En el año 1996, en el marco de una nueva Constitución y régimen autoritario, el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori asoció por vez primera la educación con el lucro en el Perú mediante el Decreto Legislativo N° 882. Como consecuencia de esto y otros factores, las universidades privadas concentran más de la mitad del total de alumnos matriculados desde el año 2006. En especial, las universidades privadas con fines de lucro se convirtieron en actores importantes. En este nuevo contexto, el sistema universitario peruano engendró retadores del Estado; es decir, universidades peruanas que en mayor y menor medida han venido impugnando el derecho del Estado de implementar políticas públicas y regular el funcionamiento de las universidades. Un ejemplo representativo de retador del Estado es la Universidad Alas Peruanas, la universidad con más sedes y más alumnos matriculados a nivel nacional, y la primera en obtener del Tribunal Constitucional reconocimiento de exenciones tributarias por Impuesto a la Renta. A mediados del año 2014, ya bajo el gobierno de Ollanta Humala, la respuesta estatal a estos retadores fue la nueva Ley Universitaria N° 30220, que marcó la transición de una etapa de desregulación a una de regulación. Este cambio de paradigma dentro del mismo Estado neoliberal obliga, en su primera etapa, a toda universidad peruana a pasar por un proceso de licenciamiento institucional para seguir funcionando. Procedimiento a cargo de la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria, Organismo Público Técnico Especializado adscrito al Ministerio de Educación. Esta investigación busca responder a los factores que explican la estrategia dual de la UAP frente al requerimiento estatal del licenciamiento en el periodo 2011-2019. Dentro de la estrategia de resistencia, se observa una serie de acciones desplegadas en los Poderes Ejecutivo, Judicial y Legislativo. La estrategia de adaptación comprende el cierre de la mitad de sedes y programas de pregrado, entre otras acciones. Finalmente, el tránsito de la primera a la segunda estrategia se explica por la capacidad de enforcement (hacer cumplir la norma) de la ley universitaria, los fracasos en el Poder Judicial, el papel de la sociedad civil y el debilitamiento de agrupaciones políticas aliadas.

Healthcare fraud is a major problem within the healthcare industry. The study examined medical fraud, its laws, and punishments on federal and state levels. It compared medical fraud to non-fraud crimes done in the healthcare industry. This comparison will be done on a state level. The study attempted to analyze the severity of fraud against non-fraud and that doctors would commit fraud offenses more often than non-fraud offenses.

The primacy objective of this study is to determine if the acceptance of electronic payments will improve the service delivery at SAPS King William's Town? The secondary objectives are: * To determine if the SAPS are complying with sections 2 (d), (g) and (k) of the ECT Act * To make recommendations that can be used by management of the SAPS with regards to the acceptance of electronic payments as an e-government principle. Will the acceptance of electronic payments improve the service delivery of the SAPS King William's Town? The research design for the purpose of this mini dissertation will be that on an exploratory study. Data will be collected by means of questionnaires. The purpose of the mentioned technique is firstly to collect information from the SAPS to determine if the electronic payment of fines and bail would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the SAPS at King William's Town. The population sample for this research project will be the employees of the South African Police Service in the Eastern Cape, members of the community and the clerks of the court Data was analyzed using qualitative methods. / Economics / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Urbanisation is characterised by mass migration of people to urban areas and conversion of land from rural to urban land uses. Changes in population dynamics have led to half the world’s population living in urban areas; in developed countries, urban dwellers account for three-quarters of the total population. Though populations have shifted from rural to urban areas, people continue to rely on their environment, and trees in particular, for tangible and intangible benefits alike. A great deal of factual and anecdotal knowledge supports the role of trees for ecological, social, and economic well-being. In spite of this, during urbanisation, previously vegetated land is converted to housing, roads, or utility corridors, all of which are necessary to support growing populations. This thesis investigates tree growth in these modified urban landscapes, in particular, the effects of pavements on urban trees. Pavements are truly pervasive, covering more than half of all land in highly developed urban areas. Their durability and strength are of great importance to transportation, but large-scale soil sealing is not without consequence. Pavements affect the hydrologic cycle, soil and air temperature, and nutrient cycling. Because of their effect on the surrounding environment, pavements inherently affect remnant or planted