Les promesses de payer sont des contrats par lesquels une personne s’engage envers un créancier à payer ce qui lui est dû. De tels actes sont courants ; leurs applications sont variées. Le cautionnement, l’acceptation d’une lettre de change, la promesse d’exécuter une obligation naturelle, l’engagement du délégué envers le délégataire, le constitut, la garantie autonome, la souscription d’un billet à ordre, etc., sont des promesses de payer. Plus précisément, ces actes sont des applications diverses d’une même figure juridique : la promesse de payer. Cette dernière, déshabillée des particularités propres à chacune de ses applications spéciales, se présente comme une figure juridique unitaire, pourvue d’une nature et de caractères permanents. Ayant pour objet un paiement, elle suppose toujours l’existence d’une dette à acquitter. Cette dette, ou « obligation principale », constitue sa cause objective. Contrairement à une simple reconnaissance de dette, la promesse ne se borne pas à déclarer l’existence de celle-ci. En tant qu’engagement d’exécution, elle donne naissance à une nouvelle obligation, l’ « obligation de règlement », venant s’adjoindre à la première en vue de son paiement. L’obligation de règlement, à ce titre, constitue l’accessoire de l’obligation principale. Son régime, de sa naissance à son extinction, sera donc plus ou moins lié à celui de cette dernière. / Promises to pay are contracts by which a person commits to pay to a creditor what is owed to him. Such acts are as common as they are various. For instance, bond, acceptance of a bill of exchange, promise to perform a natural obligation, commitment of the delegate to the delegatee, autonomous guarantee, subscription of a promissory note, etc. are promises to pay. In fact, such acts are different applications of a single legal figure : the promise to pay. Apart from the specificities of each of its applications, the promise to pay reveals itself as a uniform legal act with a permanent nature. Because its subject consists in a payment, the promise to pay always presupposes the existence of a debt. Such debt, or “primary obligation”, is the “objective cause” of the promise. Unlike a simple “IOU”, a promise to pay is not limited to declare the existence of the primary obligation. As a commitment, it also produces a new obligation, the “obligation to pay”, which coexists with the primary obligation. The obligation to pay, as such, is ancillary to the primary obligation. Its legal status, from its birth to its expiration, will be closely linked to that of the primary obligation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BDTD - trabalhos retidos.docx: 11621 bytes, checksum: 0452b8296967440b491d0b515ed6814d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 / In Brazil, through social rights were recognized, in parallel, the civil and political rights. Even at authoritarian times, social rights have been formally recognized, given that the Federal Constitution of 1988 gave them enormous attention. However, realization of social rights requires, beyond the state action, the commitment of workers and their unions, occupying Article 8., III CF/88 position of prominence in this particular, by allowing the union, as a procedural substitute, to file lawsuits in defense of collective rights (especially of a certain workers class) and homogeneous individual rights of its members. This ensures isonomic access to justice to the members of the class (especially professional), and also decrease the excessive amount of individual claims and increase the number of workers protected. Finally, the most frequent activities of the union as a procedural substitute for workers, beyond strengthening the ties between them, will reduce the low rate of spontaneous compliance of the constitutional and legal norms which enshrine social rights by employers, also reducing, as a result, judicial cases and relieving the Labor Courts. / No Brasil, através dos direitos sociais, foram consagrados, de forma paralela, os direitos civis e políticos. Mesmo em períodos autoritários, os direitos sociais foram reconhecidos formalmente, sendo certo que a Constituição Federal de 1988 deu a eles enorme destaque. Contudo, a concretização dos direitos sociais, além de prestações do próprio Estado, requer o empenho dos trabalhadores e de seus sindicatos, ocupando o artigo 8º., III da CF/88, neste particular, posição de destaque, ao possibilitar que o sindicato, na condição de substituto processual, ajuíze ações em defesa dos direitos coletivos (da categoria profissional, enquanto tal) e dos direitos individuais homogêneos de seus membros. Isso garante aos integrantes da categoria (notadamente profissional) isonomia no acesso à justiça, além de diminuir a quantidade excessiva de reclamações individuais e aumentar o número de trabalhadores tutelados. Por fim, a atuação mais freqüente do sindicato como substituto processual dos trabalhadores, além de fortalecer os laços entre eles, aumentará o baixo índice de cumprimento espontâneo pelos empregadores das normas constitucionais e legais que consagram os direitos sociais, reduzindo também, via de conseqüência, os processos judiciais e desafogando a Justiça do Trabalho.

