Arbetet har syftat till att undersöka och problematisera flaggstatens och klassificeringssällskapens roller såsom kontrollfunktion avseende sjösäkerhet. Frågor har ställts angående vilka skyldigheter flaggstater å ena sidan, och klassificeringssällskap å andra sidan, har vad gäller fartygskonstruktion och fartygssäkerhet. Vidare har arbetet även behandlat frågan vilka sjösäkerhetsrelaterade effekter som kan uppkomma av att flaggstaten delegerar skyldigheter avseende konstruktion till klassificeringssällskap. För att besvara frågorna har en kvalitativ dokumentstudie gjorts, med vissa inslag av rättsdogmatik i de delar som avsett finna gällande rätt på området. Materialet för dokumentstudiens del har till stor del valts ut genom en bred sökning i litteratur och avhandlingar på området. På så vis har det använda materialet redan genomgått en urvalsprocess och därmed ansetts vara relevant för arbetet. Resultatet visar att det finns en viss överlappning i kontrollfunktionsrollen för både flaggstaten och klassificeringssällskapen. Att delegering av skyldigheter sker från flaggstaten till klassificeringssällskapen är inte nödvändigtvis problematiskt. Dock kan en delegering få negativa effekter på sjösäkerheten i de fall klassificeringssällskapen inte är i paritet med flaggstaten eller båda parter saknar en effektiv kontrollfunktion med högt ställda krav. Skulle delegering ske till ett klassificeringssällskap som har en god kontrollfunktion med höga krav kan brister som finns inom flaggstaten, såsom bristande resurser och kompetens, avhjälpas. Trots att systemet till stor del verkar fungera tillfredsställande finns anledning att fortsätta forska inom området för att undersöka hur de problem som belysts i detta arbete kan åtgärdas eller förhindras i framtiden. / The aim of this paper has been to investigate and problematize the roles of the flag state and the classification societies in regard to their maritime safety control function. Questions have been raised regarding what obligations flag states on one hand, and classification societies on the other hand, have regarding ship construction and ship safety. Furthermore, the paper has also addressed the question of what maritime safety-related effects may arise from the flag state delegating their duties to classification societies. To answer the questions, a qualitative document study has been conducted, with some elements of legal dogmatics in certain parts in order to find the current legal situation. The material for the document study has been selected by thorough research into literature and dissertations in the area. Therefore, the chosen material has been previously reviewed and gone through a selection process and was thus considered relevant for this paper. The result has shown that there is some overlap in the control function for both the flag state and the classification societies. Delegating obligations from the flag state to the classification societies is not necessarily problematic. However, delegation of the said duties can have negative effects on maritime safety in cases where the classification societies are not on par with the flag state or both parties lack an effective control apparatus to enforce high standards. Should delegation occur to a classification society that has a good control apparatus with high requirements, possible shortcomings that exist within the flag state, such as lack of resources and skills, can be remedied by the high standard performance of the classification society. Even though the system might seem satisfactorily at first glance, there is room for further research in the area in order to investigate how the existing problems can be managed and prevented in the future.