trees. They are believed to negatively affect tree growth and survival, thereby compromising the ecological, social, and economic benefits otherwise derived from the urban forest. In recent times, porous pavements have been increasingly installed in favour of impervious pavements. Porous pavements are perceived to be an environmentally-sound alternative to standard impervious pavements. This thesis begins by reviewing the literature concerning porous pavement’s effect on underlying soil and urban vegetation, thus illustrating the scarcity of empirical data describing the effect of porous pavement on tree growth. A greater understanding of porous pavement’s impact on the surrounding environment is needed, if its installation is to continue. With this aim in mind, this thesis describes an experiment in Christchurch, New Zealand, which monitored the impacts of porous and impervious pavement on underlying soil conditions, and subsequent tree growth. The experiment comprised 50 Platanus orientalis trees planted in an augmented factorial design, which consisted of controls and four treatments. Trees were split evenly amongst plots, such that ten replicates existed per treatment. The pavement treatments measured 2.3m by 2.3m, and were based on the combination of pavement type (2 levels: porous, impervious) and pavement profile design (2 levels: +/- subbase compaction and gravel base). The resulting four treatments were impervious concrete pavement (IP), impervious concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (IP+), porous concrete pavement (PP), and porous concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (PP+). From December 2007 to March 2009, data were collected to determine the effect of these treatments on soil moisture, aeration, pH, and nutrient concentration. Final tree height, stem diameter, shoot and root biomass, and root distribution were also measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Results of this experiment indicated that the effects of pavement porosity on soil moisture and aeration were dynamic, varying with season and soil depth. Increased soil moisture beneath porous pavements resulted from rapid infiltration following precipitation. This decreased the duration of plant stress resulting from drought. Relative to bare soil, paved plots had consistently greater soil moisture, likely because pavements reduced evaporation. The inclusion of a gravel base in the profile design limited capillary upflow, which resulted in lower soil moisture under pavements designed with a gravel base. Soil aeration was significantly lower beneath pavements relative to unpaved plots. This is likely related to greater soil moisture beneath pavements. Finally, soil pH increased beneath pavements, in particular beneath porous pavements. Though all growth parameters increased for trees surrounded by porous, rather than impervious pavement, this occurred only in the absence of a compacted subgrade and gravel base. Evidently, the impact of the compacted subgrade superseded the impact of pavement porosity. Furthermore, root growth was relatively shallow beneath pavements, likely due to favourable soil moisture directly beneath pavements. This research highlights (i) the dramatic effect of pavements on underlying soil conditions; (ii) that pavements do not inherently limit tree growth; (iii) that porous pavements can conditionally improve tree growth; and (iv) that soil compaction limits potential benefits resulting from porous pavements.

Les distributions spatiales des racines fines de Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) et d’une culture fourragère (FOUR) ont été étudiées dans un système agroforestier de culture intercalaire (SCI) du sud du Québec (Canada). L’étude ne révèle pas d’enracinement plus profond des arbres en SCI, mais des profils superficiels à l’instar de nombreuses espèces d’arbres en plantations ou en milieu naturel. Une séparation spatiale existe entre les systèmes racinaires du FOUR et des CHR dont la densité relative selon la profondeur est plus faible que celle de la culture de 0 à 10 cm, mais plus élevée de 10 à 30 cm. Les PEH ne présentent pas d’adaptation racinaire et les hautes valeurs de densités de longueur racinaires (FRLD) de surface près du tronc entraînent une diminution de 45 % de la densité racinaire de surface du fourrage, suggérant une forte compétition pour les ressources du sol. L’étude du rendement agricole a d’ailleurs révélé des réductions de biomasse fourragère particulièrement près des PEH. Cependant, les résultats d’une analyse à composantes principales suggèrent un impact secondaire de la compétition racinaire sur le rendement agricole, et une plus grande importance de la compétition pour la lumière. L’impact des PEH à croissance rapide sur la culture est plus grand que celui du CHR. Cependant, ils seront récoltés plus rapidement et l’espace libéré favorisera la croissance de la culture intercalaire. Cet aspect dynamique des SCI les rapproche des écosystèmes naturels et devrait être réfléchi et approfondi pour leur succès futur. / Spatial distributions of fine roots were studied in a tree-based intercrop system (TBI) with Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) and pasture species (FOUR) in southern