Bakgrund: Hjärtinfarkt är ett plötsligt och chockartat insjuknande som efteråt påverkar patientens upplevelse av livets samtliga aspekter. För sjuksköterskan är insikt i och förståelse av komplexiteten i patientens upplevelser, såväl fysiskt som psykiskt och socialt, av största vikt. Detta för att kunna stödja patienten mot ett upplevt välbefinnande i efterförloppet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa vuxna patienters upplevelser efter en genomlevd hjärtinfarkt.  Metod: Studien är litteraturbaserad på kvalitativ forskning bestående av 11 vetenskapliga artiklar.  Resultat: En hjärtinfarkt upplevs av många patienter som en väckarklocka som resulterar i stora livsstilsförändringar. Svårhanterliga känslor som rädsla, ångest, depression och ensamhet drabbar många efteråt och i de processerna upplever patienterna ofta att stöttning från närstående, sjukvården och stödgrupper är till stor hjälp. Självbilden och livsvärlden upplevs av många bli förändrad och nya perspektiv på prioriteringar kan uppdagas. Konklusion: Både negativa och positiva upplevelser kan följa en genomlevd hjärtinfarkt. Patienternas upplevelser av livets olika aspekter påverkas. Många patienter upplever känslor och tankar som är svåra att hantera. Andra finner motivation till att förbättra sin livsstil. Sociala nätverk är av stor vikt för patienterna för att finna stöd och motivation som kan främja tillfrisknande och upplevelsen av välmående. / Background: A myocardial infarction is a sudden state of disease that affects how the patient afterwards experiences different aspects of life. It is vital for the nurse to have an understanding for the complexity of the patients’ experiences after the infarction, physical, psychological and social, in order to help the patient experience well-being. Aim: The aim with the study was to acknowledge grown up patients' experiences after a myocardial infarction. Method: A literature-based study based on 11 qualitative scientific articles.  Findings: A myocardial infarction is experienced by many patients’ as a wake-up-call resulting in major life-style changes. Afterwards the patients’ often experience emotions difficult to manage. During these processes the patients’ experience social support as being of great importance. Many experience a changed self-image and life-world and new perspectives on prioritizing. Conclusion: Negative and positive experiences may follow a myocardial infarction. Patients’ views on different aspects of life get affected. Many patients experience emotions and thoughts that are difficult to handle. Other patients find motivation to change their way of living for the better. Social networks are of great importance for the patients in order to find support and motivation which may promote recovery and an experience of well-being.

Background The organ donation process is a large and complicated process. The need for organs is great and is expected to increase as the methods in healthcare becomes increasingly advanced. According to previous studies, the organ donation process has shown to be mentally and physically demanding for nurses and relatives. Therefore, it is necessary to find out what emotions the nurses experiences and how these are handled. Aim The aim of the study was to describe the emotions of donation nurses and the handling of these in connection with the organ donation process. Method The study is an empirical descriptive interview study with a qualitative approach. Eight donation-nurses have been interviewed through semi-structured interviews. The interviews have been analyzed through qualitative content analysis, where they have been condensed, coded and categorized. Main result The result showed that the organ donation process was a demanding process that involved increased workload and stress for the nurses. They also experienced difficult emotions, especially when meeting the relatives and talking to them about potential donation, but also when donation was not possible. However, donation was seen as something beautiful and was described as a light in the dark. The nurses used different types of coping strategies to handle the difficult feelings, such as relive and support the nurse in charge and do debriefing and talking to colleagues. Conclusion The organ donation process is complex and induces both difficult and positive feelings for the nurses. Participating relatives, experience, unloading workload, talking with colleagues, and debriefing was important for being able to handle the hard feelings. To understand the emotions nurses encounters during this process and how these are handled is important to improve nurses health and to create the best possible conditions for a successful organ donation process. / Bakgrund Organdonationsprocessen är en stor och komplicerad process. Behovet av organ är stort och förväntas öka i och med att metoderna inom sjukvården blir alltmer avancerade. Organdonationsprocessen har enligt tidigare studier visat sig vara en krävande process för såväl sjuksköterskor som anhöriga, varför det är av vikt att undersöka vilka känslor sjuksköterskorna upplever och hur dessa hanteras. Syfte Syftet med studien var att beskriva donationsansvariga sjuksköterskors känslor och hanteringen av dessa i samband med organdonationsprocessen. Metod Studien är en empirisk beskrivande intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. Åtta donationsansvariga sjuksköterskor i Sverige intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat Ur resultaten framkom att organdonationsprocessen är en krävande process som innebär ökad arbetsbelastning och stress. Deltagarna upplevde svåra känslor i mötet och samtalet med anhöriga, samt i de situationer där organdonation inte blivit av. Dock sågs organdonation som något fint och beskrevs som ett ljus i mörkret. Deltagarna använde sig av olika slags copingstrategier för att hantera svåra känslor i samband med organdonationsprocessen, så som att avlasta och stötta den ansvariga sjuksköterskan, debriefing och samtal med kollegor.  Slutsats Donationsprocessen är komplex och framkallar både svåra och positiva känslor hos sjuksköterskorna. Delaktiga anhöriga, erfarenhet, avlastning, samtal och debriefing var viktiga faktorer för att underlätta hanteringen av stress och svåra känslor. Att ha förståelse för vilka känslor sjuksköterskor möter under denna process och hur dessa hanteras är av vikt för att öka sjuksköterskornas hälsa, samt för att skapa så bra förutsättningar som möjligt för en lyckad organdonationsprocess.

