Seamus Heaney's 1979 volume of poems, Field Work, contains ten sonnets written while the Northern Irish author lived for four years in a nineteenth-century cottage near Dublin. These sonnets, dealing with art, language, nature, and politics, reflect Heaney's major themes and are typical of his poetic techniques. This study analyzes the content of the ten sonnets as well as their technical aspects.

This thesis is a work-in-progress that articulates my research journey based on the development of a curriculum innovation in environmental education. This journey had two distinct, but intertwined phases: action research based fieldwork, conducted collaboratively, to create a whole school approach to environmental education curriculum planning; and a phase of analysis and reflection based on the emerging findings, as I sought to create personal "living educational theory" about change and innovation. A key stimulus for the study was the perceived theory-practice gap in environmental education, which is often presented in the literature as a criticism of teachers for failing to achieve the values and action objectives of critical environmental education. Hence, many programs and projects are considered to be superficial and inconsequential in terms of their ability to seriously address environmental issues. The intention of this study was to work with teachers in a project that would be an exemplar of critical environmental education. This would be in the form of a whole school "learnscaping" curriculum in a primary school whereby the schoolgrounds would be utilised for interdisciplinary critical environment education. Parallel with the three cycles of action research in this project, my research objectives were to identify and comment upon the factors that influence the generation of successful educational innovation. It was anticipated that the project would be a collaboration involving me, as researcher-facilitator, and many of the teachers in the school as active participants. As the project proceeded through its action cycles, however, it became obvious that the goal of developing a critical environmental education curriculum, and the use of highly participatory processes, were unrealistic. Institutional and organisational rigidities in education generally, teachers' day-to-day work demands, and the constant juggle of work, family and other responsibilities for all participants acted as significant constraints. Consequently, it became apparent that the learnscaping curriculum would not be the hoped-for exemplar. Progress was slow and, at times, the project was in danger of stalling permanently. While the curriculum had some elements of critical environmental education, these were minor and not well spread throughout the school. Overall, the outcome seemed best described as a "small win"; perhaps just another example of the theory-practice gap that I had hoped this project would bridge. Towards the project's end, however, my continuing reflection led to an exploration of chaos/complexity theory which gave new meaning to the concept of a "small win". According to this theory, change is not the product of linear processes applied methodically in purposeful and diligent ways, but emerges from serendipitous events that cannot be planned for, or forecast in advance. When this perspective of change is applied to human organisations - in this study, a busy school - the context for change is recognised not as a stable, predictable environment, but as a highly complex system where change happens all the time, cannot be controlled, and no one can be really sure where the impacts might lead. This so-called "butterfly effect" is a central idea of this theory where small changes or modifications are created - the effects of which are difficult to know, let alone determine - and which can have large-scale impacts. Allied with this effect is the belief that long term developments in an organisation that takes complexity into account, emerge by spontaneous self-organising evolution, requiring political interaction and learning in groups, rather than systematic progress towards predetermined goals or "visions". Hence, because change itself and the contexts of change are recognised as complex, chaos/complexity theory suggests that change is more likely to be slow and evolutionary - cultural change - rather than fast and revolutionary where the old is quickly ushered out by radical reforms and replaced by new structures and processes. Slow, small-scale changes are "normal", from a complexity viewpoint, while rapid, wholesale change is both unlikely and unrealistic. Therefore, the frustratingly slow, small-scale, imperfect educational changes that teachers create - including environmental education initiatives - should be seen for what they really are. They should be recognised as successful changes, the impacts of which cannot be known, but which have the potential to magnify into large-scale changes into the future. Rather than being regarded as failures for not meeting critical education criteria, "small wins" should be cause for celebration and support. The intertwined phases of collaborative action research and individual researcher reflection are mirrored in the thesis structure. The first three chapters, respectively, provide the thesis overview, the literature underpinning the study's central concern, and the research methodology. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 report on each of the three action research cycles of the study, namely Laying the Groundwork, Down to Work!, and The Never-ending Story. Each of these chapters presents a narrative of events, a literature review specific to developments in the cycle, and analysis and critique of the events, processes and outcomes of each cycle. Chapter 7 provides a synthesis of the whole of the study, outlining my interim propositions about facilitating curriculum change in schools through action research, and the implications of these for environmental education.