Québec (Canada). Results didn’t show deeper root profiles for trees in TBI. Profiles were superficial as commonly found for tree species grown in conventional plantations or in natural ecosystems. More than 95 % of fine roots were found in 25 cm and 45 cm depth for CHR and PEH, and in 35 cm for pasture. However, spatial separation exists between CHR and pasture fine roots systems as CHR allocate less fine roots in the top 10 cm of soil, and more between 10 cm et 30 cm. PEH fine roots didn’t show any adaption when intercropped with pasture and a high value fine root length density (FRLD) in top soil layer near tree trunk reduces pasture FRLD by 45 %, suggesting strong competition interaction for resources. Pasture yield analysis revealed biomass reduction near trees, particularly near PEH. However results of a principal component analysis indicates stronger negative effect of light reduction on pasture yield than the presence of tree fines roots. PEH, a fast growing species, have stronger impact than CHR on pasture yield but they will be harvested sooner and larger alleys should benefit the intercrop. This dynamic aspect of TBI systems is close to natural ecosystems and should be further investigated for future success.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Pelegrini.pdf: 1004190 bytes, checksum: 26daaa45de58a2c587839433123a8662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / The present paper s objective is to analyse sanction competence given by constituent legislator to Court of Accounts as its function as controller. The legal dispositive analyses consubstantiated with VIII point, article 71 of Federal Constitution, resulted on observation that the mentioned punitive competence finds boundaries consubstantiated on the bills irregularities aspects and expenses illegalities, such points must orient the infraconstitutional legislator on illicit conducts determination and controlling organ on sanction application, in a way which some infractions prior in Federal Law 8.443/ 92 are in disagreement with the constitutional orientation. It is also approached on the aspect related to sanction legal nature applied by Court of Accounts, although it is of administrative nature, comes from his control function. The sanctioned norms named by the doctrine as open and elastic can be allowed, when the censored conduct discretion and respective sanction can make feasible the advance science of the individual, because such norms, themselves, cannot remove the incidence of typicity s principle. Besides that, the existence of the sanction norms linked by generic clauses leads to comprehension of regulament must be taken as relevant instruments to accomplish the mission of, without innovation, describe in a detailed way on conducts generically foresight in the law as illicit, even though in a exhaustive way, but through the exemplar roll to orient the individuals and limit the action of the norm applicant, as well as similar situations. The sanction appliance will only be validated if realised through legal procedures that assures the opportunity of defence in its plenitude, through clause observance of the due process of law and its resulting principles, situation in which some of Penal Law s own principles will be incided. At last, the cited procedure must be subjected to a reasonable deadline, analogically inciding, faced with Court of Accounts Organic s Law silence, the punitive pretension prescription deadline established by Federal Law 9.873/ 99 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a competência sancionatória conferida pelo legislador constituinte ao Tribunal de Contas da União, no exercício da função de controle. A análise do inciso VIII do artigo 71 da Constituição Federal resultou na constatação de que a referida competência punitiva encontra limites consubstanciados nos aspectos da irregularidade de contas e ilegalidade de despesas, vetores estes que devem orientar o legislador infraconstitucional na determinação das condutas ilícitas, e o órgão controlador na aplicação das sanções, de forma que algumas infrações previstas na Lei Federal nº 8.443/92 estão em desacordo com a orientação constitucional. Aborda-se também o aspecto relacionado à natureza jurídica da sanção aplicada pela Corte de Contas, que embora seja de natureza administrativa, decorre do exercício da função de controle. Assim, conquanto o legislador deva adotar cautelas para não criar situações de conflito na aplicação das mesmas sanções cujas competências estejam conferidas a autoridades integrantes dos órgãos controlados, os influxos decorrentes da função fiscalizatória afastam a caracterização do bis in idem não tolerado pelo direito pátrio, diante das diferentes áreas de atuação. As normas sancionadoras denominadas pela doutrina de abertas ou elásticas podem ser admitidas, quando a descrição das condutas censuradas e das respectivas sanções possa viabilizar a antecipada ciência dos indivíduos, porque tais normas, por si sós, não afastam a incidência do princípio da tipicidade. Além disso, a existência de normas sancionatórias veiculadas por cláusulas genéricas leva ao entendimento de que os regulamentos devem ser tidos como instrumentos relevantes para cumprimento da missão de, sem inovar, descrever