A questão habitacional vem ocupando, recentemente, lugar de destaque entre as políticas públicas prioritárias no país, configurando um movimento de revitalização - apoiado por um marco regulatório aprimorado e um ambiente macroeconômico favorável, além do restabelecimento da Política Nacional de Habitação (PNH) - que exibe vertiginoso crescimento do crédito habitacional na última década. O Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo (SBPE) e o Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço (FGTS), fontes arregimentadas para serem os pilares do Sistema Financeiro da Habitação (SFH), criado em 1964, ainda sustentam preponderantemente o crédito habitacional no Brasil e constituem, conjuntamente, a espinha dorsal de funding do atual Sistema Nacional de Habitação (SNH). Esta tese analisa essas duas fontes de captação de recursos a partir do pressuposto de que ambas devem ser dedicadas, de modo estratégico, ao financiamento habitacional. As justificativas residem, de um lado, na observação do potencial de captação dessas fontes - que acumulam R$ 685 bilhões (set./2012) - a taxas abaixo do \"livre mercado\" e, de outro, no reconhecimento de que há um segmento de famílias que possui condição de acessar crédito habitacional, desde que em condições especiais em relação às oferecidas pelo \"livre mercado\". A universalização do acesso à moradia digna, meta máxima estabelecida pela nova PNH, requer o atendimento a essas famílias. Dessa forma, este trabalho parte da hipótese de que o SFH, apesar de regulamentado, constituindo um circuito direcionado de crédito habitacional, não tem o seu potencial estratégico utilizado plenamente para realizar esse atendimento. Ou seja, o SFH não está aderente à atual Política. As análises confirmam a hipótese postulada: apesar de o SFH ser mantido sob regulamentação específica, preservando a vinculação de suas fontes ao crédito habitacional, tanto o SBPE quanto o FGTS vêm apresentando desempenho abaixo do seu potencial, comprometendo a necessária expansão downmarket. Se reformulada a regulação dessas fontes, essa expansão ganhará um ritmo muito mais adequado ao objetivo da universalização. Este trabalho abarcou, ainda, a revisão do desenho proposto para o SNH e considerações sobre limitações do financiamento e suas interfaces com o território. / The housing issue has recently been occupying center stage in Brazil\'s social policies, supported by the revamp of the country\'s Housing Finance System (SFH), favored by a refined regulatory framework, by income growth and a stable macroeconomic environment. The Brazilian Savings and Loan System (SBPE) and the Severance Indemnity Guarantee Fund (FGTS) instituted to be the pillars of the SFH, created in 1964, predominantly support, even today, the housing credit in Brazil and together constitute the backbone of funding for the new National Housing Policy (PNH), established in 2004. This paper attempts to analyze both the SBPE and the FGTS based on the assumption that they should be strategically targeted to expand housing finance downmarket. This depository-based system has accumulated assets of around BRL 685 billion (Sept/2012) and can offer below market interest rates, while a significant portion of families can only access housing finance in subsidized conditions. The main hypothesis that guides this analysis is that notwithstanding current regulations which still make the SFH an earmarked finance market, its funding is not being efficiently used to extend housing finance to those families. Thus, the SFH lacks better alignment with the present national housing policy and its main target of promoting universal access to \"decent homes\". The analyses undertaken confirm the postulated hypothesis: although the SFH has been kept under specific regulation, thus preserving its links to housing credit, both the SBPE and the FGTS have been underperforming in expanding mortgage finance to lower income groups. This paper also includes a critical overview of the design of the National Housing System and reflects on the limits of Brazil\'s finance system in reaching downmarket.

