This paper addresses the question about what role typography plays in the interpretation of a text. From three different handbooks in typography arguments are gathered and categorized in to three categories: roman types, san serif and others. Interviews with people from the graphic design area are also a part of the paper and are accounted for in the discussion part of the paper. Areas of theory are a broad hermeneutic view based on Hans-Georg Gadamers thoughts, which have sub categories such as: Michel Foucault’s theory about discourses, John Swales genre theory and Anders Björkvall’s thoughts on typography and multi-modal texts. The result of the paper is that all typography, even the one often called the invisible typography, is interpreted by the reader who gathers it’s pre-knowledge from genre, history, culture and discourses. This means that typography plays an important role in the interpretation of a text. Key words: typography, interpretation, hermeneutic, Hans- Georg Gadamer, discourse, Michel Foucault, genre analysis, John Swales, Multi- modal, Anders Björkvall, semiotic. / Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om vilken roll typografin spelar för tolkningen av en text. Från tre olika handböcker i typografi samlas argument in och kategoriseras i tre kategorier: antikva, sanserif och övriga. Även intervjuer med personer yrkesverksamma i det grafiska fältet genomförs och redovisas sedan i diskussionen. Teoretisk utgångspunkt hämtas från Hans-Georg Gadamers tankar om hermeneutik, på vilken följande underkategorier av teorier följer: Michel Foucaults diskursteori, John Swales genreteori och Anders Björkvalls tankar om typografi och multimodala texter. Resultatet pekar mot att all typografi, även den som ofta kallas för den osynliga typografin, tolkas av mottagaren som i sin tur samlat sina förkunskaper från genre, historia, kultur och diskurs. Detta innebär att typografi spelar en viktig roll i tolkningen av en text. Nyckelord: typografi, tolkning, hermeneutik, Hans-Georg Gadamer, diskurs, Michel Foucault, genreanalys, Johan Swales, multimodalitet, Anders Björkvall, semiotik.

This study compared simulated sales negotiations with authentic negotiations. Specifically, three areas of language were considered: (i) chat phases, (ii) mitigation in disagreements, and (iii) argumentation. Findings indicated that greatly reduced use of chat phases in the simulations led to an impoverishment of the interactional aspect of communication. A statistical analysis indicated that mitigation of disagreements was significantly reduced when compared to authentic negotiations. Finally, in spite of the difference noted between professional and non-professional negotiators in the simulated negotiations, a significant increase in the use of argumentation was found in the simulations. Even though further research would be required, it could be hypothesized that these differences may be attributed to the one-off nature of simulations, the absence of a surrounding business context and the intrinsic difficulty of using interactional language in simulations. These factors should be considered when simulations are used and designed for business and LSP training courses. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