In the pursuit of planning for inclusive public space, this thesis addresses feelings of unsafety as a hindering aspect of equal access. The aim of this thesis is to explore the role of embodied knowledge within urban planning for understanding feelings of safety in public space. Due to the complexity of socio-spatial relations, I suggest a feminist approach to knowledge creation. The study is based on semi-structured interviews including a visual elicitation with urban planners in Sweden (n=16). My findings show that planners’ conceptualisations of safety relate to an overall focus on social sustainability and a problematic relationship between safety and crime prevention. While multiple methods are being used to understand feelings of safety, such as site audits and citizen dialogues, embodied methods are not (actively) used. There is therefore a need to recognise our bodies as helpful tools for understanding feelings of safety. Furthermore, who we are affects the way we perceive our surroundings as well as our feelings. Thus, urban planning practitioners need to (continue to) be reflexive about their positionalities, as well as to include experiences and perspectives of peoples’ situated, embodied knowledge to create inclusive public space for all.

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The war between Iraq and Iran started 1980 and ended 1988. During the war it came approximately 11 811 Iraqi refugees to Sweden. In this essay. I will explore how Iraqi refugees who came in the 1980s have integrated themselves in the Swedish society. To enhance this understanding, I used previous research material presented in the essay but, most importantly, I also used a qualitative method with organized interviews. The interview material consists of 4 individual interviews for 90 minutes each, and all interviewees are highly educated men in the ages of 62-66 years. I structured the interviews in line with 3 framing questions with the purpose to understand how the interviewees’ first time in Sweden was, especially considering potential difficulties of learn the Swedish language; how the interviewees perceived opportunities and challenges in establishing themselves on the employment market; and finally their thoughts and feelings about their own integration. I have used three different models/theories when analyzing the results. Firstly, I used symbolic interactionism as an explanatory model for interpersonal interaction, communication, subjective interpretation of situation and group affiliation. Secondly, I used the postcolonialism as an explanatory model. Postcolonialism describes a power structure that exists in the society where “white” people are perceived as being the superior race while “black” people are perceived as being the subordinate race, which is a legacy from colonialism. Thirdly, I used folkloristic narrative analysis, which helps to understand how people, with the help of stories from the past, position themselves in reality when the story is meaningful.

This essay focuses on the possibilities and problems that come with having teleportation mixed with horror and fear and not having monsters in fear games. How it is to play a horror game without enemies and just being able as an Interactiondesigner to relay on the psychological feeling within the player, if the feeling is more than enough if the player him self get to fantasies and let their deepest fright feelings take over. Is there no difference if there are monsters/enemies or not. Is fright and fear already there before you encountering the enemies? These questions are answered as the paper also presents a game in the shape of a course that has been paralleled worked with. The world with the complete and finished game have bin done in the Hammer editor which the game HalfLife2 (VU games/Valve Software, 2004) is built on. The finished game is a result of several user tests from the prototype game and user questionnaires. Fear games are mainly built on humans’ psychological feelings, the imaginations and how one feel. Through strong usage and building upon these main factors to create fear I have worked from that perspective and investigated how I by best possible means, should do to create fear to fright players by not using enemies as main frightening objects. Focus has been on the narrative of both visual and auditive narration. I have also given an account of the advantage and disadvantages with working with the tool I have chosen, how it has affected my work and my result. The Result turned out to be even better than I had in mind and a positive attitude towards my game from all the test persons. They thought it was a good example that a horror game is not bound to have monsters in order to fright the player. I got a loot of good feedback, response and ideas of what I could improve and what was already good. Some wanted more light effects on the first part and others less sound in the last part. By listening to the test persons I started to create and shape the final version of the game. Everyone became scared and felt more or less frightened through all four parts of the game. I also got positive feedback on my theory from the test persons, that teleportation mixed with horror and fear is something that they could consider using more in games and that this was a good start in the right direction.