The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 reaffirmed the school as the centre of change and as critical for promoting sustainable education. The purpose of this research was to assess, firstly, how the Eco-Schools Programme can achieve whole school development by implementing sustainability education, and secondly, the feasibility of its incorporation into the formal school system. It examined what impact the South African Eco-Schools Programme, since 2003, has had on the implementation of sustainable education through whole school development. The qualitative evaluation research design was used and data was collected through interviews, questionnaires and narratives that included all role players. It noted the strengths of the programmes already in place and identified the challenges that still need to be addressed. The outcome of the study proves that the Eco-Schools Programme does achieve whole school development by implementing sustainability education and should be incorporated into the formal education system. / Further Teacher Education / M.A. (Education)

Les coefficients de Kronecker, qui sont indexés par des triplets de partitions et décrivent la décomposition du produit tensoriel de deux représentations irréductibles d'un groupe symétrique en somme directe de telles représentations, ont été introduits par Francis Murnaghan dans les années 1930. Il a notamment remarqué un comportement particulier de ces coefficients : à partir de n'importe quel triplet de partitions, on peut construire une certaine suite de coefficients de Kronecker qui est stationnaire.Afin de généraliser cette propriété, John Stembridge a introduit en 2014 une notion de stabilité pour les triplets de partitions, ainsi qu'une autre notion -- celle de triplet faiblement stable -- dont il a conjecturé qu'elle serait équivalente à la précédente. Cette conjecture a été démontrée peu après par Steven Sam et Andrew Snowden, par des méthodes algébriques.Dans cette thèse, on donne notamment une autre démonstration -- cette fois géométrique -- de cette équivalence grâce à l'interprétation classique des coefficients de Kronecker comme dimensions d'espaces de sections de fibrés en droites sur des variétés de drapeaux. Ces méthodes permettent également de s'intéresser à quelques questions plus précises : la stabilité dont on parle consiste en le fait que certaines suites de coefficients sont stationnaires, et on se demande à partir de quand ces suites deviennent constantes.On applique ensuite ces techniques à d'autres exemples de coefficients de branchement, puis on s'intéresse à un autre problème : celui de produire des triplets stables de partitions. On généralise ainsi un résultat obtenu indépendamment par Laurent Manivel et Ernesto Vallejo sur ce sujet / The Kronecker coefficients, which are indexed by triples of partitions and describe how the tensor product of two irreducible representations of the symmetric group decomposes as a direct sum of such representations, were introduced by Francis Murnaghan in the 1930s. He notably noticed a remarkable behaviour of these coefficients: from any triple of partitions, one can construct a particular sequence of Kronecker coefficients which eventually stabilises.In order to generalise this property, John Stembridge introduced in 2014 a notion of stability for triples of partitions, as well as another notion -- of weakly stable triple -- about which he conjectured that it should be equivalent to the previous one. This conjecture was proven shortly after by Steven Sam and Andrew Snowden, with algebraic methods.In this thesis we especially give another proof -- this time geometric -- of this equivalence, using the classical expression of the Kronecker coefficients as dimensions of spaces of sections of line bundles on flag varieties. With these methods we can also be interested in more specific questions: since the stability which we discuss means that some sequences of coefficients stabilise, one can wonder at which point these sequences become constant.We then apply these techniques to other examples of branching coefficients, and are also interested in another problem: how can we produce stable triples of partitions? We thus generalise a result obtained independently by Laurent Manivel and Ernesto Vallejo on this subject

[pt] A partir dos anos 80, de forma cada vez mais freqüente, um fenômeno social passou a fazer parte do cotidiano brasileiro: o uso de peças de design gráfico e de produto criados sob inspiração da bandeira nacional. Embora este tipo de apropriação da bandeira não seja permitido por lei, sua recorrência motivou, nos anos 90, a criação de um processo, ainda em andamento no Senado, visando à mudança na legislação. A presente dissertação, como pesquisa qualitativa, propõe a busca das razões sociais e históricas que resultam neste fenômeno, priorizando a análise através do design. Revelando os atributos gráficos da bandeira brasileira, que estimulam sua utilização como base de criação para comunicação visual, a pesquisa promove os debates em torno de símbolos nacionais e reafirma a participação do design nos estudos sociais brasileiros. / [en] A social phenomenon has become current in Brazil in the past twenty years: the use of items focusing on the Brazilian flag as created by designers. Considering that this kind of appropriation of the Brazilian flag is not allowed by law, its recurrence motivated, in the 90s, a plea for change in this law, still running in the Senate for approval. As a qualitative type of research, the present thesis proposes a search for the social and historical reasons that made this phenomenon to occur. It shows the graphic attributes of the Brazilian flag, which somehow stimulate its use by visual communicators. This research also fosters debates around our national symbols, and reaffirms design as an issue in the Brazilian Social Studies.