JUCÁ, Damião Carlos Nobre. A organização retórico-argumentativa da seção de justificativa no gênero textual projeto de dissertação. 2006. 109f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-01T14:39:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_DCNJuca.pdf: 648871 bytes, checksum: 08a7ddc9550084264595da9802ce2ced (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-08-01T16:15:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_DCNJuca.pdf: 648871 bytes, checksum: 08a7ddc9550084264595da9802ce2ced (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-01T16:15:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_DCNJuca.pdf: 648871 bytes, checksum: 08a7ddc9550084264595da9802ce2ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / This research aims at investigating the rhetoric-argumentative organization of justification sections of thesis projects on Linguistics, qualified by students of two graduate programs in Fortaleza. The rhetoric organization of the justification sections, were analyzed according to Swales’ genre analysis conception (1990, 1992, 1998). Adam’s concept of text sequence (1992) was the basis for the description of the argumentative structure of this type of genre. First, all the exemplars in the corpus were segmented into rhetoric units and an information distribution pattern was defined. Next, the same corpus was segmented into textual sequences and, finally, a relationship between the rhetoric units and the textual sequences identified was established. Through this investigation it was noticed that the justification section have a rhetoric organization relatively homogeneous and the dominant textual sequence in these texts is always argumentative, although several other sequences occur within the argumentative and play important roles in the realization of some rhetoric units which are prototypical of the generic piece justification section of thesis projects. / Nesta pesquisa, investigamos a organização retórico-argumentativa de seções de justificativa de projetos de dissertação da área de Lingüística, qualificados por alunos de dois programas de pós-graduação da cidade de Fortaleza. Analisamos a organização retórica das seções de justificativa, tomando como base as concepções de análise de gêneros textuais propostas por Swales (1990, 1992, 1998). Para descrever a arquitetura argumentativa dessa peça genérica, nos baseamos nas concepções de seqüências textuais propostas por Adam (1992). Em primeiro lugar, segmentamos todos os exemplares do corpus em unidades retóricas e definimos um padrão de distribuição de informações, em seguida, segmentamos este mesmo corpus em seqüências textuais e, finalmente, procuramos relações entre as unidades retóricas e as seqüências textuais identificadas. Esta investigação científica nos permitiu constatar que as seções de justificativa possuem uma organização retórica relativamente homogênea e que a seqüência textual dominante em seus textos é sempre a argumentativa, ainda que várias outras seqüências ocorram como inseridas e tenham papéis importantes na realização de algumas das unidades retóricas prototípicas da peça genérica seção de justificativa de projeto de dissertação.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study aims at investigating, under the perspective of Critical Genre Analysis (MEURER, 2002; 2006; MOTTA-ROTH, 2005; 2006) and based on studies about science and its popularization (SOUZA SANTOS, 2006; VOGT, 2003; 2010; MOTTA-ROTH, 2009; 2010), the configuration of texts that popularize research in the area of Informatics, by trying to identify the conditions of production, distribution and consumption in Zero Hora newspaper. This study is based on the importance of analyzing discourses to qualify the language teaching. As a Portuguese language teacher, I understand that I need to position myself as a discourse analyst in order to contribute in the critical formation of Basic Education students. Critical Genre Analysis articulates three theoretical perspectives of social approaches in language studies: the socio-rhetorical theory (SWALES, 1990; 2004), Systemic-Functional Linguistics (HALLIDAY, 1978; HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989) and Critical Discourse Analysis (FAIRCLOUGH, 1992; 1999; 2001; 2002; 2003). The research corpus is composed by 27 science popularization texts from the field of Informatics, published in the Economy section of Zero Hora newspaper in 2009. The analytical procedures adopted involved the study of the context and texts. In the contextual analysis, conducted through bibliographical studies selection, documental data available in the newspaper website and interview with the producer of the Economy section in the studied media, I try to identify and interpret the contexts of culture and situation of the newspaper. In the textual analysis, I describe and interpret how two analytical categories are configured: rhetorical organization and intertextuality. The results indicate that Zero Hora newspaper produces news, news report, and infomercial, a hybrid genre (FARICLOUGH, 2001, p. 149) which merges characteristics from the news and advertisement genres in the recontextualization of reports of research conclusions in the Field of Informatics. These discursive events are considered hybrid genres because they combine marks of journalistic, scientific and pedagogic discourses which point to an approach of commodification. / O presente estudo procura investigar, sob a ótica da Análise Crítica de Gênero (MEURER, 2002; 2006; MOTTA-ROTH, 2005; 2006) e com base em estudos sobre ciência e sua popularização (SOUZA SANTOS, 2006; VOGT, 2003; 2010; MOTTAROTH, 2009; 2010), a configuração dos textos que popularizam pesquisas da área de Informática, tentando identificar as condições de produção, distribuição e consumo no jornal Zero Hora. Este estudo se fundamenta na importância de analisar discursos para qualificar o ensino de linguagem. Como professora de língua materna, entendo que devo posicionar-me como analista do discurso para contribuir na formação crítica de estudantes da Educação Básica. A Análise Crítica de Gênero articula três aportes teóricos de vertentes sociais dos estudos da linguagem: a Socior-retórica (SWALES, 1990; 2004) a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY, 1978; HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989) e a Análise Crítica do Discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 1992; 1999; 2001; 2002; 2003). O corpus da pesquisa é composto por 27 textos de popularização da ciência, da área de Informática, publicados na seção de Economia do jornal Zero Hora em 2009. Os procedimentos analíticos adotados envolveram o estudo do contexto e do texto. Na análise contextual, realizada a partir da seleção de estudos bibliográficos, de dados documentais disponíveis no site do jornal e de entrevista realizada com o produtor da seção de Economia da mídia em estudo, procuro identificar e interpretar o contexto de cultura e de situação do jornal Zero Hora. Na análise textual, descrevo e interpreto como se configuram duas categorias analíticas: a organização retórica e a intertextualidade. Os resultados indicam que o jornal Zero Hora produz notícia, reportagem e infomercial, um gênero híbrido (FARICLOUGH, 2001, p. 149) que mescla características dos gêneros notícia e de anúncio, na recontextualização de relatos de conclusões de pesquisas da área de Informática. Esses eventos discursivos são considerados gêneros híbridos por combinarem marcas do discurso jornalístico, do científico, do pedagógico e que apontam para uma abordagem de comodificação.

