Kvinnans amning har många olika hälsofördelar både för den nya mamman men också för hennes nyfödda. Amning har ett antal olika hälsofördelar, till exempel utvecklingen av barnets immunsystem och tarmflora. Genom kvinnans amning främjas deras första kopplings- och interaktionsfas mellan modern och det nyfödda och därmed en större möjlighet till framgångsrik amning. / The woman's breastfeeding has many different health benefits both for the new mother but also for her newborn. Breastfeeding has a number of different health benefits, such as the development of the baby's immune system and intestinal flora, for example. Through the woman's breastfeeding, their first connection and interaction phase between the mother and the newborn is promoted and thus a greater opportunity for successful breastfeeding.

<p>Infant and young child feeding practices are suboptimal in Tanzania, but optimal nutrition during the first two years of life is critical for development. At this age, behaviors of caregivers determine children’s diets, but few studies quantify how fathers or couples jointly influence child feeding. We investigate how men and women shape the family food environment to determine children’s diets in rural Mara, Tanzania. This mixed methods study used quantitative baseline data from the Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03759821), including 960 rural households with both parents and a young child. Logistic and linear mixed effects regressions examined associations between parental determinants and exclusive breastfeeding (n=189) and child dietary diversity over one day and one week (n=764 children 6-23 months; n=597 children 9-23 months). Parental determinants measured knowledge of breastfeeding and complementary feeding, self-efficacy on provision of diverse or nutritious diets, workload away from home, social support, household savings, and couples’ communication and decision-making, indicating women’s empowerment. Qualitative data drew from formative research (July-August 2018) conducted with parents of children aged 0-36 months, including eight focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers and fathers (four FGDs each, 31 and 30 participants, respectively). FGDs were transcribed, translated, quality checked, and coded to identify key themes. The odds of exclusive breastfeeding decreased with mothers’ higher workload away from home and increased with mothers’ reports of more frequent couples’ communication over household decisions. Higher child dietary diversity was linked to mothers’ reports of higher knowledge of nutritious foods, higher social support, and higher couples’ communication frequency and quality. Generally, fathers’ determinants were not associated with children’s diets. Qualitative findings indicated that knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding was common, but challenges of perceived breastmilk insufficiency, women’s workload, and concerns about breastmilk quality led to early introduction of complementary foods. Affordability was a common challenge to appropriate complementary feeding, while couples’ decision-making dynamics and attitudes and beliefs about foods had the potential to be both enablers and barriers. Interventions must improve nutrition knowledge and social support, and they must empower women through joint decision-making and more gender-equitable workloads between parents to enable optimal child diets. </p>

Solicitud de embargo por publicación en revista indexada. / INTRODUCCIÓN: La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) es la nutrición primordial del infante. El tipo de parto puede impactar en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) de la LME. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre tipo de parto y CAP de LME de mujeres en edad fértil con hijos menores de 6 meses de edad en un hospital de Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal analítico estuvo conformado por 126 mujeres con antecedente de parto vaginal (PV) y parto por cesárea (PC) que acudieron a cuatro consultorios externos del hospital. El instrumento consistió en un extracto del cuestionario nacional para datos sociodemográficos y un extracto del Manual CAP relacionado a la LME. RESULTADOS: El 61.9% tuvo PC. No se encontró relación significativa entre tipo de parto con conocimientos (p=0.574), actitudes (p =0.068) y prácticas (p=0.574) de LME. Las madres de 31 a 49 años (58.8%, p=0.032), casadas (63.6%, p=0.028) y universitarias (49.3%, p=0.026) tuvieron mayor nivel de conocimientos sobre LME. Los recién nacidos recibieron en su mayoría LME (71.2%, p=0.047). CONCLUSIÓN: No hubo diferencias de CAP según tipo de parto; esto podría deberse a una buena estrategia de salud en el cuidado postnatal hospitalario. La edad materna, el nivel de instrucción y el estado civil se encuentran relacionados al nivel de conocimiento de LME. Además, la edad del infante se encuentra relacionada a las prácticas exclusivas de lactancia materna. / INTRODUCTION: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the primordial nutrition of the infant. The type of delivery can impact knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of EBF. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between type of delivery and KAP of EBF in fertile women with children under 6 months of age in a hospital in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study consisted of 126 women with a history of vaginal delivery (VD) and cesarean delivery (CD) who attended to four outpatient offices of the hospital. The instrument consisted of an extract from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) and an extract from the KAP Manual related to EBF. RESULTS: Between the women, 61.9% had CD. No significant relationship was found between type of delivery with knowledge (p = 0.574), attitudes (p = 0.068) and practices (p = 0.574) of EBF. Mothers from 31 to 49 years old (58.8%, p = 0.032), married (63.6%, p = 0.028) and university students (49.3%, p = 0.026) had a higher level of knowledge about EBF. Most of the newborns received EBF (71.2%, p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in KAP according to type of delivery; this could be due to a good health strategy in the hospital postnatal care. Maternal age, educational level and marital status are related to the level of knowledge of EBF. In addition, the age of the infant is related to the exclusive practices of breastfeeding. / Tesis

No description available.