La presente tesi propone uno studio sulla multivittimizzazione delle banche in Italia. In questo paese nell’ultimo decennio si è concentrato circa il 50% delle rapine europee, delineando una situazione critica in termini di sicurezza e di impatto economico sulle banche. La ricerca empirica prova che il crimine si concentra su di una esigua parte della popolazione e che la vittimizzazione è il più efficace predittore di criminalità: dato un primo episodio, un target tende a subire un altro reato in un breve periodo di tempo. Mentre altre tipologie di reato sono state largamente esplorate, poco è stato fatto riguardo le rapine in banca. Questa tesi vuole colmare questa lacuna analizzando l’universo delle rapine in banca avvenute in Italia tra il 2007 ed il 2009. L’analisi dimostra che in Italia il 5% delle filiali concentra su di sé circa il 45% delle rapine; una volta vittimizzata, infatti, una banca viene esposta al 36% di probabilità di subire un’ulteriore rapina nei sei mesi successivi. Questa concentrazione è determinata dal successo della precedente rapina, che spinge gli stessi rapinatori a tornare(boost effect), ma anche dalle caratteristiche della banca (flag effect), che la espongono all’azione di più criminali. / The present thesis proposes a study on repeated bank robbery in Italy. In the last decade, about 50% of European bank robberies have occurred in this country, drawing a problematic situation in terms of both safety and economic impact on banks. Empirical research proves that crime is concentrated on a small proportion of the population and therefore victimization is the best predictor of crime. While repeat victimization has been studies with regard to several crime types, little attention has been paid to bank robbery. This thesis aims at filling this gap by analyzing the universe of bank robberies occurred in Italy between 2007 and 2009. The study shows that, in Italy, only 5% branches accounts for about 45% of all robberies; once victimized, indeed, a bank is exposed to 36% probabilities to be victimized again within the following six months. This concentration is determined by both the success of prior offence, which drives the repeats by original offenders (boost effect), and the characteristics of banks, which expose them to the action of multiple offenders (flag effect).

Wheat is one of the most essential food sources in the world. However, there has been serious yield loss of wheat production due to stripe rust disease caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. The cost-effective and long-lasting defense to the disease can be achieved by generating genetically resistant crops against the disease forming pathogens. To accomplish this, first step is to acquire knowledge in the plant pathogen interactions of the crop and the pathogen of interests at the cellular and the molecular level. In this thesis research, PstHa2a5 candidate effector gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is investigated to identify its role and interaction between host factors in yellow rust infected Triticum aestivum L. The gene construct was engineered with FLAG-tag fusion at its N-terminus, and synthesized. This construct was cloned into pJL48-TRBO vector for an expression in Nicotiana benthamiana via agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. The expressed protein structure with FLAG-tag was purified, and immunoprecipitated with one putative N. benthamiana interactor by immunoprecipitation experiments. This candidate interactor protein will be identified with Mass Spectroscopy. In addition to this, subcellular localization of the effector candidate was examined in N. benthamiana plant. This was achieved by cloning PstHa2a5 gene construct in pK7WGF2 gateway destination vector and localization is determined by GFP expression in N. benthamiana after agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation.

Microsoft Research / Although runtime systems and the dynamic compilation model have revolutionized the process of application development and deployment, the associated performance overheads continue to be a cause for concern and much research. In the first part of this thesis, we describe the design and implementation of an adaptive recompilation framework for Rotor, a shared source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) that can increase program performance through intelligent recompilation decisions and optimizations based on the program's past behavior. Our extensions to Rotor include a low overhead runtime-stack based sampling profiler that identifies program hotspots. A recompilation controller oversees the recompilation process and generates recompilation requests. At the first-level of a multi-level optimizing compiler, code in the intermediate language is converted to an internal intermediate representation and optimized using a set of simple transformations. The compiler uses a fast yet effective linear scan algorithm for register allocation. Hot methods can be instrumented in order to collect basic-block, edge and call-graph profile information. Profile-guided optimizations driven by online profile information are used to further optimize heavily executed methods at the second level of recompilation. An evaluation of the framework using a set of test programs shows that performance can improve by a maximum of 42.3% and by 9% on average. Our results also show that the overheads of collecting accurate profile information through instrumentation to an extent outweigh the benefits of profile-guided optimizations in our implementation, suggesting the need for implementing techniques that can reduce such overheads. A flexible and extensible framework design implies that additional profiling and optimization techniques can be easily incorporated to further improve performance. As previously stated, fine-grained and accurate profile information must be available at low cost for advanced profile-guided optimizations to be effective in online environments. In this second part of this thesis, we propose a generic framework that makes it possible for instrumentation based profilers to collect profile data efficiently, a task that has traditionally been associated with high overheads. The essence of the scheme is to make the underlying hardware aware of instrumentation using a special set of profile instructions and tuned microarchitecture. This not only allows the hardware to provide the runtime with mechanisms to control the profiling activity, but also makes it possible for the hardware itself to optimize the process of profiling in a manner transparent to the runtime. We propose selective instruction dispatch as one possible controlling mechanism that can be used by the runtime to manage the execution of profile instructions and keep profiling overheads under check. We propose profile flag prediction, a hardware optimization that complements the selective dispatch mechanism by not fetching profile instructions when the runtime has turned profiling off. The framework is light-weight and flexible. It eliminates the need for expensive book-keeping, recompilation or code duplication. Our simulations with benchmarks from the SPEC CPU2000 suite show that overheads for call-graph and basic block profiling can be reduced by 72.7% and 52.4% respectively with a negligible loss in accuracy.