<p>Denna uppsats skrivs som examensarbete under sista terminen på officersprogrammet på Försvarshögskolan. Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka om det finns någon skillnad i hur fältarbetsförmågan används i en nationell insats i Sverige och i en internationell insats i Afghanistan och om det finns några slutsatser att dra om eventuell skillnad. Genomgående i uppsatsen har de fyra inriktningarna; fältarbeten för rörlighet, fördröjandefältarbeten, fältarbeten för överlevnad och övriga fältarbeten används för att förklara fältarbetsförmågan. De resultat som visade sig efter jämförelsen var att det finns ett litet behov av broresurser och fördröjande fältarbeten i Afghanistan jämfört med Sverige. De dragna slutsatserna är att fältarbetsförmågans storlek i Afghanistan är beroende av den totala insatsens storlek. Men ett ökatbidrag från ingenjörsförbanden är möjlig genom att förändra utbildningen och hur ingenjörsförbanden kan komma att användas.</p> / <p>This essay is written as thesis during the last term of the officer program at the National Defense College. The purpose of this essay was to investigate whether there is any difference how the engineer ability are used in a national operation in Sweden and an international operation in Afghanistan, and if there are any conclusions to draw about the difference. Throughout this essay has the four classification engineering for movability, delaying engineering, engineering for survival and other engineering been used to explain the engineering ability? The results showed after the comparison was that there is little need for the ability to lay bridges and delaying engineering in Afghanistan compared with Sweden. The conclusions drawn are that the engineer forces size in Afghanistan is dependent on the overall scale of the operation. But a increased contribution from engineer forces is possible by changing the training and how the engineer forces may be used</p>

Denna uppsats skrivs som examensarbete under sista terminen på officersprogrammet på Försvarshögskolan. Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka om det finns någon skillnad i hur fältarbetsförmågan används i en nationell insats i Sverige och i en internationell insats i Afghanistan och om det finns några slutsatser att dra om eventuell skillnad. Genomgående i uppsatsen har de fyra inriktningarna; fältarbeten för rörlighet, fördröjandefältarbeten, fältarbeten för överlevnad och övriga fältarbeten används för att förklara fältarbetsförmågan. De resultat som visade sig efter jämförelsen var att det finns ett litet behov av broresurser och fördröjande fältarbeten i Afghanistan jämfört med Sverige. De dragna slutsatserna är att fältarbetsförmågans storlek i Afghanistan är beroende av den totala insatsens storlek. Men ett ökatbidrag från ingenjörsförbanden är möjlig genom att förändra utbildningen och hur ingenjörsförbanden kan komma att användas. / This essay is written as thesis during the last term of the officer program at the National Defense College. The purpose of this essay was to investigate whether there is any difference how the engineer ability are used in a national operation in Sweden and an international operation in Afghanistan, and if there are any conclusions to draw about the difference. Throughout this essay has the four classification engineering for movability, delaying engineering, engineering for survival and other engineering been used to explain the engineering ability? The results showed after the comparison was that there is little need for the ability to lay bridges and delaying engineering in Afghanistan compared with Sweden. The conclusions drawn are that the engineer forces size in Afghanistan is dependent on the overall scale of the operation. But a increased contribution from engineer forces is possible by changing the training and how the engineer forces may be used

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Programs that utilize soccer as a tool for social change are steadily emerging throughout townships and rural areas in South Africa, the most economically disadvantaged areas of the country. In South Africa, grassroots sport-for-social-change organizations are compensating for failed government policies and programs that seek to help at-risk youth. As a result, program staff are often members of the community who are not versed in academic critiques of the use of sport in development initiatives. Additionally, much of the existing literature on sport-for-social-change champions the advancement of specific projects without asking critical research questions, which should include the appropriateness of the modality within a given context. In this case, the complexities of using soccer (e.g., its practices, historical significance, and gendered meanings) have not been thoroughly investigated. Soccer is not a "genderless" tool for social change. Participation in violent sports such as soccer has been used to bolster claims of a naturalized dominance of men over women. Although participation by girls and young women in soccer programs (professional and recreational) is increasing in urban townships and rural areas, soccer pitches remain largely "masculinized spaces." In this study, I use qualitative research methods to show how gendered discourses organize sport-for-social-change programs. Using Ashcraft and Mumby's theory of feminist communicology and Connell and Messerschmidt's reformulated theory of hegemonic masculinity, I examine three sport-for-social-change organizations in South Africa through an