The thesis is focused on the subject of genres in the context of new media, specializing on the biggest Internet online video sharing platform, YouTube. Considering the interactivity of YouTube as a kind of social media site and making contact between the creator and his audience, the genre composition of YouTube channels directly reflects the preferences of the specific audience. The main objective of this thesis is to make an analysis of genres on a sample of five selected professional Czech YouTube channels. The sample is based on current order of channels according to the number of subscribers (namely ViralBrothers, MenT, GEJMR, Jirka Král and Hoggy). After the introduction of how professional YouTube channels operate follows the theoretical part of the thesis defining the basic ideas, which are important to set the methodological framework of the analysis. The analytical part consists of presenting the results of the genre analysis, categorizing genres into a system and defining genres based on their characteristics.

The aim of this thesis is to acquire a deeper knowledge of Swedish social services’ written child welfare investigations. These investigations are conducted and documented by social workers at social welfare offices, and the investigations sometimes have a major impact on the lives of individuals. The research material consists of 50 written child welfare investigations, social workers’ answers to interviews and questionnaires and also steering documents regulating the child welfare practice of the social services, but the study focuses on the written investigations. Drawing on genre analysis theory and critical discourse analysis, patterns of linguistic features in the investigations are highlighted and considered as genre-specific features. Overall the investigations as written documents are considered both as discursive tools in a professional setting and as social authorities’ texts with great power in an asymmetrical power relation between authorities and individuals. This inherent duality implies different communicative purposes which are difficult to merge in the same document. The study includes a variety of empirical data and analytical tools deriving from genre analysis, critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics and linguistic stylistics. In the study both quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined, creating methodological triangulation. The results show that all the investigations are alike in terms of communicative purposes, indicating that the concept of genre is rigid concerning the text sample. In other respects all the investigations are characterized by variation, in both linguistic and more content-oriented aspects. In some sections of the texts the language is formal and in others it is casual. This can be understood as a consequence of different purposes coexisting in the same text. The results also show that different text participants are constructed differently concerning responsibility for affecting other participants. The authorities’ impact through processes is often hidden in passive clauses. Another result indicates that pseudo-nominalization is a functional linguistic tool in the discourse, which might be a reason to reevaluate plain language recommendations regarding this grammatical construct. / Texter med tyngd

Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur inlägg på Instagram som presenterar en nyfödd bebis utformas språkligt och visuellt. Avsikten är att se om det finns vissa språkliga mönster som är återkommande och därmed kan utgöra en egen genre. Studien utgår från tre forskningsfrågor vilka är: Hur presenteras den nyfödda bebisen i Instagraminläggen, och hur skiljer sig inläggen åt vad gäller presentationen av flickor och pojkar? Hur beskriver Instagramanvändaren förlossningsupplevelsen i presentationen? Resultatet av de första frågorna leder sedan in på studiens sista fråga vilken är: Vilka genredrag i inläggen kan ses som obligatoriska? Materialet som ligger till grund för studien är 110 Instagraminlägg som alla innehåller en presentation av en nyfödd bebis samt en beskrivning av förlossningsupplevelsen. Eftersom det är Instagraminlägg som materialet bygger på, analyseras både skrift och bild för att se hur dessa samverkar och tillsammans skapar betydelse. Studiens teori och metod utgår från socialkonstruktivismen, den kritiska diskursanalysen och genreanalys tillsammans med språkvetenskapliga metoder för skrift och bildanalys.  Resultatet visar att inläggen, både vad gäller skrift och bild, följer fler språkliga mönster som går att koppla till en egen genre. Många av dessa språkliga drag går även att dra historiska kopplingar till vad gäller hur födelseannonser i dagstidningar utformats. Den komponent som har visat sig vara allra vanligast är att avslöja barnets kön i presentationen, vilket sker både genom pronomen och av kvinnligt och manligt könade benämningar. När det kommer till hur  förlossningsupplevelsen beskrivs kan det konstateras att vara intim och privat är en viktig komponent vilket studien kopplar är ett nytt språkligt drag som har med den digitala presentationen att göra.