Soit G un groupe algébrique semi-simple sur un corps de caractéristique 0. Ce mémoire discute d'un théorème d'annulation de la cohomologie supérieure du faisceau D des opérateurs différentiels sur une variété de drapeaux de G. On démontre que si P est un sous-groupe parabolique de G, alors H^i(G/P,D)=0 pour tout i>0. On donne en fait trois preuves indépendantes de ce théorème. La première preuve est de Hesselink et n'est valide que dans le cas où le sous-groupe parabolique est un sous-groupe de Borel. Elle utilise un argument de suites spectrales et le théorème de Borel-Weil-Bott. La seconde preuve est de Kempf et n'est valide que dans le cas où le radical unipotent de P agit trivialement sur son algèbre de Lie. Elle n'utilise que le théorème de Borel-Weil-Bott. Enfin, la troisième preuve est attribuée à Elkik. Elle est valide pour tout sous-groupe parabolique mais utilise le théorème de Grauert-Riemenschneider. On présente aussi une construction détaillée du faisceau des opérateurs différentiels sur une variété. / Let G be a semisimple algebraic group on a field of characteristic 0. This thesis discusses a vanishing theorem for the higher cohomology of the sheaf D of differential operators on a flag variety of G. We show that if P is a parabolic subgroup of G, then H^i(G/P,D)=0 for all i>0. In fact, we give three independent proofs of this theorem. The first proof, due to Hesselink, only works if the parabolic subgroup P is a Borel subgroup. It uses a spectral sequence argument as well as the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem. The second proof, due to Kempf, only works if the unipotent radical of P acts trivially on its Lie algebra. It only uses the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem. Finally, the third proof, due to Elkik, is valid for any parabolic subgroup. However, it uses the Grauert-Riemenschneider theorem. We also present a detailled construction of the sheaf of differential operators on a variety.

Μια πολλαπλότητα Riemann (M, g) ονομάζεται Einstein αν έχει σταθερή καμπυλότητα Ricci. Είναι γνωστό ότι αν (M=G/K, g) είναι μια συμπαγής ομογενής πολλαπλότητα Riemann, τότε οι G-αναλλοίωτες μετρικές Einstein μοναδιαίου όγκου, είναι τα κρίσιμα σημεία του συναρτησοειδούς ολικής βαθμωτής καμπυλότητας περιορισμένο στο χώρο των G-αναλλοίωτων μετρικών με όγκο 1. Για μια G-αναλλοίωτη μετρική Riemann η εξίσωση Einstein ανάγεται σε ένα σύστημα αλγεβρικών εξισώσεων. Οι θετικές πραγματικές λύσεις του συστήματος αυτού είναι ακριβώς οι G-αναλλοίωτες μετρικές Einstein που δέχεται η πολλαπλότητα Μ. Μια σημαντική οικογένεια συμπαγών ομογενών χώρων αποτελείται από τις γενικευμένες πολλαπλότητες σημαιών. Κάθε τέτοιος χώρος είναι μια τροχιά της συζυγούς αναπαράστασης μιας συμπαγούς, συνεκτικής, ημι-απλής ομάδας Lie G. Πρόκειται για ομογενείς πολλαπλότητες της μορφής G/C(S), όπου C(S) είναι ο κεντροποιητής ενός δακτυλίου S στην G. Κάθε τέτοιος χώρος δέχεται ένα πεπερασμένο πλήθος από G-αναλλοίωτες μετρικές Kahler-EInstein. Στην παρούσα διατριβή ταξινομούμε όλες τις πολλαπλότητες σημαιών G/K που αντιστοιχούν σε μια απλή ομάδα Lie G, των οποίων η ισοτροπική αναπαράσταση διασπάται σε 2 ή 4 μη αναγώγιμους και μη ισοδύναμους Ad(K)-αναλλοίωτους προσθετέους. Για κάθε τέτοιο χώρο λύνουμε την αναλλοίωτη εξίσωση Εinstein, και παρουσιάζουμε την αναλυτική μορφή νέων G-αναλλοίωτων μετρικών Einstein. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις παρουσιάζουμε την πλήρη ταξινόμηση των αναλλοίωτων μετρικών Einstein. Επίσης εξετάζουμε το ισομετρικό πρόβλημα. Για την κατασκευή της εξίσωσης Einstein σε κάποιες πολλαπλότητες σημαιών με 4 ισοτροπικούς προσθετέους χρησιμοποιούμε την νηματοποίηση συστροφής που δέχεται κάθε πολλαπλότητα σημαιών επί ενός ισοτροπικά μη αναγώγιμου συμμετρικού χώρου συμπαγούς τύπου. Αυτή η μέθοδος είναι καινούργια και μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί και σε άλλες πολλαπλότητες σημαιών. / A Riemannian manifold (M, g) is called Einstein, if it has constant Ricci curvature. It is well known that if (M=G/K, g) is a compact homogeneous Riemannian manifold, then the G-invariant \tl{Einstein} metrics of unit volume, are the critical points of the scalar curvature function restricted to the space of all G-invariant metrics with volume 1. For a G-invariant Riemannian metric the Einstein equation reduces to a system of algebraic equations. The positive real solutions of this system are the $G$-invariant Einstein metrics on M. An important family of compact homogeneous spaces consists of the generalized flag manifolds. These are adjoint orbits of a compact semisimple Lie group. Flag manifolds of a compact connected semisimple Lie group exhaust all compact and simply connected homogeneous Kahler manifolds and are of the form G/C(S), where C(S) is the centralizer (in G) of a torus S in G. Such homogeneous spaces admit a finite number of G-invariant complex structures, and for any such complex structure there is a unique compatible G-invariant Kahler-Einstein metric. In this thesis we classify all flag manifolds M=G/K of a compact simple Lie group G, whose isotropy representation decomposes into 2 or 4, isotropy summands. For these spaces we solve the (homogeneous) Einstein equation, and we obtain the explicit form of new G-invariant Einstein metrics. For most cases we give the classification of homogeneous Einstein metrics. We also examine the isometric problem. For the construction of the Einstein equation on certain flag manifolds with four isotropy summands, we apply for first time the twistor fibration of a flag manifold over an isotropy irreducible symmetric space of compact type. This method is new and it can be used also for other flag manifolds. For flag manifolds with two isotropy summands, we use the restricted Hessian and we characterize the new Einstein metrics as local minimum points of the scalar curvature function restricted to the space of G-invariant Riemannian metrics of volume 1. We mention that the classification of flag manifolds with two isotropy summands gives us new examples of homogeneous spaces, for which the motion of a charged particle under the electromagnetic field, and the geodesics curves, are completely determined.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the possibilities of evaluation of the risk of accounting frauds and accounting mistakes in the financial statements compiled in terms of Czech accounting standards for their users using analytical tools and methods of the financial analysis. Part of the thesis is the proposal of concrete tools or models that reduce the asymmetry of information between the makers of the financial statements and other users of the financial statements and can be implemented in the internal control system of the unit when decision-making on the financial health of selected accounting units. For practical part was chosen an enterprise with a long tradition. Monitoring ratios of The Beneish Model M-Score detect risk areas and tracking ratio trend may alert management to instability in the financial statement. Liquidity and debt ratios are also appropriate methods for reducing the information asymmetry.