Ghana subscribed to the global target of reaching at least 50% of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of birth by the year 2030. Policies and programmes to promote exclusive breastfeeding have been formulated and implemented in the country. In spite of these efforts, existing evidence showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months post-delivery has been declining over the past decade. It was therefore important to understand behavioural factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding among teenage-mothers and propose a behavioural conceptual model based on the understanding of exclusive breastfeeding from the perspective of the teenage-mothers and their social environments. The study was conducted in three phases using multistrand mixed methods within the pragmatism philosophical framework. The Theory of Planned Behaviour and the six steps framework for developing models to address public health issues were used as frameworks in the study. In the first phase, the researcher used qualitative exploratory descriptive design to gain an understanding of the behavioural determinants of exclusive breastfeeding from the perspective of teenagers aged between 13 - 19 years attending antenatal care services at public facilities. Data were generated through focus group discussions and analysed using Group-level thematic and content analysis. In the second phase, longitudinal descriptive correlational designs were used to establish the relationships between the exclusive breastfeeding intentions during the prenatal period and actual breastfeeding practices at six months post-delivery. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data during the last visit of antenatal care visits and six months post-delivery. Data generated were analysed through descriptive inferential statistics. In the last phase, the researcher used meta-inferences to identify the key concepts of conceptual model from the integrated qualitative and quantitative results. Theoretical triangulations were used to define and establish relationships between the concepts and to structure the conceptual model. The integrated results of the two phases of the study showed that exclusive breastfeeding practices among teenage-mothers within the social context of Ghana are determined by certain personal and social related behavioural factors. The approval of the exclusive breastfeeding practice by the teenagers’ mothers and nurses/midwives’ capabilities to provide effective breastfeeding education were the strongest determinants of exclusive breastfeeding up to six months among teenage-mothers in Ghana. From these results, the researcher proposed an integrated behavioural conceptual model that provides an understanding of exclusive breastfeeding practice and the process of promoting exclusive breastfeeding among teenage-mothers in the social context of Ghana. The findings of this study have implications for public health policy-makers, health services managers, health sciences education and further research. / Health Studies / D. Lit. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This cross-sectional exploratory and descriptive quantitative study explored the factors that impact on feeding practices of infants 0-12 months, encountered in the Child Welfare Clinic in Tema Manhean Health Centre and to determine the possible factors that lead to malnutrition. The population for this study comprised all infants who attended the Child Welfare Clinic at the Tema Manhean Health Centre. Three hundred and ninety infants participated in this study. Data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. Findings of the study revealed that a larger number of the mothers were still breastfeeding at the time of data collection. All infants aged six months or older were given complementary foods. Some of the factors found to be associated with infant malnutrition included education of mother, employment status of mother, marital status, cultural practices and parity. / Health Studies / M.A.(Public Health)