de forma mais detalhada as condutas genericamente previstas na lei como ilícitas, ainda que não o façam de forma exaustiva, mas exemplificativa a orientar os indivíduos e limitar o âmbito de atuação do aplicador da norma, inclusive acerca de situações assemelhadas. A aplicação da sanção só será válida se realizada por meio de procedimento legal que assegure a oportunidade de defesa em sua plenitude, mediante a observância da clausula do devido processo legal e dos princípios dela decorrentes, situação em que incidirão alguns princípios próprios do direito penal. Por fim, referido procedimento deve se sujeitar a um prazo razoável de duração, incidindo analogicamente, diante do silêncio da Lei Orgânica do Tribunal de Contas da União, o prazo prescricional da pretensão punitiva estabelecido na Lei Federal nº 9.873/99

Inscrita no referencial teórico dos Estudos Culturais em Educação de vertente pós- estruturalista, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar a pedagogia colocada em operação por organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos no nicho da formação de professores e os possíveis efeitos de verdade que ela pretende disseminar. Seu corpus empírico é composto por materiais disponíveis na Internet sobre o funcionamento dessas instituições e por documentos relacionados às cinco estratégias identificadas como formas de implementação de tal pedagogia, quais sejam: a) edição de prêmios e exaltação de experiências de sucesso; b) realização e/ou publicização de pesquisas; c) publicação de revistas, livros e outros documentos; d) participação em discussões sobre educação; e e) oferta de programas de formação e cursos independentes. A fim de analisar essa gama de materiais, busquei inspiração teórico-metodológica na produção foucaultiana sobre discurso. Afora contribuir nesse sentido, Foucault foi tomado como referência na realização das discussões sobre neoliberalismo e educação junto a autores como Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia e outros. Para abordar as organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos, recorri à Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira e Haddad. Já no que se refere à(s) pedagogia(s), busquei aporte teórico nos trabalhos de Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, entre outros. A tese defendida em seu decorrer é que as organizações investigadas colocam em prática uma pedagogia a qual denominei de híbrida por resultar da combinação de características das pedagogias escolares e daquelas nomeadas como pedagogias culturais. Essa pedagogia híbrida produz sua própria necessidade, bem como opera no intuito de efetivar as aprendizagens almejadas por meio de processos cíclicos que tem como ponto de partida (e de chegada) modelos pré-estabelecidos pelas instituições que a implementam: de formação docente, no primeiro caso; e de professor, no segundo caso. Ademais, também faz parte dessa tese argumentativa a proposição de que a pedagogia sob análise, ao disseminar aprendizagens fortemente relacionadas a preceitos da lógica neoliberal, seria uma das formas de fazer o neoliberalismo funcionar “dentro de nós”, de ele “nos constituir”, como diz Ball (2014). Uma forma especialmente estratégica, porque, ao ter como foco a formação de professores, os investimentos para que os ideais neoliberais sejam internalizados são potencializados, visto que os efeitos dessa pedagogia não atingem apenas os docentes, mas também os estudantes com os quais ele trabalha, assim como, por meio deles, quiçá a sociedade como um todo. E, ao proporcionar que tal racionalidade funcione desse modo, a referida pedagogia contribui no sentido de reduzir a necessidade de estratégias exógenas do neoliberalismo no intuito de mantê-lo como lógica vigente. / Belonging to the theoretical framework of Cultural Studies in Education, specifically its poststructuralist branch, this research aims to analyze the pedagogy performed by some civil society non-profit organizations in the niche of teacher education and the possible truth effects that it may disseminate. Its empirical corpus is composed by materials available online about the working system of these institutions and through documents related to five strategies identified as ways of implementation of this pedagogy, such as: a) award editions and exaltation of successful experiences; b) research conduction and publicizing; c) publication of journals, books, and other documents; d) discussions in education participation; and e) education programs and independent courses offers. In order to analyze these materials, I searched theoretical and methodological inspiration in Foucault’s production on discourse. Besides contributing on this sense, Foucault were part of the theoretical background in the discussions on neoliberalism and education along with others such as Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia. To approach civil society non-profit organizations, I resorted to Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira e Haddad. In terms of pedagogie(s), I found theoretical support on works by Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, among others. The thesis defended throughout this research is that the organizations analized put into practice a pedagogy