Les sûretés sur les biens du professionnel constituent un instrument central d'accès au crédit. Malgré de nombreuses initiatives, le dispositif permettant l'affectation en garantie des biens voués à circuler, ainsi notamment des stocks, reste inadapté. L'édifice légal, complexe et contraire aux objectifs poursuivis, s'oppose à l'utilisation de ces biens circulants comme assiette de sûreté. La présente thèse identifie les améliorations nécessaires à la modernisation du droit des sûretés réelles et, ce faisant, esquisse les contours d'une institution nouvelle de garantie de nature à faciliter les concours aux entreprises, la sûreté globale. / Securities on the professional's properties form a significant way of accessing to credit. Despite many initiatives, means that enable to hold estates as security, such as stocks of goods, are not fully satisfying. The legal edifice, complex and opposed to the aim expected, prevents from using circulating assets as the basis of guarantee.This thesis identifies how to make required improvements to modernize the real security law, and so as to outline a new guarantee tool that makes the access to credit easier for companies, the global security.

Decentralization leads to functional and financial devolution of authority, induces more transparency in the system and puts emphasis on local needs. It creates platforms to voice and institutionalize the interests of various groups, and comes nearer to the public by making all tiers of government accountable directly to the people. However, several complexities govern this effort in India. First, implementation involves several official agencies, creating administrative gaps, lack of coordination and fiscal complexities. Second, Indian society is largely agrarian and rural marked by divisions of religion, caste and economic class. Third, the socially vulnerable and poor are often trapped in interlocking economic transactions with affluent landlords making it difficult for them to go for collective change. This research critically evaluates these dynamics taking the case example of the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGREGS). We followed a threefold methodology in order to understand the policy dynamics, namely, stakeholders’ interviews, primary survey data analysis and secondary data analysis. Case studies were useful in understanding policy implementation dynamics through field observations. The multi-level regression results reflected co-existence of agriculture and MGREGS dynamics, with their own rules and objectives, apparently contradictory, but leading to social and economic equilibrium. Searching explanations for these contradictory results led us to two larger understandings: 1) Actors are seen to take rational decisions based on local socio-politico-economic understandings of the world. 2) These decisions are, however, at multiple levels and at multiple action spaces. Institutional rational choice perspective proposed by Ostrom (1999) corroborated these findings. Latent variable path analysis results indicated the dynamics of civil society and administrative bureaucracy as a negotiated equilibrium that has the potential to transform governance. The process of institutional evolution was through endogenous institutional change process as proposed by Grief and Laitin (2004). Furthermore, the effect of socio-structural factors on institutional structures was observed. The results indicated two major understandings: 1) the formation and effectiveness of institutional structures were dependent on social capital and in turn on social structures and networks 2) the influence of formal institutional structures on local governance and social dynamics affect the governance network formation (Hertting, 2001). Scenario-wise regression analyses results revealed that the effort to improve social capital of the groups through governance procedures need to be mediated through ‘local’ social structures. Agent based model results indicated the following: 1) regulatory dynamics need not necessarily follow the trend of socio-economic dynamics. Instead, they were in line with advocacy dynamics (Sabatier, 1988), which in turn depend on the social structures and networks. 2) regulatory strategies were endogenous institutional rational choices, given the existing socio-economic structures and networks of the society. Hence, Institutional theories were observed to be instrumental in understanding the policy implementation dynamics in democratic decentralization setup.

This master dissertation is dedicated to the main characteristics and to the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and Germany and to the comparison of these two national legal forms. The goal of this work is to compare Czech and German Ltd. in a very clear way, so the reader can understand what the differences of this type of company in the national legal forms mentioned above are and what have on the contrary in common. The work deals also with the Czech and German Ltd. in separated chapters in order to be the comparison for the reader comprehensible. In the end of the master dissertation is expressed the author's opinion, which national legal form of this type of company is better and in what way.

