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Comparison Of International Federation Of Consulting Engineers And General Specification For Public Works Contracts From Risk Management PerspectiveUsta, Ergun 01 August 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Contractors have to construct the projects efficiently in accordance with the contract provisions when they accept a contract. All construction projects involve risk and there is no possibility to eliminate all the risks associated with a specific project. Management of risk requires identification and analysis of risk factors. After this risk assessment step, proper response strategies have to be developed so that an optimum risk-reward structure is ensured. Contracts are the grounds where risk allocation schemes between parties are settled and risk-reward mechanisms are defined. Since contractors are usually unable to influence the contract conditions and clauses, they should understand which risks they are retaining under contract conditions. Thus, succesful management of risk requires understanding of contract clauses and identification of secondary risk factors created due to poorly defined contract clauses.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate standard conditions of contract, namely FIDIC and GSPW, which are the most widely utilised contracts by the Turkish contractors, from the risk management point of view. For this purpose an interview form is prepared and interviews are conducted using this structured form. Implications of the contract clauses for the risk management strategy of contractors are discussed based on interview findings. The basic philosophy of FIDIC and GSPW are investigated so that necessary suggestions for the contractors can be made considering the risk allocation schemes defined in these documents.
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公共工程逾期爭議之研究呂純純, Lu, Chun-Chun Unknown Date (has links)
公共工程之建設,從招標、投標、決標、締約、履約到驗收,是段冗長而複雜的過程,在這整個過程中所涉及的法律不在少數,更廣及公法及私法二大法律領域。依政府採購法之規定,政府採購主要分為工程、財物及勞務採購三類。其中關於工程採購之契約尤其重要,在政府採購法施行後,產生了許多爭議。
而在諸多工程爭議中,逾期完工的案件佔有及極重大之比例,由於公共工程規模龐大,該類案件之標的往往金額龐大,動輒高達數千萬、甚至數十億元,除對廠商權益影響甚大,亦因經費來源多為全體國民依法納稅之款項,不但涉及資源的合理分配,其施工品質更涉及重大公共安全,與一般民間的工程契約自有不同,其重要性實不容忽視。
由公共工程規模龐大,具有性質複雜、規模龐大及工期長之特性,導致工程契約中有許多不可控制之因素,加以主辦機關持締約優勢制定許多對承包商顯失公平之契約條款,遂產生了許多履約爭議。
關於工程履約階段之法律關係,論其性質係屬於民法上之承攬關係,故而除契約另有規定外,自應依民法之規定決定當事人間之權利義務關係。然而,民法承攬編之規定不敷使用,民法債編、總則之相關規定又過於概括、模糊,反而造成當事各持己見、爭議不休之情形層出不窮,而有仰賴工程會制定之相關子法與函釋加以補充規範
基此,本文嘗試釐清工程逾期之相關概念,並探討與整理國內工程逾期常見紛爭類型、發生原由、以及學說司法實務之見解,期能作為國內實務上工程逾期爭議之參考,並使主辦機關與承包商能充分認知相關之工程逾期紛爭,以事前做好預防措施與溝通,避免紛爭之產生。
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Procedimiento de resolución de controversias FIDIC los dispute board como requisito de la arbitrabilidad de la controversia en los contratos internacionales de construcciónPoulsen Pinochet, Christian Andrés, Cifuentes Vergara, Sergio Andrés January 2018 (has links)
Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La naturaleza del contrato internacional de construcción sugiere como rasgo inherente a su
configuración un alto nivel de conflictividad, el cual se deriva del ámbito espacial en que despliega sus
efectos y en la complejidad operacional que implica la ejecución del programa prestacional al cual se
comprometen los contratantes recíprocamente. Bajo ese paradigma, el propósito del presente trabajo
consistirá en el análisis del sistema de solución de controversias presente en los modelos contractuales
elaborados por la FIDIC, cuyo diseño responde a la lógica propia de las cláusulas de resolución de
controversias y que contempla el establecimiento de etapas a las cuales las partes habrán de recurrir
previamente a la instancia arbitral o judicial, que actúa como instancia definitiva y de ultima ratio, es
decir, el cumplimiento de las etapas previas se constituyen como un requisito de arbitrabilidad de la
controversia. El foco de análisis principal se referirá a la figura del dispute board, el cual se erige como
el principal mecanismo de resolución alterno pre-arbitral para la industria de la construcción dada la
enorme influencia de los modelos FIDIC desde que vino a reemplazar al ingeniero en la cadena
procedimental, y realizar ciertas consideraciones respecto de la figura del Dispute Adjudication Board
y de ciertas etapas procedimentales, cuya redacción poco clara e inconsistente genera preocupación
dado que disminuye la eficacia preventiva general del procedimiento. Terminaremos con ciertas
consideraciones respecto a la implementación de los dispute boards en Chile y si es que estos han
respondido efectivamente a las expectativas del mercado de la construcción nacional en torno a su
eficacia preventiva, como también elaborar ciertas propuestas para la realización de tales fines.