which I have named as hybrid since it results from a combination of characteristics from both school and cultural pedagogies. This hybrid pedagogy produces its own necessities, and it operates with the intent of making the aimed learning outcomes effective through cycle processes that have, as a starting (and arrival) point, models already established by institutions which have implemented them: models of teacher education, in the first case; and models of teachers themselves, in the second case. Moreover, it is also part of this argumentative thesis the proposition that the pedagogy under analysis, while disseminating pedagogies strong related to neoliberal logic precepts, would allow for making neoliberalism work ‘inside us’, ‘constituting us’, as Ball (2014) has claimed. This is an special strategic way, because having the focus on teacher education may potentialize the internalization of investments on neoliberal ideas, since the effects of this pedagogy not only impact teachers, but also their students, and through them, mostly likely the society as a whole. By making this rationale work in this way, the hybrid pedagogy contributes to the reduction of neoliberalism exogenous strategies to maintain the prevailing logic. / Inscripta en el referencial teórico de los Estudios Culturales en Educación de vertiente post- estructuralista, esta investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la pedagogía puesta en operación por organizaciones de la sociedad civil sin fines lucrativos en el nicho de la formación de profesores y los posibles efectos de verdad que ella pretende diseminar. Su corpus empírico es compuesto por materiales disponibles en la Internet sobre el funcionamiento de esas instituciones y por documentos relacionados a las cinco estrategias identificadas como formas de implementación de tal pedagogía, que son: a) edición de premios y exaltación de experiencias de éxitos; b) realización y/o anuncios de investigaciones; c) publicación de revistas, libros y otros documentos; d) participación en discusiones sobre educación; y e) oferta de programas de formación y cursos independientes. Con la finalidad de analizar esa gama de materiales, busqué inspiración teórico-metodológica en la producción foucaultiana sobre discurso. Además de contribuir en ese sentido, Foucault fue tomado como referencia en la realización de las discusiones sobre neoliberalismo y educación junto a autores como Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia y otros. Para tratar sobre las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sin fines lucrativos, recurrí a Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira y Haddad. En lo que se refiere a las pedagogías, busqué aporte teórico en los trabajos de investigación de Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, entre otros. La tesis defendida en su transcurso es que las organizaciones analizadas ponen en práctica una pedagogía, a la que califiqué de híbrida por resultar de la combinación de características de las pedagogías escolares y de aquellas nombradas como pedagogías culturales. Esa pedagogía híbrida produce su propia necesidad, puesto que opera en el intuito de efectivar los aprendizajes anhelados por medio de procesos cíclicos que tienen como punto de partida (y de llegada) modelos preestablecidos por las instituciones que la implementan: de formación docente, en el primero caso; y de profesor, en el segundo caso. Además, también hace parte de esa tesis argumentativa la proposición que la pedagogía bajo análisis, al diseminar aprendizajes fuertemente relacionadas a preceptos de la lógica neoliberal, sería una de las formas de hacer el neoliberalismo funcionar “dentro de nosotros”, de él “nos constituir”, como dice Ball (2014). Una forma especialmente estratégica, porque, al tener como foco la formación de profesores, las inversiones para que los ideales neoliberales sean internalizados son potencializados, ya que los efectos de esa pedagogía no alcanzan apenas los maestros, pero también a los estudiantes con los cuales él trabaja, así como, por medio de ellos, quizá la sociedad como un todo. También, al proporcionar que tal racionalidad funcione de ese modo, la referida pedagogía contribuye para reducir la necesidad de estrategias exógenas del neoliberalismo en el intuito de mantenerlo como lógica vigente.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la dynamique océanique induite par les échelles spatiales et temporelles de l'atmosphère, et du vent en particulier, dans les régions d'upwelling du Benguela et des Canaries. Ces régions sont sous l'influence d'un vent local ou régional, soufflant parallèlement à la côte. "Moteur" principal de la résurgence d'eau froide, ce vent est modulé par des processus physiques à des échelles spatio-temporelles variées. La nature des interactions avec l'atmosphère, l'océan et le continent environnants diffère selon les processus. Depuis deux décennies, des efforts remarquables portent sur la description par télédétection des champs atmosphériques à la surface de l’océan. Un nombre croissant de missions spatiales et des améliorations techniques majeures ont permis de raffiner la résolution horizontale et temporelle des produits disponibles à l'échelle globale. La disponibilité