The aim of the thesis "Banking union" is to analyze and describe the concept of banking union, with respect to development and harmonization of rules before crisis. In addition to description of 4 pillars of Banking union the thesis tries to reveal the risks connected with rules harmonization and power centralization in hands of ECB. The obligatory membership is conditioned by common currency Euro, therefore there is an opportunity to analyze the potential benefits for states with own currency. This will be done in separate chapter 4th using Czech Republic as example. Thesis will be also enriched with opinion of politics and economist to which own authors comment will be added.

À l’heure actuelle, le droit du cautionnement est une matière totalement désagrégée. Cet éclatement du droit du cautionnement provient essentiellement de l’abondance et de la superposition des textes : on ne compte plus les multiples interventions du législateur, ni les rebondissements jurisprudentiels. La matière aurait pu être simplifiée si elle avait bénéficié de la réforme du droit des sûretés avec l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Mais il n’en est rien.Associée au droit des sociétés, cette matière en devient d’autant plus complexe. En droit des sociétés, le cautionnement est une garantie des plus répandues. Il constitue la plupart du temps, pour la société, un acte dangereux car il peut avoir des conséquences préjudiciables pour celle-Ci. En même temps, la réglementation doit garder une certaine souplesse afin de respecter les exigences de rapidité de la vie des affaires. Cette conciliation est délicate à réaliser.Cette étude se propose d’appréhender le lien existant entre le cautionnement et les règles du droit des sociétés. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, il convenait d’envisager le sujet sous deux angles, à savoir d’une part le cautionnement donné par une société, et d’autre part, celui consenti au profit d’une personne morale.Un tel cautionnement qu’il soit donné par une société, ou en sa faveur, est de nature à soulever des difficultés au regard des principes gouvernant le droit des sociétés. C’est pourquoi, certaines règles ont été fixées. Le cautionnement se trouve ainsi gouverné par des règles de droit des sociétés spécifiques, au-Delà des règles de droit commun qui le régissent. Mais cela passe également par l’exploitation du formalisme supposé protéger la caution personne physique, les obligations du créancier telles que l’obligation d’information, de mise en garde, le principe de proportionnalité…Si la loi Dutreil a échoué dans son impératif de cohésion et de simplification du droit du cautionnement, peut-On dire que l’avenir est à une unification des différentes législations relatives au cautionnement ? / At present, surety law is a matter that has totally been breaking apart. This fragmentation of surety law is mainly due to the abundance and overlapping of legislative acts: there are more interventions on the part of the legislator, more jurisprudential developments than we can count. The matter could have be simplified, had it benefited from the reform of security law in accordance with the order of 23 March 2006. But that was not the case.In relation to corporate law, the subject is becoming even more complex. In corporate law, surety is the most widespread guarantee. To a company it represents, most of the time, an unsafe act because it may suffer adverse consequences from it. At the same time, regulation should retain some flexibility to meet the speed requirements of the business world. This is a delicate balance to achieve.This study aims at grasping the relationship between surety and the rules of corporate law. To carry out this undertaking, it was appropriate to consider the subject from two different angles, namely the surety bond as it is issued by a company, and that as granted for the benefit of a legal person.Such guarantee whether it is granted by a company or to it, is liable to give rise to difficulties with regard to the principles governing corporate law. Which explains why certain rules have been set. The guarantee is therefore governed by specific corporate rules that transcend the common law rules made to that effect. But it also involves meeting the formal requirements designed to protect the individual guarantor, and binding the creditor to obligations such as the duty of disclosure, duty of warning, the principle of proportionality ...If the Dutreil law has failed to observe the requirements of cohesion and simplification of surety law, can we therefore say that the future is dependent on a unification of the various laws pertaining to surety?

