Det finns både nationella och internationella lagar och överenskommelser som ligger till grund för stridskrafters användande. Det finns också politiska styrningar från regering och riksdag om hur verksamhet ska bedrivas i form utav handlingsregler, som ligger till grund för Försvarsmaktens Rules of Engagement. Det finns alltså två dimensioner som Rules of Engagement kan reflektera: en politisk och en legal. Syftet med detta arbete är att synliggöra vilka begränsningar och möjligheter sampelet mellan politiska intressen och rättsliga grunder sätter på den taktiska handlingsfriheten. Frågeställningarna har besvarats utifrån en fallstudie på ubåt 137 grundstöttning utanför Karlskrona. Som teoretiskt verktyg för att möjliggöra analys har begreppet taktisk handlingsfrihet använts. Resultatet av denna uppsats är att den legala dimensionen är från början redan given, förankrade i sedvänja, traktat och internationella överenskommelser. Den politiska dimensionen är däremot rörlig där möjliga handlingsvägar styrs av politiska målsättningar och tillgängliga medel. En politisk medvetenhet i den taktiska tankeprocessen är därför nödvändig. / There are both national and international laws and regulations which is the basis for the use of armed forces. There are also political regulations from both the government and the parliament of how armed forces are used. Laws and political regulations is the foundation for the Swedish Armed Forces Rules of Engagement. There are therefore two dimensions that could reflect Rules of Engagement, one political and one legal. The purpose of this work is to visualize restrictions and possibilities the interaction between the political and legal dimensions could get on the tactical freedom of action. To answer the questions a case study has been done on the submarine 137 incident outside Karlskrona. As a theoretical framework the concept of tactical freedom of action have been used. The result from this essay is that the legal dimension is already given from the beginning, while the political dimension is more mobile, where ways of action depends on political goals and available funds. A political awareness in the tactical process of thinking is therefore necessary.

The purpose of the study was to describe care managers’ experiences of assessment process in care measures for elderly, focusing on the relatives’ influence. The study was carried out with five care managers in Stockholm city through qualitative semi-structured interviews. The study´s empirical data was analysed with Lipsky’s theory of freedom of action and concepts of power such as; structural power, intentional power and normative power. The conclusion of our study is that care managers’ freedom of action is limited by both budget demands and how the services unit decides to organize itself. Law, guidelines, budget and the superior managers’ opinions affect how the care managers are expected to execute their work in the assessment process. The result of our interviews about the relatives’ influence and participation in the assessment process show that care managers are influenced by structural power, intentional power and normative power. The care managers’ experience of the relatives’ participation in the assessment process was both positive and negative. The relatives are most often helpful in describing the elderly’s need of help in the assessment process. The study’s interviewed persons show that the relatives are the ones appealing against the decision. What the care managers considered as negative with the relatives’ participation was that some relatives assertively questioned the care managers’ decision. In some specific cases, the relatives contacted the care managers’ supervisors when they did not agree with the decision. Furthermore, the care managers experience that the relatives are essential in highlighting the elderly's need of help in the assessment process, specially in the cases in which the elderly has a dementia disease and has difficulties in perceiving their need of help. Since the elderly´s relatives participate in the assessment process, the care managers experience that they need to consider them as an additional party to the case of the assessment process. / Syftet med studien är att beskriva biståndshandläggares erfarenheter av bedömningsprocessen av vårdinsatser för äldre med fokus på anhörigas inflytande. Studien har genomförts med fem biståndshandläggare i Stockholms stad genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens empiri analyseras med hjälp av Lipskys teori om handlingsutrymme och maktbegrepp såsom; strukturell makt, intentionell makt och normativ makt. Slutsatserna av vår studie är att biståndshandläggarnas handlingsutrymme begränsas av budget och hur verksamheten väljer att organisera sig. Lagen, riktlinjerna, budgeten och chefens åsikter genomsyrar hur biståndshandläggarna förväntas bedriva sitt arbete i bedömningsprocessen. Resultatet av våra intervjuer om anhörigas påverkan och deltagande i bedömningsprocessen visar att biståndshandläggarna påverkas av strukturell makt, intentionell makt och normativ makt. Biståndshandläggarnas erfarenhet av anhörigas deltagande i bedömningsprocessen var både positiv och negativ. Anhöriga är oftast behjälpliga med att beskriva den äldres hjälpbehov i bedömningsprocessen. Studiens intervjupersoner erfar att det är de anhöriga som överklagar beslut. Det som biståndshandläggarna ansåg negativt med anhörigas deltagande var att vissa anhöriga påstridigt ifrågasatte biståndshandläggarnas beslut. I särskilda fall kontaktade anhöriga biståndshandläggarnas chefer när de inte godtog biståndshandläggarens beslut. Vidare erfar biståndshandläggarna att anhöriga behövs för att synliggöra den äldres hjälpbehov i bedömningsprocessen, särskilt i de fall då den äldre har en demenssjukdom och har svårt att själv inse sitt hjälpbehov. Genom att anhöriga deltar i bedömningsprocessen upplever biståndshandläggarna att de behöver ta hänsyn till de äldres anhöriga som ytterligare en part i bedömningsprocessen.