Bakgrund: Cancer är ett samlingsnamn för cirka 200 sjukdomar som uppkommer på grund av okontrollerad celldelning. Var tredje person drabbas av cancer under sin livstid men sjukdomen ses påverka hela familjen på olika sätt. Familjen kan vara ett betydelsefullt stöd för den som är sjuk, men anhöriga kan bli lidande på många sätt på grund av cancerdiagnosen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa anhörigas erfarenheter av att leva med en familjemedlem som har cancer. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie som bestod av 14 resultatartiklar hämtade från CINAHL och PsycINFO. Resultat: Ur dataanalysen framkom tre teman och dessa var: förändrade roller och relationer i familjen, en känslomässig påverkan och erfarenheter av information och stöd. Kategorierna belyste hur det kan vara att leva med en familjemedlem som har cancer. Känslor som oro, ångest, rädsla och stress framkom samt behov av information sågs som viktigt då det påverkade hur mycket stöd de anhöriga behövde. Anhöriga upplevde en förändrad vardag med nya roller och ökat ansvar. Resultatet visade liknande erfarenheter av familjemedlemmar mellan olika länder. Konklusion: Anhöriga som lever med en familjemedlem som har cancer har ett behov av information och stöd från såväl sjukvårdspersonal som närstående. / Background: Cancer is a collective name o about 200 illnesses that appears because of uncontrolled cell division. Every third person is affected at some point in their lifetime, but the illness can affect the whole family in different ways. The family can be a significant support for the person who is ill, but the relatives may suffer in many ways because of the cancer diagnosis. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate relatives experiences of living with a family member who has cancer. Method: A general literature study that consisted of fourteen result articles collected from CINAHL and PsycInfo. Results: From the data analysis three themes emerged these where: changed roles and relationships in the family, an emotional impact and experiences of information and support. The categories illustrated how it can be to live with a family member who has cancer. Relatives experienced a changed everyday life with new roles and increased responsibility. The result showed similar experiences of family members between different countries. Conclusion: Relatives living with a family member who has cancer have a need for information and support from healthcare personell as well as relatives.

Inledning: Varje dag drabbas i genomsnitt 250 personer av fysiskt- och sexuellt våld i Sverige, vilket leder till cirka 90 dödsfall och cirka 2000 allvarligt skadade per år. Våld är något som traditionellt studeras utifrån det kriminologiska forskningsområdet, men som i denna undersökning angrips tvärvetenskapligt med stöd i både den kriminologiska, men framförallt i de epidemiologiska- och riskperceptionella perspektiven. För att konstruera effektiva preventionsunderlag för skador (våld), krävs gedigen kunskap om den målgrupp som insatsen fokuserar. Genom att undersöka en målgrupp som oftast inte är föremål för kriminologisk forskning - studenter i åldern 20-34 år - kan detaljerad och fördjupad kunskap i någon form skapas, vilket utreder eventuella preventionsbehov samt bidrar till ett framtida preventionsunderlag.      Metod: Denna studie har en kvantitativ studiedesign där datainsamlingen utförts med hjälp av ett digitalt enkätformulär. Valet av ett kvantitativt angreppssätt baseras på studiens syfte, vilket är av tvärsnittsdesign och kräver kvantifierbara data. Datainsamlingen utfördes via studentgrupper på Facebook, där sammanlagt fem högskolor och universitet geografiskt fördelat över Sverige ingick. Enkätformuläret bestod av tre avsnitt med totalt 30 frågor. Frågorna gjordes om till variabler och strukturerades i programmet SPSS till ett dataset med diverse omkodningar. Analysen av datamaterialet utfördes dels rent deskriptivt, men även utifrån bivariata korstabellsanalyser med Pearson´s Chi2-test som metod för sambandstestning. De etiska aspekterna i studien har dels följt Karlstads Universitets riktlinjer gällande GDPR, men även Vetenskapsrådets fyra etiska krav. Resultat: Resultatet från de 486 respondenterna tyder på en relativt hög utsatthet för våld i den undersökta populationen studenter i åldern 20-34 år. Män utsätts i större utsträckning av fysiskt våld, medan kvinnor utsätts för sexuellt våld. Det fysiska våld som drabbar kvinnor inträffar oftast inomhus och utövas av en partner/ex-partner, medan männen utsätts utomhus av en okänd utövare. När det gäller riskuppfattning finns en utbredd oro för att drabbas av våld, vilket i många fall hänger samman med tryggheten i bostadsområdet. Otryggheten leder även till förändringar av rutiner och aktiviteter. Kopplat till bakgrundsfaktorer har förtroendet för rättssystemet, narkotika, tobak, egen våldsutövning samt kön och ålder visat sig vara faktorer som spelar in i utsattheten för våld samt i den angivna riskuppfattning rörande att utsättas för våld.   