從實務檢視該會，提出若干檢討建議。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 壹 研究動機 貳 研究目的 第二節 研究途徑與方法 壹 研究途徑 貳 研究方法 第三節 研究架構與流程 壹 研究架構 貳 研究流程 第二章 理論析探 第一節 行政組織原理 第二節 組織重組理論 壹 組織重組之意涵 貳 組織重組之理論 參 國內論著之回顧 第三章 保訓會建制之環境因素 第一節 政治發展之影響 壹 從威權體制到民主體制 貳 從黨政不分到中立保障 第二節 法學思潮之演變 壹 學理上之演進 貳 實務上之變革 第三節 人力資源之發展 壹 行政革新之潮流 貳 人力發展之要求 第四章 保訓會建制之歷史因素 第一節 公務人員之保訓制度 壹 公務人員之保障制度 貳 公務人員之培訓制度 第二節 考銓機關之組織重組 壹 考銓機關組織擴充 貳 考試院職權之調整 參 銓敘部之組織重組 第三節 保訓會之法制化過程 壹 考試院組織法之修正 貳 保訓會組織法之制定 第四節 保訓會之組織與功能 壹 保訓會之組織 貳 保訓會之功能 第五章 結論 第一節 研究發現 第二節 檢討建議 附錄一 行憲後銓敘部組織法歷次修正之組織結構與保障規定一覽表附錄二 公務人員保障暨培訓委員會組織法草案考試院、行政院意見 及立法院通過部分條文對照表 附錄三 公務人員保障暨培訓委員會組織法 附錄四 公務人員保障法 附錄五 國家文官培訓院組織條例草案 附錄六 公務人員訓練進修法草案

清代文人紀昀被稱為「說試律者之宗」，他對試律詩的創作及研究造詣甚深。然「試律詩」向來因為「場屋文學」的性質，被排除在主流文學的論述之外。本文第一章由對「抒情傳統論述」的反省開始，引發整體的問題意識：一方面嘗試探討「試律詩」及「試律詩學」在中國詩學思想脈絡該如何被梳理的問題；另一方面則嘗試補白學界長久來對「試律詩」研究的空缺，並呈現紀昀在「試律詩學」上的貢獻。正文部分以紀昀的四本試律詩學著作：《唐人試律說》、《庚辰集》、《館課存稿》及《我法集》為研究對象，並以「紀昀的試律評點與試律詩觀」和「紀昀試律詩的創作實踐」二端，嘗試建構紀昀的「試律詩學」體系。第二章首先交代紀昀「試律詩學」的產生背景，乾隆朝科舉改革讓「試律詩」重新躍為科舉的重要考科之一，也促成了清代試律詩學的重新興起。紀昀本人從考生到考官的生命歷程，以及對試律詩教學的信念，成為他撰著「試律詩學」相關著作的重要契機。第三章探討《唐人試律說》、《庚辰集》兩部著作，歸納出紀昀評點試律詩的態度及方法，並指出其「試律詩學」的理論要點。第四章則以紀昀的《館課存稿》和《我法集》中所收錄試律詩創作為觀察對象，驗證其理論與創作實踐之間的對應關系，並據此論證紀昀的「試律詩學」是理論與創作兼跨的完整詩學體系。第五章則試圖回應研究動機中關於「抒情傳統論述」與「試律詩」之間該如何對話的問題。第六章則統整本文的研究成果以為結論。

中國大陸自一九七○年代末期以來所展開之經濟體制改革，不僅經濟體制本身受到關注，其法制建設亦逐步恢復。由於大陸長期以來實行高度集中之計劃經濟體制，使得行政許可之運用極度膨脹，已滲透到經濟、社會各個領域，幾乎到了動輒要許可、步步要審批的地步，嚴重影響大陸當前正著力推行之企業經營機制的轉換與經濟效益的提高。有鑑於此，大陸乃在一九九六年著手行政許可法之調查研究及起草工作，嗣經進一步反覆研究、修改及意見徵詢，再予增減損益後，終於在二○○三年八月二十七日第十屆全國人大常委會第四次會議通過《中華人民共和國行政許可法》，內容計八章八十三條，舉凡行政許可設定權、行政許可之實施機關及程序、行政許可之收費、監督與檢查、違反本法規定之行政許可機關及其工作人員與被許可人之法律責任等，均在本法規範調整之列，並預定於二○○四年七月一日施行。惟本法就行政許可制度之基本程序設計是否完備，使得行政許可制度既能發揮行政規制之功能，又能適當調節人民權利之行使與公益的衝突；在大陸加入WTO後，既應接受WTO規則之約束，本法之相關規定是否符合WTO規則關於非歧視、透明化、自由貿易、公平競爭等原則之要求，均有待進一步檢討。 / The reform of the economic structure since the late 1970s in the People's Republic of China （PRC）has made a gradual recovery of the legal system.Due to the planned economy structure for a long time, the system of administrative license abused in the field of society and economics had severely done harm to the transformation of enterprise management mechanism and the enhancement of economic efficiency.According to this, the PRC government began to research and draft the administrative license law since 1996 .After unceasing investigation、amendment and opinion collecting，the Administrative License Law of The People's Republic of China has been adopted at the 4th session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on August 27, 2003 and shall be implemented as of July 1, 2004.The law including 8 chapters and 83 articles stipulates the establishment of an administrative license、the executive organ for administrative license、the procedures for administrative license、the expenses of administrative license、the supervision and check、legal liabilities and so on.But is the basic procedure design of the system of administrative license stipulated by the law perfect so that it could manage administration and adjust the conflict between people exercising right and public benefit？and do the stipulations of the law correspod with the requirements of WTO rules which include non-discriminatory、transparency、free trade、fair competition principles and so on？all of them need further discussion.