Bakgrund: I socialtjänstens utredning om barn är barnen en viktig informationskälla. I svensk lagstiftning beskrivs det att barnets bästa ska betraktas när åtgärder rör dem. Socialarbetare känner sig ibland osäkra inför samtal med barn. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken möjlighet socialarbetarna har gällande kompetensutveckling i att samtala med barn och behovet av verksamhets ut veck l ing för att förbättra samtal med barn. I studien ingår det två arbetsgrupper, socialarbetare som arbetar inom öppenvården och socialarbetare som arbetar med främst myndighetsutövning, mellan dessa grupper kommer det ske jämförelse för att se om det finns likheter och olikheter i upplevelsen av sin kompetens. Metod: Studien har genomförts med kvantitativ metod där datainsamlingen har bestått i online - enkäter. I studien är det totalt 10 av de totalt 13 tillfrågade kommunerna i Region Jönköpings län som har tackat ja till att vara med. Av tillfrågade 77 socialarbetare inom den sociala barnavården deltog 52 (65,7 procent) och av dessa arbetar 19 inom öppenvården och 33 arbetar med myndighetsutövning. Resultat: I studien framgår det att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i samtal med barn för socialarbetare rörande utbildning och arbetsmaterial. I studien framgår det också att det inte finns några signifikanta skillnader mellan socialsekreterare och behandlare. Slutsats: Studien tyder på att socialarbetare är i behov av mer kunskap kring samtal med barn, samt att det finns områden som behöver förbättras för att känslan i samtalet med barnet ska bli mer positiv. / Background: Children are an important source of information in the investigations of the social services. Swedish law stipulates that the best interests of the child should be considered when measures concern them. Social workers sometimes feel insecure about speaking with children. The purpose of this study is to examine the opportunities of social workers for training in speaking with children, and the need for development of the organization in order to improve conversations with children. Two groups are included in the study, social workers that work with non-institutional care, and social workers that primarily work with the exercise of public authority. These groups will be compared to see whether there are similarities and differences in their perception of competence. Method: The study has been done by a quantitative method where data has been collected with online surveys. In total, 10 of the 13 municipalities in Jönköping County have participated in the study. Out of the 77 social workers in child welfare asked to participate, 52 (65.7 per cent) chose to do so, whereof 19 work with non-institutional care and 33 with the exercise of public authority. Results: The study shows that there is room for improvement of social workers’ conversations with children with regards to education and work material. The study also shows that there are no significant differences between different types of social workers. Conclusions: The study indicates that social workers need more knowledge of speaking with children, and that there are areas that need improvement for the conversation with the child to be perceived as more positive.

This study has the aim to understand how social workers experience the documentation in relation to their freedom of action in childcare investigations. We also used a moral and work ethic perspective in our analysis. Former research show that social workers feel a lack of time for client relation, heavy workload and different ideas about how to customize their documentation, so it suits with the client and the individual social worker. The study is based on six individual interviews with social workers working in children social services. The main results show that the social workers are driven by their sense of wanting to do the right thing for the children, but a lot of time are spent on documentation. The freedom of action among the social workers in our study is depending on how they use their professional license to balance documentation and client work.