Diskussion: Utsattheten för våld i den undersökta populationen är hög, vilket i kombination med en påtaglig riskuppfattning och oro för att utsättas visar på behovet av ett välunderbyggt preventionsunderlag. Resultatet för den undersökta gruppen stämmer även till vis del väl överens med det som tidigare statistik och forskning har visat. Bakgrundsfaktorer så som narkotikaanvändning, våldsutövning och lågt förtroende är faktorer som ökar utsattheten och leder till större oro att utsättas igen. Analysen tyder på att de som utsätts för fysiskt våld, även tenderar att vara mer utsatta för även sexuellt våld. Det verkar även som om de som utövar våld, i större omfattning själva är utsatta för våld. Det finns också ett samband mellan större oro och utsatthet, samt mellan reell erfarenhet av sexuellt våld och den egna riskuppfattning rörande samma våldstyp. Detta samband finns dock inte för fysiskt våld, vilket eventuellt kan handla om en sorts avtrubbning. Det kan även bero på felkunskap via massmedias något skeva rapportering. / Introduction: Every day an average of 250 people are affected by physical- and sexual violence in Sweden, which leads to about 90 deaths and about 2000 seriously injured per year. Violence is something that is traditionally studied based on the criminological research area, but which in this study is interdisciplinary with support in both the criminological, but especially in the epidemiological and risk perceptual perspectives. To construct effective prevention bases for injuries (violence), solid knowledge of the target group that the intervention focuses on is required. By examining a target group that is not usually the subject of criminological research - students aged 20-34 - can be detailed and in-depth knowledge in some form be created, which investigates possible prevention needs and contributes to a future prevention basis.   Methods: This study has a quantitative study design in which data collection was carried out using a digital questionnaire. The choice of a quantitative approach is based on the purpose of the study, which is of cross-sectional design and requires quantifiable data. The data collection was conducted through student groups on Facebook, which included a total of five universities geographically distributed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections with a total of 30 questions. The questions were converted into variables and structured in the SPSS program into a dataset with various recodes. The analysis of the data material was performed partly purely descriptively but also based on bivariate cross-table analyzes using Pearson's Chi2-test as a method for correlation testing. The ethical aspects of the study have partly followed Karlstad University's guidelines on GDPR, but also the basis of the Swedish Research Council's four ethical requirements.   Results: The results from the 486 respondents indicate a relatively high risk of violence in the studied population of students aged 20-34 years. Men are more frequently subjected to physical violence, while women are subjected to sexual violence. The physical violence that affects women usually occurs indoors and is practised by a partner/ex-partner, while the men are exposed outdoors by an unknown practitioner. When it comes to risk perception, there is widespread concern about being affected by violence, which in many cases is related to the security of the housing area. The insecurity also leads to changes in routines and activities. In connection with background factors, confidence in the justice system, drugs, tobacco, own violence and gender and age are factors that play a role in the exposure to violence and in the stated risk perception of being subjected to violence.   Discussion: The exposure to violence in the population studied is high, which in combination with significant risk perception and concern about being exposed indicates the need for a well-founded prevention basis. The results for the investigated group are also, to a certain extent, well in line with previous statistics and research. Background factors such as drug use, violence, and trust are factors that increase vulnerability and lead to greater concern about being exposed again. The analysis suggests that those who are subjected to physical violence also tend to be more vulnerable to sexual violence as well. It also seems that those who practice violence are themselves subject to violence to a greater extent. There is also a connection between greater anxiety and vulnerability, as well as between real experience of sexual violence and one's risk perception regarding the same type of violence. This connection, however, does not exist for physical violence, which may involve a kind of psychic numbing. This may also be due to the lack of knowledge, via the somewhat skewed reporting of the media.