applied lens with a feminist standpoint. Semi-structured interviews with twelve key informants were conducted over a three-month period between May and August of 2009. All three organizations studied are grassroots organizations that work within a particular area of South Africa. They each target male children and youth between the ages of 6 and 19 from economically disadvantaged households and use soccer as a modality for social change, yet each organization operates within a different cultural context primarily based on participants' racial, regional, and ethnic identities. My research found that masculine discourses were constructed, maintained, and contested in sport-for-social-change organizations through: (a) (Not) Engaging in (Social) Fatherhood, (b) Challenging the Temptation to Lead a Gangster Life and Have a "Gangster" Attitude, and (c) Challenging Patriarchy, Physical Assault, and Cultural "Traditions." Discourses also created paradoxes that worked against the goal of contesting local hegemonic masculinities, although these paradoxes were not typically identified by organizational members. Although I found similarities in the influences of local discourses on organizations such as the lingering effects of The Group Areas Act on urban migration that influenced men's roles within their families; the desire to create positive male role models that rejected characteristics associated with exemplars of hegemonic masculinity identified in each case study; and concerns about stopping the pattern of domestic violence prevalent in some communities, an issue that is also related to spread of HIV, I also found differences. Differences were based primarily on racial, regional and ethnic signifiers and affected the goals of each organization as well as the design of programs aimed at achieving these goals. This study expands the literature on gender issues in sport-for-social-change programs, particularly the designation of public spaces such as soccer pitches as masculinized spaces where women take on the role of visitor rather than welcomed participants. The history of soccer in South Africa proves that changing the gender dynamics on the soccer pitch can lead to significant changes in people's attitudes. Although women in South Africa now also hold important seats in government, the "politics of the pitch" continues to reflect discriminatory practices based on gender. This study shows how Connell and Messerschmidt's (2005) reformulated theory of hegemonic masculinity can be used as a lens to examine the "gendering" (Ashcraft & Mumby, 2004) of organizations through discourse, and some of the repercussions of gendered organizing. Additionally, although this study identified exemplars of hegemonic masculinity that endorsed violent, sexist practices that worked to subordinate women and privilege men, the theory of hegemonic masculinity leaves open the possibility of identifying exemplars of masculinity that also endorse feminist ideals. For example, this study found that discourses surrounding soccer challenged the violent "Body as Weapon" mentality often endorsed by players during football matches. Participants also resisted deeply entrenched cultural beliefs about gender norms by endorsing an ethic of care. Therefore, future case studies of sport-for-social-change organizations may wish to focus on identifying discourses that reject patriarchal beliefs rather than endorse them.

I do two things in my dissertation. One is to tell the history of academic research on my language from the perspective of a Native person who has been involved in this work as an assistant to non-Native researchers. The other is to explain more about my culture and language and how it works from the perspective of a Yakima person who has spoken and used the language her whole life. My most important task in this dissertation is to explain at more length some of the most basic vocabulary about our ancient culture and way of life. I do this by writing about different important parts of traditional life - life circles, sweathouse, ceremonies, horses, and foods - and explaining the words we use to talk about these and how those words explain the deeper meaning of what we do. I write this dissertation for the Ichishkíin speaking communities in hope that by documenting our lost traditions they will have a resource from which to learn our ancestors' ways and language. Detailing the traditional practices offers a much needed historical and social accounting of each. I include various dialects and practices shared by other Ichishkíin speaking communities. I incorporate texts, songs, descriptions of dances, and practices in Ichishkíin. This dissertation contributes also to the fields of sociolinguistics and theoretical linguistics, as well as historical and cultural anthropology. Despite the best efforts of some anthropologists and linguists, all the work done on Yakima Ichishkíin is by researchers from outside the community and is inevitably seen and presented through the lens of the English language, Euro-American culture, and the Western tradition of "objective" scholarship. I am in a unique position to present the research on my language as a contribution to academic scholarship but from a very different perspective, that of a Native speaker and scholar. Implicit in my view of scholarship is the way researchers should work with Native people; therefore, I address how linguists can better work with community members. I discuss the protocols and etiquette expected by Native people in working with non-Natives.