de multiples mesures diffusiométriques grillées, traitées et distribuées par le LOSCERSAT,nous amène dans un premier temps à comparer et analyser la richesse et la finesse des échelles retranscrites par différents produits. Ainsi, plusieurs gammes d'échelles de vent sont différenciées et leurs signatures sur l'upwelling côtier sont étudiées. L'intensité des anticyclones subtropicaux (Sainte Hélène et Açores) module la saisonnalité de l'upwelling le long des côtes Ouest africaines. Les régions centrales des upwellings de l’Atlantique, sous l'influence permanente de ces centres de haute pression, sont ainsi les cellules d'upwelling les plus intenses de chacun des systèmes en termes de pérennité et d'intensité (cellule de Lüderitz et cellule de Dakhla respectivement dans l'hémisphère Sud et l'hémisphère Nord). À l'échelle régionale, ou l'échelle des sous-bassins (O(1000 km)), la variabilité intrasaisonnière du vent est contrôlée par le renforcement ou l'atténuation des anticyclones entraînant à la côte l'activation ou la relaxation d'événements d'upwelling. À des échelles plus petites (O(100 km)), le front caractéristique de température de surface (SST) entre la côte et le large façonne la structure spatiale du vent par des processus de stabilisation/déstabilisation de la colonne d'air. Un vent soufflant en direction de l'équateur et parallèlement à un front de SST aura tendance à diminuer (augmenter) sur le flanc froid (chaud) de ce front. Le rotationnel (la divergence) du vent est directement impacté(e) et répond linéairement, au premier ordre, à la composante du gradient de SST normale (tangentielle) à la direction du vent. Ces rétroactions océaniques sont caractérisées par une échelle temporelle allant de l'hebdomadaire au mensuel. Enfin, de fines échelles du vent sont couramment observées dans les premiers kilomètres de l’océan au voisinage de la côte. L’interface entre le large et le continent est en effet associée à un affaiblissement significatif des vents. L'extension zonale de cette transition (O(10 km)) dépend notamment de l'orographie et de la rugosité de surface du continent adjacent. L'impact d'une telle réduction du vent sur la structure des upwellings côtiers, la dynamique sous-jacente et le transport côte-large de particules est appréhendé à l'aide d'analyses numériques eulériennes et lagrangiennes. / This study focuses on the oceanic response to fine atmospheric spatial and temporal scales, and especially fine wind patterns in the Benguela and Canary upwelling systems. These regions are under the influence of local or regional wind, blowing parallel to the coast. Thewind is the main driver of the cold-water upwelling and is modulated by several physical processes at various scales. The nature of the interactions with the atmosphere, the ocean and the adjacent continent differs according to these processes. For the past 20 years, outstanding efforts have been made in the description and understanding of the atmospheric conditions at the sea surface. An increasing number of space missions and major technical improvements have allowed refinement of the horizontaland temporal resolution of the products available at global scale. The availability of multiple gridded scatterometer measurements,processed and distributed by the LOS-CERSAT, brings us first to compare and analyze the richness and fineness of the scales of a few products. We differentiate several wind scales and study their signatures on coastal upwelling dynamics. The intensity of the subtropical anticyclones (Saint Helena andAzores) modulates the seasonality of the upwelling along the Africanwest coast. The central regions of both upwelling systems are permanently under the influence of these atmospheric highs and,thus, are the most intense upwelling cells of each system, both interms of durability and intensity (Lüderitz and Dakhla cells for the southern and the northern hemisphere, respectively). On a regional scale, or basin scale (O(1000 km)), the intraseasonal wind variability is driven by the strengthening or weakening of these anticyclones, causing the activation or relaxation of upwelling events at the coast.At smaller scales (O(100 km)), the characteristic sea surface temperature (SST) front between the coastal and open ocean shapes the spatial structure of the wind by stabilization/destabilization of the air column. An equatorward-blowing wind parallel to an SST front tends to decrease (increase) on the cold side (warm) of this front. The curl (divergence) of the wind is directly impacted and the first order response varies linearly with the crosswind (downwind) SST gradient. This oceanic feedback is characterized by weekly to monthly temporal scales. Finally, small-scale wind structures are frequently observed in the first kilometers of the coastal ocean. Indeed, the interface between the open ocean and the continent is associated with a significant wind drop-off. The zonal extension of this transition (O(10 km) depends on the orography and on the surface roughness of the adjacent continent. The impact of such a wind reduction on the structure of the coastal upwelling, the underlying ocean dynamics and the cross-shore transport of particles is diagnosed with both Eulerian and Lagrangian numerical analyses.