Introdução: O impacto positivo no curto e longo prazos do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) na saúde da criança, da mulher que amamenta e para a sociedade estão bem documentados. Apesar da tendência secular crescente do AME no Brasil, a prevalência de 36,6 por cento constatada na última Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada em 2013, está aquém dos 50 por cento considerados satisfatórios pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Mediante esse cenário, faz-se importante identificar fatores de risco modificáveis para reduzir a interrupção precoce do AME. Embora o uso de chupeta seja apontado como um dos múltiplos determinantes do AME, não existe consenso sobre o efeito desse hábito na interrupção precoce dessa prática. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre uso de chupeta e interrupção do AME, bem como a evolução do uso de chupeta e sua influência no AME em menores de 6 meses nas Capitais Brasileiras e no DF, 1999- 2008. Métodos: Foram produzidos 4 manuscritos. O primeiro consistiu de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise para investigar a associação entre uso de chupeta e interrupção do AME nos menores de 6 meses. Para tanto, realizou-se uma busca ampla em cinco bases de dados (CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Medline) sem restrição de data ou idioma de publicação, o que resultou em 1.866 estudos submetidos à critérios de exclusão e inclusão previamente estabelecidos (Protocolo PROSPERO CDR42014014527). O segundo e o terceiro manuscritos utilizaram dados provenientes da I e II Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno (PPAM) nas Capitais e DF realizadas em 1999 e 2008, respectivamente. Os inquéritos, metodologicamente equivalentes, utilizaram amostras representativas com sorteio em dois estágios. Os questionários foram compostos por questões fechadas relativas ao uso de chupeta e à alimentação da criança no dia anterior à pesquisa. No manuscrito 2, para testar a associação entre o uso de chupeta e o risco de interrupção do AME, foram utilizados modelos de regressão múltipla na amostra agrupada e para cada inquérito, ajustados por covariáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e biomédicas da mãe da criança. No terceiro manuscrito, calculou-se a fração de impacto potencial (FIP) da influência da variação temporal do uso de chupeta no declínio da interrupção do AME. O manuscrito 4 resultou do aprofundamento na metodologia aplicada no manuscrito anterior, no qual se discute como as estimativas de FIP podem ser utilizadas na análise de mudanças em desfechos populacionais à luz de variações em seus fatores determinantes, tomando como exemplo os dados de AME e uso de chupeta no Brasil. Resultados: O efeito agrupado do uso de chupeta sobre a interrupção do AME em crianças menores de 6 meses dos estudos incluídos na meta-análise foi de OR 2,48 (IC95 por cento =2,16-2,85); entretanto, constatou-se alta heterogeneidade, explicada majoritariamente pelo delineamento do estudo (40,2 por cento ). Os dois ensaios clínicos randomizados incluídos apresentam validade externa limitada e encontraram associação nula; os 44 observacionais, incluindo 20 estudos de coorte prospectivos, encontraram associação consistente (OR=2,28; IC95 por cento =1,78-2,93). Essa associação foi confirmada pela análise agrupada das amostras da I e II PPAM (manuscrito 2), revelando o uso de chupeta como o fator mais fortemente associado à interrupção precoce do AME no Brasil no período de 1999 a 2008 (OR ajustado= 2,77; IC95 por cento =2,63-2,91). Nesse período, no Brasil, houve declínio de 15,2 pontos percentuais na prevalência de interrupção do AME (passando de 74,9 por cento para 59,7 por cento ) e uma redução de aproximadamente 17 pontos percentuais no uso de chupeta (passando de 58,5 por cento para 41,6 por cento ). Um terço do declínio na interrupção precoce do AME pôde ser atribuído à variação temporal do uso de chupeta (manuscrito 3). A redução no uso de chupeta como estratégia de prevenção para interrupção do AME no cenário 1999-2008 apresentou 41 por cento de eficácia potencial, 13,3 por cento de efetividade e 18,5 por cento de eficiência (manuscrito 4). Conclusões: O uso de chupeta é um fator de risco associado à interrupção do AME em crianças menores de 6 meses, sendo um forte determinante no declínio temporal da interrupção precoce dessa prática no Brasil. Como um fator de risco modificável, revelou-se seu potencial na prevenção da interrupção precoce do AME. Estratégias preventivas com abordagem universal e seletiva para redução do uso de chupeta em crianças amamentadas exclusivamente poderiam acelerar a melhoria das taxas da AME no Brasil, rumo às recomendações internacionais / Introduction: The short- and long-term health positive impact that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) confers to children are well documented. Despite the secular trend for EBF in Brazil has increased, the prevalence of 36 per cent observed in the last national survey conducted in 2013 is still below the 50 per cent considered satisfactory by the World Health Organization. In this scenario, it is important to identify relevant modifiable key risk factors for the premature interruption of EBF. Although pacifier use has been pointed as one of the multiple determinants of exclusive breastfeeding there is no consensus on the effect of this