The research is related to the use of instruments, methodologies and tools for learning the pedagogical practices of the discipline of geography. The problematic of this research is to analyze critically, in order to understand it, how the geography lessons are developed, in the context of learning in the public school.The problem derived from the following questions: What is the importance of field work for geography lessons? According to the inductive and deductive methods, what is the role of the field work in the composition of geographic knowledge? Does the participation and interaction of students, in a formative process, contribute to the development of the knowledge construction in geography lessons? The overall objective of this article is to evaluate the different perspectives used in the practice of field work as a guiding foundation of learning geography in elementary school. The methodology to be developed in this research focuses on field work present as a background in geographic education, since it has variables in learning activities, contextualized in environments that are not formal, where students will come in contact with objects and real situations, related to the daily life and, at the same time, with the scientificity of contents of proposed studies.The fieldwork was conducted in two environments and divided into two parts, the first part was developed in the urban environment using the deductive method and the second, in a rural setting with the use of the inductive method. The results obtained were different in the sense of knowledge construction, but both were successful. / A pesquisa está relacionada aos usos de instrumentos, metodologias e ferramentas de aprendizagem, nas práticas pedagógicas da disciplina de Geografia. A problemática desta pesquisa consiste em analisar criticamente, a fim de compreender, como são desenvolvidas as aulas de Geografia, no contexto do aprendizado de umaescola pública. Do problema derivaram as seguintes questões: Qual a importância do trabalho de campo para as aulas de Geografia? De acordo com os métodos indutivo e dedutivo, qual o papel do trabalho de campo na composição do conhecimento geográfico? A participação e interação dos alunos, num processo formativo contribuem para o desenvolvimento da construção do conhecimento nas aulas de Geografia? O objetivo geral desta pesquisa visa avaliar as diferentes perspectivas utilizadas na prática de pesquisa e produzir um arcabouço teórico-metodológico sobre o trabalho de campo como fundamento norteador da aprendizagem de Geografia no ensino fundamental. A metodologia desenvolvida nesta pesquisa centra-se no trabalho de campo apresentado como fundamento norteador à aprendizagem geográfica na educação, uma vez que ela apresenta variáveis nas atividades de aprendizagem, contextualizada em ambientes não formais, onde os alunos poderão fazer contato com objetos e situações reais, relacionadas com o cotidiano e ao mesmo tempo com a cientificidade do conteúdo de estudos propostos. O trabalho de campo foi realizado em dois ambientes e dividido em duas partes, sendo a primeira desenvolvida em ambiente urbano pelo método dedutivo e a segunda, em ambiente rural com o uso do método indutivo. Os resultados obtidos foram diferentes, no sentido da construção do conhecimento, mas ambos foram realizados com sucesso.

Orientador: Rosely Aparecida Liguori Imbernon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Munhoz_Edson_M.pdf: 8401694 bytes, checksum: 7ec538b899430a29cfa3c4fd8f3e4dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho é o resultado de projeto desenvolvido ao curso do ano letivo de 2011, na Escola Municipal Professora Othília Fornari de Lima, localizada no município de Pinhalzinho - SP, com estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental. No contexto da disciplina de Geografia as atividades de campo foram aplicadas como estratégias para o desenvolvimento de conteúdos de Geociências e Educação Ambiental, de forma a contribuir para o desenvolvimento do processo cognitivo dos alunos e para o aperfeiçoamento como professor-pesquisador. Para tal proposta, quatro roteiros de campo foram selecionados, todos no entorno da escola. A abordagem metodológica aplicada para esse projeto adotou a pesquisa qualitativa, com enfoque descritivo das relações estabelecidas entre o professor e os estudantes, e das práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas em três momentos distintos: nas aulas pré-campo, nas aulas de campo, e nas aulas pós-campo. A pesquisa-ação foi escolhida como método para o envolvimento dos alunos e do professor com a realidade local, e permitiu estabelecer uma identificação com os processos socioambientais do município, permitindo ao professor atuar ao mesmo tempo como pesquisador e observador crítico do próprio trabalho. A compreensão dos fenômenos naturais e as relações de conectividade entre tais processos e as ações antrópicas, revela-se na medida em que os alunos tenham, além das aulas teóricas, uma vivência prática e o reconhecimento do local onde vivem como fonte viva e dinâmica de pesquisa. Nesse sentido, a disciplina de Geografia tendo a contribuição dos trabalhos de campo como prática de ensino, possibilita a apreensão dos conhecimentos de forma mais sistematizada e contextualizada, criando-se, assim, uma identidade com o local e um sentido de pertencimento a essa realidade. Desta forma, duas questões nortearam o desenvolvimento do projeto, em que busquei analisar: em que medida a mediação do professor pode ter significância para o desenvolvimento dos processos cognitivos dos alunos? e, em um segundo momento, de que forma as práticas de campo possibilitam uma melhor compreensão do impacto das ações antrópicas sobre a dinâmica e os processos naturais que transformam dinamicamente as paisagens? A aplicação de mapas