<p>   </p> <p>Motivated by the lack of research that has explored the rhetorical structure of research articles in the humanities, this dissertation analyzes professional philosophical discourse using move-analysis as an approach. A corpus of 60 research articles was compiled from some of the leading philosophy journals. The articles were selected from three sub-disciplinary areas: (a) metaphysics and epistemology, (b) the history of philosophy, and (c) ethics. To analyze the articles, a move analysis codebook was developed, which identified the rhetorical functions (i.e., moves and steps) that different text segments played. The codebook was then applied to the entire research article structure of the 60 research articles. Linguistic features of certain functional units were also identified via corpus analysis techniques. The results of the study show that rhetorical structure of philosophical writing is distinctive compared to other fields and disciplines. On one hand, at the macro level, philosophical writing uses a problem-solution structure rather than the IMRD (intro-methods-results-discussion) structure, common in the social and natural sciences. At the move and step level, philosophical writing heavily relies on evaluation to critically analyze solutions to philosophical problems. Finally, the dissertation found systemic rhetorical functions that permeated the entire research article. Most notably, philosophers heavily qualify and outline their arguments throughout the text. </p> <p>  </p>

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I den här avhandlingen studeras Europeiska kommissionens kommunikativa praktiker i ljuset av de pressmeddelanden som dagligen distribueras till världens största presskår i Bryssel, men också via internet till andra journalister och allmänheten. Övergripande syften med avhandlingen är att beskriva textproduktionen i denna en av världens största textproducenter och att lyfta fram den, hittills förvånansvärt osynliga, språkliga dimensionen av kommissionens kommunikation. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i ett dialogiskt perspektiv på kommunikation, där kommunikation förstås som en dynamisk process i vilken människor (sam)agerar i ett givet sammanhang. Avgörande blir således att se pressmeddelandena som en del av den produktions- och distributionskontext de ingår i, både på lokal nivå och på en mer övergripande institutionell nivå. Empiriskt bygger avhandlingen på fältstudier vid Europeiska kommissionen och textanalyser av pressmeddelanden från kommissionen och från franska och svenska departement. Pressmeddelandena studeras både som process och produkt: formuleringsprocesser å ena sidan och textmönster och tempusbruk å den andra. Som ett exempel detaljstuderas produktionen av två pressmeddelanden mot bakgrund av skribenternas förklaringar och motiveringar till sina ändringar. Med sin unika inblick i hur ett pressmeddelande blir till steg för steg och av olika aktörer utgör denna del ett viktigt bidrag till forskningen om pressmeddelanden, som först på senare år blivit mer processinriktad. De olika delstudierna ger alla vid handen att kommissionen, enkelt uttryckt, måste arbeta mer för att underbygga sin argumentation och för att göra sina initiativ mer begripliga, legitima och motiverade. Detta kan i stor utsträckning tillskrivas den mer komplicerade kommunikationssituationen som gäller för kommissionen i förhållande till de nationella departement som är jämförelsematerial i studien. / The thesis investigates the European Commission’s communicative practices in the light of the press releases that are distributed daily to the world’s largest press corps in Brussels and on the Internet to other journalists and the general public. The overall aim of the thesis is to describe the text production of one of the largest text producers in the world and to highlight the linguistic dimensions of the Commission’s communicative practices, which until now have received little scholarly attention. The study adopts a dialogical perspective on communication, where communication is understood as a dynamic process in which people interact in a given context. This means that the press releases are seen as parts of the production and distribution context in which they are embedded, both on a local level and on a more general institutional level. The empirical data on which the study is based comprise field studies at the European Commission and text analyses of press releases issued by the Commission and French and Swedish ministries. The press releases are analysed on different linguistic levels, text pattern and the use of tense, on the one hand, and composition processes on the other. As an example, the production of two press releases is studied in detail, in view of the authors’ comments to and motivations for changes to the texts. With its unique insight into how a press release is drafted step by step and by the different parties involved this part of the thesis is an important contribution to research on press releases, which only recently has become more oriented towards the production process. The results of the analyses highlight the fact that the Commission, to a greater extent than the national ministries, must substantiate its argumentation and make its initiatives more comprehensible, legitimate, and motivated. This finding may be ascribed to the more complex communication situation of the Commission, compared to the national ministries, which served as material for comparison in the study.