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Contrato de EPC (Engeneering, Procurement e Construction) e o padrão FIDICGozzi, Elcio Fagundes Marques 23 August 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / This dissertation aims at analyze the Engineering, Procurement and Construction Agreement (EPC) and its use as standard form, as presented by the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC). The work is divided in two parts. The first, to verify the adequacy of construction agreement (empreitada) rules to the EPC agreement and the possible need for specific ruling on this matter. Analyzes the legal framework of construction agreement (empreitada) stated on Brazilian Civil Code, drawing a parallel with the main characteristics and differences between construction agreement (empreitada) and the EPC from its legal and economic perspective of project finance. The second part analyzes the main characteristics of the FIDIC’s EPC standard form, known as Silver Book, and its application in Brazil considering the peculiarities of our legal system. / Esta dissertação de mestrado visa analisar os contratos de EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) bem como sua utilização em padrões ou formulários, tal como o apresentado pela Federação Internacional de Engenheiros Consultores (FIDIC). O trabalho está dividido em duas partes. A primeira tem como objetivo verificar a adequação das normas da empreitada ao contrato EPC e a eventual necessidade de regramento específico sobre a matéria. Analisa-se o regime jurídico do contrato de empreitada do Código Civil de 2002, traçando um paralelo entre suas principais características e diferenças em relação ao EPC considerando o modelo de project finance como seu racional jurídico. A segunda parte analisa as principais características do contrato EPC no padrão FIDIC, conhecido como Silver Book, e sua aplicação no Brasil diante das peculiaridades de nosso sistema jurídico.
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工程承攬契約中定作人協力之跨國比較—以日本公共工程標準承攬契約約款為核心 / A study of employer's duty of cooperation in construction contracts: from the perspective of the model form of Japanese public projects陳重安 Unknown Date (has links)
於承攬人履行工程承攬契約之過程中,有許多無定作人加以配合協力,即難以甚至無法進行之情形,常被提出討論之定作人協力義務包括「提供正確圖說」、「適時提供指示」、「按時提供合於施作之工地」、「關連廠商之協調」、「材料或借用設備之適時提供」、「遵期驗收」等。本文將依前揭脈絡,於簡述工程契約之基本權利義務關係,次介紹定作人協力行為於我國及日本承攬法制之狀況,再則比較我國公共工程契約範本、日本公共工事標準承攬契約約款9及FIDIC範本對定作人協力義務之規定,並分析我國公共工程契約範本與工程實務處理相關爭議面臨之問題,冀希提供未來爭議解決上一個可供參考之明確方案。
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Metoda Design-Build a její použití pro zadávání v ČR / Design-Build Delivery Method and its Respective Application in the Czech RepublicPaníček, Patrik January 2019 (has links)
This Diploma thesis follows up the award of public contracts using the Design-Build method. The first part focuses on the description of individual procurement methods and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the basic types of FIDIC terms and connditions are compared here. The second part describes and evaluates the terms of reference for specific projects commissioned by Design-Build in the Czech Republic. There is also a questionnaire survey that examines the viewpoints, knowledge and experience of contracting authorities with this method.
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Stavební zakázka v Německu / Construction contract in GermanyVitásek, Stanislav January 2015 (has links)
This work deals with the bid price for a development project base on the construction of houses funded by a private German investor. The bid price create with help of budget in a various structures. The various structures of the budget, which use in German environment usually. Specifically, it uses the norm DIN 276 and classification StLB includes software. The main target of my diploma thesis is suggestion for create the bid price. The suggestion with choose form and manner of valuation build works, which respect all legislation for realization construction in Germany.