conceituais em atividades pré e pós-campo subsidiaram a análise dos conhecimentos prévios comparativamente aos conteúdos desenvolvidos e apreendidos. A sistematização para análise das produções dos estudantes envolveu quatro categorias de análise: mapas conceituais, desenhos, representações cartográficas e produções textuais / Abstract: The present work is the result from the developed project in the year of 2011, at "Escola Municipal Professora Othília Fornari de Lima" SP State, with students from the 6th grade on the primary school. On the geography contest the field activities were used as strategies for the development of the Geoscience and Environmental Education, trying to contribute for the development on the cognitive process for the students and for the improvement as a teacher-researcher. For this proposal, four field itineraries were chosen, all of them about the school. The metodological approach used in this project was the qualitative research, giving emphasis on the descritive relationships between the teacher and the students and the pedagogical practices developed in three different moments: on the prefield classes, on the classes and on the postclassses. The action research was chosen as a method to make the students and the teacher to participate with the local reality, and by this way they could set up an identification with the socioenvironmental processes in the town, leaving the teacher to act at the same time as a researcher and observer on the own work. The comprehension about the natural phenomenon and the connection relationship among these processes and the antropic actions, show according to the students as soon they have besides the theoretical classes, a practical study in and to recognize the place where they live as a live and dynamic source. By this way, the Geography subject having the field contribution as a practice teaching, gives the opening for the knowledge on an organized and with context.Then,this will give a sense of making part of this reality. Thinking about these two questions were made for the project that I tried to analyze: till when the teacher's participation can be significant for the cognitive processes from the students; on a second hand how the field practices can make possible a better comprehension on the antropic impact actions about the dynamic and the natural processes that change the landscape dynamically; The application of conception maps in activities pre and post field, gave area for the analysis from the previous knowledge comparing to the learned and developed subjects. The system area for the analysis about the students production added four categories: conception maps, pictures, maps representation and text produtions / Mestrado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra

M.Phil. / Therapeutic massage therapy (TMT) as a profession has undergone major transformations on two levels simultaneously in the past five years. The first is the statutory recognition of TMT as a health profession regulated by the Department of Health and the Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa (AHPCSA) that has propelled the therapy from the services sector into the country's primary health care system. The second is the transformation of the South African education structures requiring TMT to be formalised and accredited by the South African Qualifications Authority's (SAQA) and the accommodation of the qualification on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) in accordance with the Higher Education Act of 1997. These impetuses have led to a shift in the profession's approach to how it defines itself and how it trains future therapists. The focus of this study is the Massage Therapy Institute's Community Service Programme (MTI CSP), the focal point of the institution's second year programme. The CSP entails the combining of practical sessions and community service in order to expose learners to a wide variety of conditions to encourage theory-practice integration. It also fosters a social awareness through exposure to patients from varied cultural and socio-economic backgrounds in a clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of learners and educators regarding the efficacy of the programme to integrate theory and practice and to prepare TMT therapists for a health profession in the primary health care domain. From the analysis it was apparent that despite a number of shortcomings, learners and educators agreed that the CSP encouraged theory practice integration and personal development. They were also able to hone their professional skills. All participants indicated however, that learners failed to effectively transfer the knowledge and skills gained during the combined practical and community service sessions to written learning tasks that formed part of and tasks outside the programme. This was confirmed by text analysis of treatment and case study reports. The implications for teaching and learning are discussed in the context of language learning and learning through language in order to move beyond the what and the how to the why. It was also clear from the research that participation in the programme led to perspective transformation in the majority of learners' perception of TMT as a health profession located in the PHCS. The analysis showed that the reasons for the exception to this trend, is related more to macro policies rather than the efficacy of the CSP. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to improve the transferability of the knowledge, skills and attitudes gained in the CSP to other learning tasks and beyond that to learners' personal and public lives. The recommendations emphasise metacognitive skills and critical reflection to equip learner-therapists to become fully participating members of a responsible and relevant health profession.