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, trata do planejamento e concepção de material didático destinado ao ensino de espanhol para fins específicos em torno a gêneros de texto para a modalidade subsequente de um Instituto Federal do sul do Brasil: o curso Técnico em Transações Imobiliárias. Sendo cursos que objetivam dar formação e qualificação profissional para os estudantes, os cursos técnicos subsequentes apresentam um contexto propício para o ensino de línguas para fins específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, é essencial realizar uma análise de necessidades que sirva como base para o planejamento e concepção de materiais voltados para atender às demandas acadêmicas ou profissionais específicas dos estudantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Assim, com o interesse de conceber uma proposta didática de ensino de espanhol com base em gêneros de texto para esse tipo de curso, considerou-se a questão dos gêneros desde a etapa de análise de necessidades. Os pressupostos teóricos utilizados para embasar essa análise advêm da sociorretórica, em especial, a proposta teórico-metodológica de estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para a identificação e compreensão dos gêneros de texto que circulam em determinado contexto sociocomunicativo. Para a etapa de análise e didatização das características dos gêneros identificados, utilizou-se o quadro teórico-metodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), mais especificamente a proposta de didatização das capacidades de linguagem necessárias para a produção e/ou recepção de gêneros de texto, por meio da elaboração de sequências didáticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). O corpus foi constituído por meio da aplicação de questionários e da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, notas de campo e coleta de exemplares de gêneros de texto. Entre os procedimentos metodológicos adotados para analisar o sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários, utilizou-se a proposta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) e as técnicas e procedimentos da teoria fundamentada nos dados para codificar, categorizar e relacionar as informações (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). Já para a análise das características didatizáveis dos gêneros de texto identificados, utilizaram-se as sugestões metodológicas do quadro do ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Os resultados apontaram que a análise do sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários de Porto Alegre e a identificação dos gêneros de texto em espanhol que podem ser utilizados por esses profissionais, no atendimento a clientes hispanofalantes, geraram relevante subsídio informativo para: (a) conhecer as capacidades de linguagem que constituem os gêneros de texto nessa língua, especialmente as de nível pré-textual; (b) orientar o planejamento de um material didático de espanhol para corretores, organizados por meio de sequências didáticas; (c) elaborar enunciados e atividades que explorem as capacidades de linguagem características dos gêneros levando em conta as situações sociocomunicativas necessárias para a sua produção e/ou recepção. Foi possível concluir que a relação de intersecção e complementaridade entre o estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) e a proposta de didatização do ISD tem potencial para subsidiar o planejamento de material didático para ELFE, organizado em sequências didáticas. / This qualitative research focuses on the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed at the teaching of Spanish for specific purposes based on genres for the subsequent modality course of a Federal Institute in the southern of Brazil: the course of Technician in Real Estate. Because vocational education courses aim to train and professionally qualify students, they provide the right context for the teaching of languages for specific purposes (LSP). For courses of LSP, it is essential to carry out a needs analysis that supports the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed to meet the specific professional and academic needs of students (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Thus, with the intent to conceptualize a didactic proposal for the teaching of Spanish based on genres for vocational education courses, the concept of genres have been considered since the needs analysis stage in the research. The theoretical foundations used to support such an analysis come from the Rhetorical Genre Studies, specially, the theoretical and methodological proposal of the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) to identify and comprehend the genres that circulate in a specific socio-communicative context. For the stage of analysis and didactization of the characteristics of the identified genres, the theoretical and methodological framework of the Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) has been used, more specifically the proposal of didactization of language capacities needed for the production and/or consumption of genres, based on the production of didactic sequences (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). The corpus was generated through surveys and semi-structured interviews, field notes and the gathering of exemplars of genres. Among the methodological procedures adopted to analyse the activity systems of the real estate agents, Bazerman’s methodological proposal (2005) and the techniques and procedures of grounded theory to code, categorize and relate pieces of information were used (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). In relation to the analysis of the didactic characteristics of the genres identified, the methodological suggestions of the SDI framework were used (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). The findings indicate that the analysis of the activity systems of real estate agents of Porto Alegre and the identification of the genres in Spanish that can be used by such professionals, to engage with Hispanic-speaker clients, generated relevant informative subsidy to: (a) know the language capacities, especially those of the pre-textual level of