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自國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款論我國工程保險—以保險責任期間為重心林幸頎, Lin, Hsing Chi Unknown Date (has links)
本論文係以工程風險及我國工程保險之現況與發展作為基礎,先予敘明目前當代工程保險的起源與趨勢,鑒古知今,推論出工程保險應回歸以安全檢查與損害防阻作為思考核心,並強調工程風險管理的重要性,進而有發展工程界與保險界聯合行動模式之可能性,使工程從策劃階段即獲得風險管理,而保險人亦得依保險法第九十六條以下之規定,於施工過程中介入安全檢查措施,共同防範出險。
再者,就工程保險之本質以言,應強調工程保險係屬於損失填補保險,故於處理相關實務爭議時,必須考量到工程保險應受到損失填補原則之限制。且因工程保險係採取全險保單的方式為之,是以,本文認為應得參酌美國立法例,而特別強調保險利益有無之判斷。
此外,現今工程保險實務上所面臨之諸多爭議,實得以「保險責任期間」作為軸心而貫穿之。即本文認為,應辨明保險期間並非完全等同於保險責任期間,而於探究保險人是否應負理賠責任時,其重點之一應係在於保險責任期間是否開始、終止或延長。對此,本文認為,應可從下列幾個主要之面向加以觀察:一者,若自工程契約之關係以論,首須探討者,係民法相關概念(如交付、受領)與工程實務上所使用之「啟用」、「接管」、「驗收」之概念是否相同?有無歧異之處?更為重要者,係工程風險究應如何合理分配?二者,若自工程保險契約之角度以觀,則需分析保險契約所承保的危險是否增加?保險利益是否變動?具權威性之地位,而被譽為工程契約「聖經」的國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容為何?
本文認為,由於判斷工程保險契約時往往將受到工程契約內容之影響,而工程契約又多係由定作人一方所主導擬定,故而在判定保險人是否應依工程保險契約負擔理賠責任時,毋寧應本著公平合理之精神,配合工程慣例,從工程契約、工程保險契約所關涉之定作人、承攬人,以及保險人三方關係而為綜合審酌認定。換言之,不應使業主人有機會利用工程契約之約定,而將本應由業主承擔之風險移轉至承包商一方,進而間接地影響保險人應否理賠之判斷。
歸納以言,本文認為,我國工程保險實務爭議的解決方向,應以保險責任期間作為保險人是否需予理賠的主要判斷基準之一;再者,並應認知到工程保險本質上係屬於損失填補保險,而需受到損失填補原則之限制;另參酌美國立法例,需強調工程保險之保險利益有無之判斷;又於配合我國國情之前提下,應得適時適度地引進國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容,以使我國與國際之接軌能更為緊密切實。
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承包商對營建工程工期遲延及阻擾(Disruption)之索賠李昇蓉 Unknown Date (has links)
關於展延後所增加之費用是否得以索賠,亦影響業主成本支出與承包商利潤,於是關於工期之「時間」與「金錢」兩者,成為工程契約雙方最關心的議題。故從遲延索賠之目的,即可分成工期索賠與費用索賠兩方面探討之。
工期之定義從指涉範圍之廣狹可分為三種層次,本文討論主要之範圍係指狹義的工程期限,即業主與個別承包商於營建工程契約中所約定承包商完成工程所需之時間,日曆天為國際工程慣例選用之工期計算方式。工期之始點,應以契約約定之開工(Commencement of Contract Time)日起算,而完工(Contract Completion)則為工期之終點,如何界定完工對於整體施工契約之重要性,在於判斷承包商是否遵守履約期限。事實上分析是工程是否遲延?可歸責於當事人哪一方?國內外工程實務界之看法,皆認為工程遲延係以用盡浮時而影響「要徑」為要件,故產生以要徑為基礎以判斷工程遲延之方法,此亦突顯要徑法所欲表彰之基本功能。本文認為承包商須先以網狀圖證明「主要徑」之工作受外來因素(即不可歸責於承攬人)之施工障礙影響,則定作人才應展延工期,亦才有後續展延期間增加費用索賠之問題。