<p>The purpose of this study has been to investigate how socialworkers describe their attitudes towards reporting childabuse to the police and if they make different decisions when they believe the violence to be honour related and how they handle these questions. The main questions are; How does socialworkers describe their and their colleagues attitudes towards reporting childabuse to the police and when do they believe they should report? Do they describe honourviolence as a specific kind of violence that should be lifted and in what way does it affect their work? The study is written from a legal sociologist perspective with a qualitative approach. Four socialworkers were interviewed and the interviews were analyzed with an anti-racist theory and with the theory about freedom of action.</p><p>The conclusions is that the socialworkers mostly report childabuse to the police when the violence is physical. This means that children who describes to be subjected to psychological violence, including honourviolence, has poor legal security. Socialworkers describes honourviolence as a specific kind of violence that has to be lifted. Without knowledge they wont be able to help. They feel limited by the legislation and have invented <em>creative solutions</em> that focuses on the child’s best interest.</p>

<p>The opinion of social workers towards their work with children and young persons was</p><p>studied in this essay. Even their point of view with reference to the term the child’s best</p><p>interest has being considered and special focus was laid on the social workers attitudes</p><p>towards media coverage and its criticism towards their work. A qualitative approach was used</p><p>consisted of six interviews. The theoretical frameworks were based on the theory about</p><p>freedom of action and the theory of social representations. Our result showed that almost all</p><p>of the interviewees felt a relatively high freedom of action in their work within the framework</p><p>of the law and other policies and that despite the difficulties this can imply, they still enjoy</p><p>working with this target group. Concerning the term the child’s best interest, all of</p><p>interviewees said that it is very good that it exists but that it is also difficult to define since it</p><p>depends on whom one asks. Nearly all of the social workers thought that media coverage is</p><p>one-sided and very negative.</p>

The purpose of this study has been to investigate how socialworkers describe their attitudes towards reporting childabuse to the police and if they make different decisions when they believe the violence to be honour related and how they handle these questions. The main questions are; How does socialworkers describe their and their colleagues attitudes towards reporting childabuse to the police and when do they believe they should report? Do they describe honourviolence as a specific kind of violence that should be lifted and in what way does it affect their work? The study is written from a legal sociologist perspective with a qualitative approach. Four socialworkers were interviewed and the interviews were analyzed with an anti-racist theory and with the theory about freedom of action. The conclusions is that the socialworkers mostly report childabuse to the police when the violence is physical. This means that children who describes to be subjected to psychological violence, including honourviolence, has poor legal security. Socialworkers describes honourviolence as a specific kind of violence that has to be lifted. Without knowledge they wont be able to help. They feel limited by the legislation and have invented creative solutions that focuses on the child’s best interest.

The opinion of social workers towards their work with children and young persons was studied in this essay. Even their point of view with reference to the term the child’s best interest has being considered and special focus was laid on the social workers attitudes towards media coverage and its criticism towards their work. A qualitative approach was used consisted of six interviews. The theoretical frameworks were based on the theory about freedom of action and the theory of social representations. Our result showed that almost all of the interviewees felt a relatively high freedom of action in their work within the framework of the law and other policies and that despite the difficulties this can imply, they still enjoy working with this target group. Concerning the term the child’s best interest, all of interviewees said that it is very good that it exists but that it is also difficult to define since it depends on whom one asks. Nearly all of the social workers thought that media coverage is one-sided and very negative.

Experiences of bureaucracy in courts have been a bit controversial in previous research. There are contradictions about how bureaucratised the courts are in Sweden and what the consequences are. On the other hand, is bureaucracy claimed to run the risk of unethical proposals being made and the official to prevent it, but on the other hand that the courts are not bureaucratic but rather superfluous. Another study is for bureaucracy where it is considered that unclear regulations makes the work difficult. The study is intended to investigate further what it looks like in the district Court of Sweden, in order to provide a perspective on how the officials themselves experience it, in order to increase the understanding of what the organizational form should be. Since there are contradictions, it is interesting to investigate it.

This is a qualitative study based on interviews with unit managers working by the entitlement law LSS, Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments. The purpose of this study is to get an understanding of how unit managers in the LSS area perceive, work with and have experience of user influence in their organizations. The implementation of previous research makes an easier understanding of what the professional role means for both the organization and the user of welfare services. The main result of the study shows that the unit managers have a significant role for the user influence and that user influence needs further development in their organizations. Unit managers work to equalize social differences and compensate for the user's care needs. User influence is therefore needed for users to be able to become as independent as possible.  The unit manager works according to organizational conditions and creates strategies while using their professional discretion. Which promotes participation and self-determination for the user and their way of life. The result fills a knowledge gap regarding the unit manager's professional role and work for and with user influence in practice within the law of LSS. The study's theoretical approach is based on the theories of human-treating organizations, social citizenship and a model that explains society views different levels of disability and the user's personal autonomy.