Submitted by Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (jessicaff_@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-20T12:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias.pdf: 447640 bytes, checksum: 8822bdbc8f9b019f1e1551d8f19af888 (MD5) / Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Jessica, bom dia. será necessário ajustar as seguintes alterações no seu trabalho: 1- A palavra Getulio não tem acento. 2 - o seu nome deverá estar em letra maiúscula. 3 - na pagina onde consta a composição da banca deverá inserir a data de sua apresentação 22/08/2018. Após realizar esses ajustes, submeter novamente. Att, Joana Alves on 2018-09-20T14:22:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (jessicaff_@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-20T17:05:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T18:06:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-21T12:36:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T12:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22 / O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em analisar os principais aspectos da suspensão da exigibilidade do crédito tributário e a garantia do crédito tributário para fins de emissão de CND, sob duas óticas distintas: a primeira sobre a interpretação da doutrina acerca da legislação de regência; e a segunda, sob o ponto de vista da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, segundo a qual as dentre todas as modalidades de garantia da execução fiscal, previstas na Lei 6.830/80, a única que produziria os efeitos de suspensão da exigibilidade do crédito tributário consistiria no depósito do montante integral, por força do disposto no artigo 151 do Código Tributário Nacional. Na sequência, realiza-se confronto entre a doutrina, jurisprudência e legislação, especialmente diante das modificações introduzidas pelo Código de Processo Civil em 2015. Pretende-se, assim, identificar novos critérios de questionamento, com destaque para o disposto no §2º artigo 835 do novo diploma processual, que trouxe a possibilidade de equiparação da fiança bancária e do seguro garantia ao depósito do montante integral, desde que acrescidos de 30%. / This work analyzes the main aspects of the suspension of the enforceability of the tax credit and the guarantee of the tax credit for debt certificate purposes, both under two distinct perspectives: the first, from the perspective of doctrine when interpreting the regency legislation and the second, from the perspective of the Superior Court of Justice, which established its jurisprudence based on the understanding that among all the methods of guaranteeing tax execution, provided for in Law 6.830 / 80, the only one that would produce the effects of suspension of the enforceability of the tax credit would be the cash deposit of the full amount, pursuant to the provisions of Article 151 of the National Tax Code. Then is a comparison between the doctrine, jurisprudence and legislation, especially due to the modifications introduced by the Civil Procedure Code in 2015 to try to identify new criteria for questioning, with emphasis on the provisions of § 2, article 835 of the new diploma which brought the possibility of equating the bank guarantee and the insurance guarantee to the cash deposit of the full amount.

The introduction of a regulatory framework in the area of collective management of rights in Nigeria must have been intended to strengthen the creative industry. Unfortunately, it has thrown this industry and in particular the music and film industries into a battle of a regulated against a non-regulated collective administration sector for upward of twenty (20) years. My choice of research on this topic could be attributed to the interest I developed while administering the collective administration desk at the Nigerian Copyright Commission. Serving on that desk afforded the opportunity to see the frustration of right owners who were being deprived the fruit of their labor, as the societies meant to collect and distribute royalties on their behalf were enmeshed in litigations and in the process, rarely paid any royalties to authors. Within this context, this research seeks to explore whether there is any merit in the continued existence of the current regulatory framework for collective management in Nigeria, and what the best operational framework for collective administration in Nigeria would be. A methodological approach entailing literature review of books, articles, journals, legislation, cases, reports of committees and interviews with experts was adopted, with critical analysis carried out on particularly the Nigerian Copyright Act, the Nigerian Copyright (collective management organisation) regulation, the South African Copyright Act, the South African Performers’ Protection Act, the South African Collecting Societies Regulation, as well as judicial decisions challenging certain provisions in the Nigerian legislation. It is hoped that this research will spur a desire for the need for supervisory and regulatory agencies of government to seek the national interest above all others in taking and making decisions that affect the collective administration of copyright and related rights. / Mercantile law / LL.M. (Intellectual Property)