habit in the early interruption of EBF. Objective: To analyze the association between pacifier use and EBF interruption as well as the influence of temporal trends of pacifier use on the EBF in children under 6 months old in Brazilian state capitals and Federal District, 1999-2008. Methods: 4 manuscripts were produced. The first consisted in systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between pacifier use and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in infants less than 6 months. A wide search in 5 databases (CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Medline) from inception through 30 December 2104 without restriction of language yielded 1.866 publications submitted to predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria peer reviewed (PROSPERO protocol CDR42014014527). In the second and third manuscripts data from 2 waves of infant feeding surveys conducted in 1999 and in 2008 in the Brazilian state capitals and Federal District (I and II PPAM) was used. Methodologically equivalent surveys used representative samples selected based on complex sampling procedures and systematic random selection of children in the queue of each selected immunization center. Questionnaires were composed of closed-ended questions regarding the pacifier use and infant feeding on the day before the survey. In the second manuscript, to find out whether or not pacifier use is an independent risk factor for the EBF interruption were used multivariate regression models in the pooled sample and for each survey wave adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic and biomedical confounders. In the third paper, we calculated the potential impact fraction (IF) of the influence of temporal trends of pacifier use on the decline of EBF interruption. Manuscript 4 resulted from methodological deepening for application of the analysis strategy applied in the previous manuscript, into it we present how estimates of IF that might be used in the analysis of variation in the population outcomes considering shift in its determinants, taking as an example the data about EBF interruption and pacifier in Brazil. Results: The meta-analysis pooled effect was OR 2.48 (CI95 per cent =2.16-2.85) for the association between pacifier use and EBF interruption. The majority heterogeneity was explained by study design (40.2 per cent ). Two RCTs with very limited external validity found a null association, but 44 observational studies, including 20 prospective cohort studies, did find a consistent association between pacifier use and EBF interruption (OR=2.28; CI95 per cent =1.78-2.93). This association was confirmed by the pooled analysis for I and II PPAM (manuscript 2) revealing pacifier use as the strongest risk factor for EBF interruption in Brazil between 1999-2008 (OR adjusted= 2.77; CI95 per cent =2.63-2.91). In this period was observed 15.2 per cent of decline in EBF interruption prevalence (from 74.9 per cent to 59.7 per cent ) and a reduction of approximately 17 per cent in pacifier use (from 58.5 per cent to 41.6 per cent ). A third of the total decline of EBF interruption could be attributed to the temporal trends of pacifier use (manuscript 3). The decrease in the pacifier use as a prevention strategy for EBF interruption in the scenario 1999-2008 showed 41 per cent of potential effectiveness, 13.3 per cent effective and 18.5 per cent efficiency (manuscript 4). Conclusion: Pacifier use is a risk factor associated with EBF interruption, being a strong determinant in the temporal trends of EBF in Brazil. As a modifiable risk factor, the pacifier proved its potential in preventing EBF interruption. Preventive public health strategies with ecological and selective approach to reduce the pacifier use in exclusive breastfed infants could accelerate the improvement of the EBF rates in Brazil, towards the international recommendations

Introdução: O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) representa risco crucial para as crianças. Em contrapartida, a amamentação é considerada a estratégia de maior impacto na redução da mortalidade em crianças menores de cinco anos. O aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) é recomendado até o sexto mês de vida, devendo ser complementado até dois anos de idade ou mais. Crianças com consumo alimentar inadequado desde a infância tendem ao desenvolvimento precoce de sobrepeso e obesidade, além de outras doenças crônicas associadas. Objetivo: Verificar o padrão de aleitamento materno (AM) e as práticas de alimentação complementar de lactentes menores de um ano nascidos com baixo peso e analisar a influência de determinantes individuais e contextuais. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de 64 municípios brasileiros (incluindo as capitais e Distrito Federal) que abrangeu 5115 lactentes menores de um ano com BPN da Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno (PPAM) em Municípios Brasileiros, 2008. O questionário continha questões sobre a prática de AM e sobre o consumo de todos os grupos alimentares nas últimas 24 horas. A tese gerou três manuscritos: 1) Descreve as práticas de aleitamento materno, o consumo de líquidos e alimentos semi-sólidos nas últimas 24 horas e os indicadores de consumo alimentar de lactentes entre seis e 11,9 meses segundo estratos de BPN. 2) Avalia os determinantes individuais e contextuais do AME. 3) Analisa a influência de determinantes individuais e contextual sobre a dieta diversificada e sobre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em lactentes de seis a 11,9 meses com BPN. Nos manuscritos 2 e 3, os determinantes individuais corresponderam às características socioeconômicas (representadas pela proxy escolaridade materna), dos lactentes (idade; sexo), maternas (faixa etária; situação de trabalho; paridade) e aos serviços de saúde (local de acompanhamento ambulatorial). No manuscrito 2 foi incluído também o \'nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança (HAC)\'. Os determinantes contextuais corresponderam às características dos municípios, representadas pelas variáveis \'número de Bancos de Leite Humano (BLH) por mil nascidos vivos\' e \'Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano do município\' no manuscrito 2, e \'prevalência estimada de desnutrição infantil\' como proxy de pobreza, no manuscrito 3. Para análise, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com estrutura multinível e adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Descritos de acordo com cada manuscrito produzido: 1) No estrato de muito BPN o AME até 60 dias e 90 dias foi mais elevado do que nos demais, mas com intervalos de confiança superpostos. A prevalência de AME em menores de seis meses apresentou patamar semelhante nos três estratos de peso ao nascer. A prevalência de AM na primeira hora de vida e o AM foram mais prevalentes entre os nascidos com 2000 a 2499g. Observou-se consumo elevado de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em lactentes de 6|-9 e de 9|-12 meses, sendo esta prevalência maior quanto maior o PN. As prevalências dos indicadores de consumo alimentar estão aquém do recomendado. 2) O AME foi mais prevalente entre lactentes cujas mães tinham de 20 a 35 anos (RP=1,35; IC95%=1,09-1,69), não trabalhavam fora (RP=1,36; IC95%=1,08-1,71) ou estavam em licença maternidade(RP=1,30; IC95%=1,06-1,59); lactentes que nasceram em HAC (RP=1,22; IC95%=1,09-1,37) e que residiam em municípios com maior número de BLH por mil nascidos vivos (RP=1,42; IC95%=1,14-1,76). 3) Aproximadamente 59% dos lactentes consumiram alimentos ultraprocessados, enquanto 29% apresentaram dieta diversificada. Crianças cujas mães residiam em municípios com prevalência de desnutrição infantil inferior a 10% (RP=1,66; IC95%=1,23-2,24), tinham escolaridade superior (RP=1,37; IC95%=1,18-1,60) e trabalhavam fora de casa (RP=1,29; IC95%=1,12-1,49) foram mais propensas a oferecer uma alimentação diversificada. O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi maior entre lactentes cujas mães residiam em municípios com prevalência de desnutrição infantil inferior a 10% (RP=1,17; IC95%=1,04-1,31), eram mais jovens (RP=1,30; IC95%=1,15-1,46) e multíparas (RP=1,16; IC95%=1,03-1,30). Conclusões: A tese evidenciou o efeito independente de estratégias que integram a Política Nacional de Aleitamento Materno. Nascer em HAC, residir em município com maior disponibilidade de BLH e o direito à licença maternidade remunerada exercem influência positiva sobre a prática de AME. Este resultado aponta para a necessidade de expansão da cobertura dessas estratégias com vistas ao cumprimento das metas de AM propostas pela OMS. Foi detectado impacto de fatores individuais e contextuais sobre a qualidade da dieta que demandam o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes para aumentar o consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e diminuir o consumo de ultraprocessados nesta população vulnerável. / Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) represents a major risk to children. On the other hand, breastfeeding is recognized as the strategy with the greatest impact on reducing childhood mortality. Thus, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended up to the sixth month of the child\'s life and should be complemented up to two years of age or more. Inadequate nutrition during early childhood is associated with early development of overweight, obesity, and other chronic diseases. Objectives: 1) To verify the breastfeeding pattern and complementary feeding practices of infants under one year of age who were born with low weight and, 2) to assess the influence of its individual and contextual determinants. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 5,115 infants less than one year of age born with LBW from the Second National Survey of Breastfeeding Prevalence (IIPPAM). The survey evaluated the situation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding in 64 Brazilian municipalities (including capitals and the Federal District). Dietary data was collected using a questionnaire with dichotomous questions about breastfeeding practices and consumption of foods from all food groups in the previous 24 hours. The thesis generated three manuscripts as follows: 1) The first one describes breastfeeding practices, consumption of any liquids (including non-human milk) and semi-solid foods in the last 24 hours, and indicators of young child feeding practices of infants between six and 11.9 months according to birth weight strata. 2) The second manuscript evaluates individual and contextual determinants of exclusive breastfeeding. 3) The third one assesses the influence of individual and contextual factors on dietary diversity and on consumption of ultraprocessed foods in LBW infants between six and 11.9 months of age. The individual-level-factors studied on manuscripts 2 and 3 were: socioeconomic (represented by the proxy maternal education), infants (age, sex), maternal (age range, work situation, parity), and health services (type of outpatient follow-up). The individual-level-factor \'being born in a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH)\' was also studied on manuscript 2. The community-level factors studied at the second level in the manuscript 2 included municipalities\' characteristics (number of Human Milk Banks (HMB) per thousand live births in each municipality in 2007, and Human Development Index of the municipality, used as proxy of poverty). The community-level factor studied at the second level in manuscript 3 was municipal prevalence of childhood malnutrition, used as a proxy for poverty. The individualized effect of the study factors on the outcome was evaluated using multilevel Poisson regression analysis. For all manuscripts, a significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Summary of the findings of each manuscript produced: 1) In the stratum of very LBW, the rates EBF up to 60 and 90 days were higher among very LBW infants compared to others, however with overlapping confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of breastfeeding in infants under six months was similar among the groups. The rates of breastfeeding in the first hour of life and total breastfeeding were both higher among those born with weight between 2000 and 2499g. A high consumption of ultraprocessed foods was observed among infants aged 6|-9 and 9|-12 months, and it was noted that the higher the birth weight the higher was the prevalence of consumption. The prevalence of food groups consumption indicators are below the recommended. 2) EBF was more prevalent among infants born with LBW whose mothers were 20-35 years old, those who did not work outside the home or were on paid maternity leave; those born in a BFH; and those who lived in municipalities with the highest number of HMB per thousand live births. 3) Approximately 59% of infants consumed ultraprocessed foods, while 29% achieved dietary diversity. Mothers with the highest education level, those who worked outside the home, and who lived in municipalities with a prevalence of child malnutrition below 10% were more likely to offer a diverse diet. Consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among infants whose mothers were younger, multiparous, and who lived in municipalities with a prevalence of child malnutrition below 10%. Conclusions: The thesis augments the evidence that integrated actions of the National Breastfeeding Program already implemented in Brazil - BFH Initiative, Brazilian Network of HMB, and adoption of labor laws for paid maternity leave - are associated with EBF even in the vulnerable population of infants born with LBW. Our results also suggest the need to expand and intensify the coverage of these strategies in order to meet the goals of breastfeeding proposed by the World Health Organization. Our findings also indicate the effects of individual and community-level factors on the dietary quality of this population, suggesting a need for developing effective strategies to increase consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, while decreasing the ultra-processed counterpart for this vulnerable population.