阻擾(Disruption)事件之產生,承包商有時同樣會遭受延後整體工程進度而可能逾期完工,或支出比預定計畫更多額外費用,以趕上原本進度之損害。阻擾之定義,依據英國SCL議定書第1.19.1條規定,為對於承包商正常工作之打擾、阻礙及干擾,導致較低之工率。如阻擾為業主所引起,可能會給予承包商依據契約或依據違約條款請求賠償之權利。但應特別區分者,乃阻擾與遲延仍為不同概念,遲延為延後完工,而阻擾則著重於生產力下降( Productivity Loss)及對於進度之打擾、阻礙、干擾,因此發生阻擾事件,僅「可能」發生逾期完工但並非絕對延後工期。故阻擾損害方面,與遲延損害相同,承包商必須證明阻擾可歸責於業主,且因業主阻擾承包商施工,導致其工率降低受有損害,但阻擾不限於要徑工作之干擾,縱使對非要徑工作之干擾亦得請求賠償損害,所以無須審視是否具備逾期完工之事實。因此當僅有阻擾事件發生卻未影響完工日時,承包商不會主張工作工期展延,但必定向業主請求可歸責於業主之阻擾造成工作效率降低( Reduced Efficiency of Workforce)之損失。
於遲延事件中,僅有不可歸責並可補償承攬人之遲延(Excusable and Compensable Delays),承包商一方面得請求展延工期,一方面得請求補償展延期間增加之費用。費用方面,因非可歸責於承包商之事由導致工程遲延,而業主指示承包商投入更多資源以提早完工,則屬於英美工程界所謂Acceleration(以下簡稱加速施工)之情況,此時業主亦應負擔補償承包商因加速施工產生之費用。於聯邦工程採購實務中,大部份涉及擬制加速施工之案例,皆為發生不可歸責且可補償承攬人遲延之情形,例如:實際為不可歸責於承攬人之遲延,定作人誤以為係可歸責於承攬人,而促使承攬人趕工以符合原定契約完工期限等情況。依據可歸責於哪一方之遲延來處理加速施工問題時,應掌握不可歸責於承攬人遲延之加速施工,原則上皆應支付額外費用,反之,若定作人就不可歸責於承攬人之遲延,已經准許展延足夠之工期,則不須支付加速施工之費用。至於得以展延多少時間,應以遲延分析技術判斷之,例如英國SCL議定書中介紹四種屬完工後處理展延工期問題之遲延分析技術,包括以下:1.The as-planned versus as-built method比較原規畫時程與竣工時程遲延分析法;2.The impacted as-planned method(What if analysis)原規劃時程影響後分析技術 ;3.The collapsed as-built method(But for as built analysis)重疊竣工時程分析技術; 4.The Protocol’s own TIA method(Retrospective TIA)英國SCL議定書之回復式時間影響分析法。
遲延事件造成工期展延,而工期展延通常亦產生額外之增加費用(Increased Cost)。惟業主准許展延工期之主張,不必然表示承包商即得請求展延期間相關費用。若遲延可歸責於承包商,則承包商顯然必須自行承擔遲延之相關費用;若為可歸責於業主之遲延事件,相關之補償即包含承包商於展延期間所動用與時間相關之資源(Time-related Resources)。惟工程實務上承包商於證明工期展延期間所增加之費用及所受損害時,常因為工期時間過久、各種紀錄成本與保管費用等錯綜複雜因素,對於損害數額無法達到嚴格證明之舉證程度,能夠確實提出每筆支出費用單據之紀錄者較少見,特別是當承包商請求「一式計價」之項目時更遭遇此種難題。如果無法證明費用的支出,則整個索賠都付諸流水,在很多案例中,承包商雖然成功證明遲延為可補償的,卻因提出不適當證明使最後獲得之補償較索賠預期額度減少許多,例如:實務對於工率降低(Efficiency Loss)損害之計算與證明,目前仍無統一見解,因工率難以數量化,縱使承包商以其工地記錄資料提出某工率降低係數,工程師亦針對監控報表提出另一個係數,而兩者皆無法說明哪一個數據之可信度較高,且縱使雙方合意以某一工率降低系數為標準,則雙方對於哪一部份為可歸責於己之責任劃分意見也不同,此亦牽涉舉證責任問題。
傳統訴訟需耗費大量金錢時間,或有部分以新興之非對抗式「替代性紛爭解決機制」( Alternative Dispute Resolution, 以下簡稱ADR),例如仲裁 (Arbitration), 調解(Mediation),調停(Conciliation), 調仲 (Med-Arb).,迷你審 (Mini Trial)等,以輔助傳統紛爭解決手段之不足。現行工程契約中,雙方通常事先約定將來發生工程爭議之解決方法,例如前開仲裁、調解等;而公共工程案件,若機關與廠商因履約爭議未能達成協議者,依據政府採購法第85條之1規定,亦強制不接受調解建議或方案之機關,若日後廠商提付仲裁,其不得拒絕之方式,來促成先行階段 ,即「調解」階段中調解成立之機會,加速爭議之解決。但在一些案例中,仲裁、調解等機制卻依然產生如同傳統訴訟般費用過高、時間較長之相同問題。於雙方無法協商而須透過第三人介入,卻在希望更節省糾紛處理時間,及更貼近雙方各退一步以共同努力解決難題之協商精神之要求下,使另一爭端處理模式:「爭議處理委員會」(Dispute Board)之角色日漸重要。
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