analysis, that constitute the genres in Spanish; (b) guide the design of Spanish teaching material for real estate agents based on didactic sequences; (c) produce instructions and activities that explore the language capacities characteristic of genres based on the socio-communicative situations needed for their production and/or consumption. The study allowed the conclusion that the relation of intersection and complementarity between the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) and the proposal of didactization of SDI have potential to subsidize the design of learning materials for the teaching of languages for specific purposes. / Esta investigación, de naturaleza cualitativa, trata de la planificación y creación de un material didáctico destinado a la enseñanza de español para fines específicos acerca de géneros de texto para un curso de Gestor Técnico Inmobiliario, en un Instituto Federal del sur de Brasil. Siendo cursos que tienen por objetivo impartir formación y cualificación profesional, esos cursos técnicos presentan un contexto favorable para la enseñanza de lenguas para fines específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, es esencial realizar un análisis de necesidades que sirva como base para la planificación y creación de materiales dirigidos a atender las demandas académicas o profesionales específicas de los estudiantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Con el interés de crear una propuesta didáctica de enseñanza de español con base en géneros de texto para ese tipo de curso, se consideró el tema de los géneros desde la etapa de análisis de necesidades. Las concepciones teóricas utilizadas para fundamentar ese análisis vienen de la socio-retórica, especialmente, de la propuesta teórico-metodológica de estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para la identificación y comprensión de los géneros de texto que circulan en determinado entorno sociocomunicativo. Para la etapa de análisis y didactización de las características de los géneros identificados, se utilizó el cuadro teórico-metodológico del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), más específicamente la propuesta de didactización de las capacidades de lenguaje necesarias para la producción y/o recepción de géneros de texto, a través de la elaboración de secuencias didácticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). El corpus fue constituido por medio de la aplicación de cuestionarios y de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, anotaciones de campo y colecta de ejemplares de géneros de texto. Entre los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados para analizar el sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios, se utilizó la propuesta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) y las técnicas y procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada en los datos para codificar, categorizar y relacionar las informaciones (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ,2009). Para el análisis de las características didácticas de los géneros de textos identificados, se utilizaron las sugestiones metodológicas de cuadro ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998;CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Los resultados muestran que el análisis del sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios de Porto Alegre y la identificación de los géneros de texto de español que pueden ser utilizados por esos profesionales, en la atención a clientes hispanohablantes, produjeron relevante contribución informativa para: (a) conocer las capacidades de lenguaje que constituyen los géneros de texto en este idioma, especialmente las de nivel pre-textual; (b) orientar la planificación de un material didáctico de idioma español para agentes inmobiliarios, organizados a través de secuencias didácticas; (c) elaborar enunciados y actividades que busquen desarrollar las capacidades de lenguaje características de los géneros tomando en cuenta las situaciones sociocomunicativas necesarias para su producción y/o recepción. Fue posible concluir que la relación de intersección y complementariedad entre el estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) y la propuesta de didactización del ISD tiene potencial para apoyar la planificación de material didáctico para ELFE, organizado en secuencias didácticas.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension des principaux mécanismes d'action des additions minérales incorporées dans les bétons. L'utilisation de ces matériaux, couplés aux superplastifiants, a permis d'améliorer de façon significative la formulation des bétons ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques et de durabilité. Toutefois, afin d'en tirer le meilleur parti, il est nécessaire de connaître les caractéristiques de ces additions minérales et leur action sur les propriétés des bétons. La première partie de la thèse approfondit deux aspects de la caractérisation des fines (quantification de la phase amorphe par diffraction des rayons X et granularité des fines par granulométrie laser) dans le but d'augmenter la confiance dans les résultats obtenus. La deuxième partie met en évidence les effets de l'introduction de fines minérales sur le comportement rhéologique des pâtes de ciment puis élabore les premiers éléments permettant d'en comprendre les principaux mécanismes d'action. L'analyse des résultats montre que : - les modifications des grandeurs rhéologiques (seuil de cisaillement et viscosité apparente) dépendent fortement des propriétés physico-chimiques des fines utilisées (surface spécifique, granularité, composition), particulièrement celles modifiant la compacité et les interactions entre les particules solides ; - le comportement rhéologique des pâtes n'est pas fondamentalement modifié par l'incorporation de fines minérales ainsi que par l'utilisation de la vibration, qui n'ont qu'une fonction d'amplification ou de réduction de phénomènes tel que le rhéoépaississement ; le superplastifiant présente toutefois un rôle primordial, puisque sa teneur croissante dans les mélanges entraîne le passage progressif d'un comportement rhéofluidifiant à un comportement rhéoépaississant.