Abstract This study describes skin-to-skin contact, initial breastfeeding, rooming-in, and exclusive breastfeeding in accordance with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) program. Furthermore, it addresses the connection of these factors in Finnish maternity hospitals and gathers information about the daily work of maternity ward staff, which is useful to develop ways to increase exclusive breastfeeding of infants and to plan the introduction of BFHI. The study uses a cross-sectional design that includes questionnaires. Random data came from mothers (n=111), midwives (n=272), and maternity ward staff (f=1554) in maternity hospitals during the spring of 2014. The questionnaires include background questions, questions concerning the implementation of skin-to-skin contact, initial breastfeeding, rooming-in, exclusive breastfeeding according to the BFHI, and open-ended questions about implementation barriers. The analysis used statistical methods to interpret the data and content specifications to explain the answers to open questions. In Finland, successful skin-to-skin contact, initial breastfeeding, and rooming-in results in multiparas and vaginally births women. After vaginally births, exclusive breastfeeding increases when skin-to-skin contact, initial breastfeeding, and rooming-in starts at an early stage. Rooming-in does not take place for many different reasons. Maternity staff state that 72% implement exclusive breastfeeding, and mothers state that 55% exclusively breastfeed. Primiparous mothers and those who underwent cesarean are the populations that least use exclusive breastfeeding mostly due to infant medical issues and to non-medical reasons. The results of the study bring to light that practices with skin-to-skin contact, initial breastfeeding, and rooming-in in Finnish maternity units are similar to BFHI steps. Exclusive breastfeeding during hospitalization, as well as implementation barriers, should receive special attention. Furthermore, maternity staff should have a clearer medical understanding. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata äitien ja hoitohenkilökunnan näkökulmista ihokontaktin, ensi-imetyksen, vierihoidon ja täysimetyksen toteutumista Vauvamyönteisyysohjelman mukaisesti ja niihin yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä Suomen synnytyssairaaloissa. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa synnytysosastojen henkilökunnan päivittäiseen hoitotyöhön tietoa, jota voidaan hyödyntää kehitettäessä menetelmiä vastasyntyneiden täysimetyksen lisäämiseen ja Vauvamyönteisyysohjelman käyttöönoton suunnitteluun. Tutkimus oli poikkileikkaustutkimus, joka toteutettiin kyselytutkimuksena. Aineisto kerättiin satunnaisesti valituissa synnytyssairaaloissa äideiltä (n=111), synnytyssalikätilöiltä (n=272) ja vuodeosastojen hoitajilta (f=1554, f=hoitoraporttien/kyselylomakkeiden määrä) keväällä 2014. Kyselylomakkeessa oli taustatietokysymysten lisäksi ihokontaktin, ensi-imetyksen, vierihoidon ja täysimetyksen toteutumisesta Vauvamyönteisyysohjelman mukaisesti mittaavia kysymyksiä sekä avoimia kysymyksiä niiden toteutumista estävistä tekijöistä. Aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin ja avoimet kysymykset sisällön erittelyllä. Ihokontakti, ensi-imetys ja vierihoito toteutuivat Suomessa hyvin alateitse synnyttäneillä uudelleensynnyttäjillä. Täysimetys lisääntyi ihokontaktin ja ensi-imetyksen alkaessa varhain ja vierihoidon toteutuessa. Vierihoidon toteutumista estivät useat eri syyt. Täysimetys toteutui Suomessa hoitajien arvioimana 72 %:lla ja äitien arvioimana 55 %:lla. Se toteutui vähiten ensisynnyttäjillä ja keisarileikatuilla ja estyi enimmäkseen lääketieteellisistä syistä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että Suomen synnytyssairaaloiden hoitokäytännöt ihokontaktin, ensi-imetyksen ja vierihoidon toteutumisessa eivät poikkea suuresti Vauvamyönteisyysohjelman suosituksista. Täysimetys sairaalassa vaatii lisätarkastelua ja sen osalta sairaaloissa tulee kiinnittää huomiota lisäruoan antamisen syihin ja selkiyttää hoitohenkilökunnalle sen antamisen lääketieteellisiä syitä.

<p>This study, based on daily recordings of infant feeding, comprised 506 infants from Uppsala, Sweden. All mothers had had previous breastfeeding experience of at least 4 months, and were planning to breastfeed the index child for ≥6 months.</p><p>Among exclusively breastfed infants there were wide variations in breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration per 24 hours both between infants and in the individual infant over time in the first 6 months. Most infants had an average of 1.0-2.9 feeds per night. Infants using a pacifier had fewer feeds and a shorter total suckling duration per 24 hours, and stopped breastfeeding earlier than infants not using a pacifier. These associations were not found for thumb sucking.</p><p>Accustoming the infants to solids was a lengthy process, the longer the younger the infant at introduction, and was associated with small changes in pattern and duration of breastfeeding. In contrast, formula was usually given in large amounts from the beginning, and when formula was given regularly the daily breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration declined swiftly. The younger an infant at the start of regular formula feeds, the shorter the breastfeeding duration. Occasional formula feeds did not affect the breastfeeding duration.</p><p>It is important for health personnel and parents to keep in mind that exclusively breastfed infants are not a homogeneous group, but rather members of distinct 'breastfeeding entities'. Moreover, if the aim is to introduce other foods 'under the protection of breast milk' it is important to realise that formula is also 'another food' and needs to be treated as such.</p>